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Anaesthesia
Anaes saqs
353 saqs for Anaesthesia.
353
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61
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Chapters · 61
Vascular anaesthesia
5
Applied anatomy
8
Depth of anaesthesia & awareness
3
Applied cardiovascular & respiratory physiology
43
Local anaesthetic pharmacology
8
Anaesthetic adjuncts
17
Neuromuscular blockade & reversal
11
Obstetric anaesthesia
12
Cardiac anaesthesia
7
Thoracic anaesthesia
7
Head & neck / ECT
1
General surgery anaesthesia
5
Neuroanaesthesia
10
Perioperative medicine
14
Ophthalmic anaesthesia
5
Paediatric anaesthesia
13
Airway management
12
Critical incidents & patient safety
4
Orthopaedic anaesthesia
2
Measurement & monitoring physics
19
Breathing systems & circuits
3
Local anaesthetic systemic toxicity
4
Plastics and burns anaesthesia
3
Invasive monitoring
3
Preoperative assessment & risk
4
Neuraxial anaesthesia
6
Intravenous induction agents
9
Ultrasound-guided peripheral nerve blocks
4
Malignant hyperthermia
4
Volatile & inhalational agents
10
Electricity, diathermy & theatre safety
4
Physiology
1
Anaesthetic ventilators
4
TIVA & target-controlled infusion
6
Enhanced recovery (ERAS)
4
Regional anaesthesia
3
Anaesthesia for the co-morbid & elderly
4
Head & neck / trauma airway
1
Anaphylaxis under anaesthesia
1
Acute pain & multimodal analgesia
3
Regional / perioperative medicine
1
Neuro / orthopaedic anaesthesia
1
Extubation & recovery
5
Head & neck / ENT anaesthesia
1
Vaporisers
4
The anaesthetic machine
3
Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis
4
Cardiac anaesthesia & cardiopulmonary bypass
4
Postoperative nausea & vomiting
4
Perioperative fluid & goal-directed therapy
3
Vasopressors & inotropes
4
Patient safety, human factors & CRM
4
Ethics, consent & medicolegal
4
Day-case & ambulatory anaesthesia
4
Medical gases & gas supply
2
Thoracic anaesthesia & one-lung ventilation
4
Chronic & cancer pain
4
Trauma & massive haemorrhage
4
Opioids & analgesics
4
Aspiration & regurgitation
1
Applied physiology — thermoregulation
1
01
Vascular anaesthesia
5 entries
AAA open repair versus EVAR: anaesthetic decision matrix
Aortic cross-clamp physiology: clamp-on and clamp-off
Carotid endarterectomy: GA versus awake and cerebral monitoring
Perioperative cardiac risk: Revised Cardiac Risk Index (RCRI)
Thoracoabdominal aortic surgery and spinal cord protection
02
Applied anatomy
8 entries
Abdominal wall and fascial planes
Airway and larynx anatomy
Brachial plexus anatomy
Cranial nerves and autonomic ganglia
Lumbosacral plexus anatomy
Neck anatomy and central venous access
Thorax, mediastinum and heart anatomy
Vertebral column and neuraxial spaces
03
Depth of anaesthesia & awareness
3 entries
Accidental awareness under general anaesthesia — NAP5 and prevention
The awareness risk in the TIVA and the prevention
The processed EEG and the BIS — the evidence
04
Applied cardiovascular & respiratory physiology
43 entries
Acid-base balance and the four disorders
ADME and routes of drug administration
Applied physiology of the elderly
Capillary exchange and the control of local blood flow
Carbon dioxide transport
Context-sensitive half-time
CSF and intracranial pressure physiology
Distribution, clearance and half-life
Drug toxicity and adverse drug reactions
Endocrine physiology: glucose, thyroid and adrenal
Glomerular filtration and tubular function
Hepatic physiology and drug metabolism
Immunology basics
Lung volumes, capacities and dead space
Maternal physiology
Neonatal physiology
Neuromuscular junction physiology
Oxygen delivery and the Fick principle
Pharmacodynamics — receptors and the dose-response relationship
Pharmacogenetics and variability in drug response
Pharmacokinetics: compartment models
Plasma protein binding and drug interactions
RAAS and renal water/electrolyte handling
Respiratory mechanics — compliance, resistance, work of breathing
Splanchnic and GI physiology
The autonomic nervous system
The cardiac conduction system and the ECG
The cardiac cycle and the determinants of stroke volume
The cardiac output and the Frank-Starling mechanism
The coagulation cascade and its physiological control
The control of arterial pressure
The control of ventilation
The coronary and cerebral circulations
The determinants of cardiac output
The effects of anaesthesia on the respiratory physiology
The ionic basis of the resting potential and the action potential
The oxygen cascade and hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction
The oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve
The physiology of the perioperative hypoxaemia
The Stewart approach to acid-base
The stress response to surgery
Thermoregulation
Ventilation-perfusion matching and the causes of hypoxaemia
05
Local anaesthetic pharmacology
8 entries
Additives used to enhance local anaesthetics
Amide and ester local anaesthetics
Amides and esters — the classification of local anaesthetics
Bupivacaine cardiotoxicity and the development of lipid rescue
Choosing a local anaesthetic agent
Local anaesthetic systemic toxicity
Local anaesthetic systemic toxicity — recognition and management
The mechanism of action of local anaesthetics
06
Anaesthetic adjuncts
17 entries
Adrenaline — pharmacology and clinical use
Alfentanil pharmacology
Antiemetics for PONV — the four classes and the risk-stratified strategy
Dobutamine and dopamine — pharmacology and clinical use
Ephedrine — pharmacology and perioperative use
Metaraminol — mixed-acting vasopressor: pharmacology, indications and the push-dose role
Noradrenaline — pharmacology and place among vasopressors
Opioid receptors, biased agonism and opioid-induced hyperalgesia
Pharmacology and adverse effects of morphine
Pharmacology and safety of methadone
Pharmacology of fentanyl
Phenylephrine — pure alpha-1 vasopressor: pharmacology, indications and obstetric use
Remifentanil pharmacology
Subanaesthetic ketamine as an analgesic adjunct
The benzodiazepines in anaesthesia
The ketamine and the lidocaine infusion as the adjuncts
Vasopressin — pharmacology and clinical use
07
Neuromuscular blockade & reversal
11 entries
Adverse effects and contraindications of suxamethonium
Elimination and adverse effects of atracurium and cisatracurium
Monitoring the neuromuscular block and the problem of residual blockade
Neostigmine reversal of neuromuscular blockade
Reversal of a non-depolarising block — neostigmine versus sugammadex
Reversal of rocuronium blockade
Succinylcholine — pharmacology, uses and adverse effects
Sugammadex reversal of neuromuscular blockade
The physiology of the neuromuscular junction
Train-of-four monitoring and residual blockade
Vecuronium pharmacology and reversal
08
Obstetric anaesthesia
12 entries
Amniotic fluid embolism: recognition and management
Anaesthesia for placenta accreta spectrum
Anaesthesia for the pre-eclamptic patient
Caesarean anaesthesia: technique choice, phenylephrine, and Category 1 GA
Failed intubation in obstetrics: OAA/DAS algorithm and wake-versus-proceed
Labour analgesia epidural CSE
Maternal physiology of pregnancy
Non-obstetric surgery in pregnancy: appendicectomy at 24 weeks
Postpartum haemorrhage: uterotonic ladder, tranexamic acid, and massive obstetric haemorrhage
Severe aortic stenosis in pregnancy: delivery anaesthetic plan
Severe pre-eclampsia: MgSO4 regimens and anaesthetic plan for caesarean
The physiological changes of pregnancy relevant to anaesthesia
09
Cardiac anaesthesia
7 entries
Anaesthesia for adult congenital heart disease
Anaesthesia for aortic dissection and major aortic surgery
CABG anaesthesia: on-pump and off-pump
Cardiopulmonary bypass circuit: components, physiology, and anaesthetic priorities
Heparin, protamine, and coagulopathy on CPB
Myocardial protection and cardioplegia
Weaning from bypass and low cardiac output
10
Thoracic anaesthesia
7 entries
Anaesthesia for anterior mediastinal mass
Anaesthesia for bronchoscopy and shared airway surgery
Anaesthesia for lung transplantation
Anaesthesia for oesophagectomy
One-lung ventilation physiology and the hypoxaemia management algorithm
Pulmonary hypertension and COPD in thoracic anaesthesia
VATS lobectomy anaesthesia and postoperative analgesia
11
Head & neck / ECT
1 entry
Anaesthesia for electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
12
General surgery anaesthesia
5 entries
Anaesthesia for emergency laparotomy
Anaesthesia for endoscopy and ERCP
Elective general surgery and ERAS: anaesthetic contribution
Laparoscopic general surgery: pneumoperitoneum physiology and anaesthesia
TURP/TURM and major gynaecological anaesthesia: TURP syndrome and shared themes
13
Neuroanaesthesia
10 entries
Anaesthesia for intracranial aneurysm and AVM
Awake craniotomy anaesthesia
Cerebral autoregulation and the CO2 reactivity
Neuromonitoring EEG and evoked potentials
Pituitary transsphenoidal anaesthesia
Posterior fossa and cranial nerve anaesthesia
The anaesthetic management of the traumatic brain injury
The effect of the anaesthetic agents on the brain
The management of the raised intracranial pressure
Venous air embolism in the sitting position: detection, prevention, and management
14
Perioperative medicine
14 entries
Anaesthesia for obesity and bariatric surgery
Anaesthesia for renal failure and dialysis
Anaesthesia for the solid organ transplant recipient
Anaesthesia in remote sites and the MRI environment
Anticoagulation and neuraxial/regional anaesthesia
Blood products and massive transfusion
Hepatic failure and liver transplant anaesthesia
Intraoperative cell salvage
Jehovah's Witness and bloodless perioperative care
Opioid-tolerant chronic pain perioperative care
Perioperative management of diabetes mellitus
Perioperative management of pacemakers and ICDs
Preoperative anaemia and iron therapy
Sepsis under anaesthesia
15
Ophthalmic anaesthesia
5 entries
Anaesthesia for strabismus, cataract, and glaucoma surgery
Oculocardiac reflex and intraocular pressure under anaesthesia
Open-globe and penetrating eye injury anaesthesia
Ophthalmic drugs with systemic effects for the anaesthetist
Ophthalmic regional blocks: retrobulbar, peribulbar, sub-Tenon
16
Paediatric anaesthesia
13 entries
Anaesthesia neurotoxicity debate
Anaesthesia-induced developmental neurotoxicity and the GAS trial
Difficult and syndromic paediatric airway: anticipation, syndromes, and algorithms
Emergence delirium in children
Neonatal anaesthesia and the ex-preterm infant
Paediatric emergence delirium and PONV
Paediatric fluids, fasting, and glucose: Holliday-Segar and safe maintenance
Paediatric induction techniques: inhalational versus intravenous, premedication, and the sick child
Paediatric multimodal analgesia
Paediatric regional anaesthesia: caudal block dosing and safety
Paediatric respiratory and cardiovascular physiology for the anaesthetist
Physiological differences in the neonate relevant to anaesthesia
Sick child: sepsis and congenital heart disease
17
Airway management
12 entries
Apnoeic oxygenation and THRIVE
Cannot intubate, cannot oxygenate — emergency scalpel-bougie cricothyroidotomy
Direct laryngoscopy & orotracheal intubation — blade types, Cormack-Lehane grade, BURP, ETT selection and confirmation
Extubation of the difficult airway — a planned procedure
Failed intubation in obstetrics — the drill
Paediatric airway differences and their impact on intubation technique
Rapid sequence induction and modified RSI — preoxygenation, cricoid pressure debate, and the modern approach
Supraglottic airway devices — generations, applications and the difficult-airway rescue
The airway emergency — recognition and the structured response
The anticipated difficult airway and the awake fibreoptic intubation
The unanticipated difficult airway: the DAS 2015 algorithm and the Vortex approach
Video laryngoscopy — device types, advantages over direct laryngoscopy, and the evidence
18
Critical incidents & patient safety
4 entries
Arrest during emergency laparotomy — theatre ALS with the ERC 2025 modifications
Collapse after an induction drug — recognition and adrenaline
Rising end-tidal carbon dioxide on sevoflurane — the MH crisis bundle
Vomiting on induction for bowel obstruction — RSI and the SOILED bundle
19
Orthopaedic anaesthesia
2 entries
Arthroplasty anaesthesia, ERAS, and blood conservation
Tourniquet physiology, bone cement implantation syndrome, and fat embolism
20
Measurement & monitoring physics
19 entries
Bias and confounding in clinical research
Capnography and anaesthetic gas analysis
Diagnostic test performance: sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and likelihood ratios
Diathermy and the cardiac implantable electronic device
Electricity fundamentals and electrical safety
Fluid flow: laminar, turbulent and the Reynolds number
Humidity, heat transfer and perioperative warming
Hypothesis testing, p-values and confidence intervals
Methods of gas analysis in anaesthesia
MRI, laser and radiation safety
Oxygen measurement — pulse oximetry, the Clark electrode and the oxyhaemoglobin curve
Pressure and temperature measurement
Pressure transduction, the arterial line, damping, and temperature measurement
SI units and dimensional analysis
Study design and the hierarchy of evidence
Temperature measurement and perioperative thermoregulation
The gas laws
The physics of the pulse oximeter
The pressure transducer and the Wheatstone bridge
21
Breathing systems & circuits
3 entries
Breathing systems & circuits: choose the circuit and set the flow
CO2 absorption: soda lime and the modern absorbents
The circle system and the low-flow anaesthesia
22
Local anaesthetic systemic toxicity
4 entries
Bupivacaine cardiotoxicity
Local anaesthetic dose limits
The LAST — the presentation and the prevention
The lipid rescue for the LAST
23
Plastics and burns anaesthesia
3 entries
Burn excision and grafting: blood loss, temperature, massive transfusion
Burn resuscitation: Parkland formula, endpoints, and fluid creep
Free flap reconstruction: perfusion-focused anaesthesia
24
Invasive monitoring
3 entries
Cardiac output monitoring — the methods compared
Central venous pressure and goal-directed therapy
The arterial line — technique, indications and waveform
25
Preoperative assessment & risk
4 entries
Cardiopulmonary exercise testing for perioperative risk stratification
Preoperative optimisation — the modifiable risk factors
The metabolic equivalent (MET) assessment
The revised cardiac risk index and the preoperative cardiac assessment
26
Neuraxial anaesthesia
6 entries
Caudal epidural anaesthesia — the paediatric workhorse
Combined spinal-epidural — technique and place
Epidural anaesthesia — technique and complications
Neuraxial complications — recognition and the emergency response
Spinal (intrathecal) anaesthesia — physiology and complications
The anticoagulated patient and the neuraxial technique — ASRA guidelines
27
Intravenous induction agents
9 entries
Choice of intravenous induction agent
Comparing the intravenous induction agents
Etomidate and the adrenal cortex — the sepsis controversy
Ketamine — the unique pharmacology and the shocked patient
Pharmacokinetics of the intravenous induction agents — redistribution
Propofol — pharmacology and propofol infusion syndrome
Propofol infusion syndrome
The pharmacology of etomidate
Thiopental — pharmacology, obstetric RSI and neuroprotection
28
Ultrasound-guided peripheral nerve blocks
4 entries
Complications of peripheral nerve blocks
Sonoanatomy and ultrasound-guided regional anaesthesia
The interscalene brachial plexus block — technique and the phrenic nerve
Ultrasound vs nerve stimulator guidance for PNB
29
Malignant hyperthermia
4 entries
Dantrolene — pharmacology, dose and the calcium-channel-blocker contraindication
Investigation of malignant hyperthermia susceptibility
Recognising and managing the malignant hyperthermia crisis
The pathophysiology of malignant hyperthermia
30
Volatile & inhalational agents
10 entries
Desflurane: pharmacology, the heated vaporiser and the environmental debate
Halothane hepatitis
Isoflurane: pharmacology, metabolism and adverse effects
Minimum alveolar concentration and its determinants
Nitrous oxide — pharmacology, risks and the ENIGMA-II evidence
Nitrous oxide and closed gas spaces
Sevoflurane versus desflurane — agent selection
Sevoflurane: pharmacology, MAC and adverse effects
The pharmacokinetics of the inhaled anaesthetics — uptake and solubility
Xenon as an anaesthetic
31
Electricity, diathermy & theatre safety
4 entries
Diathermy in the patient with a cardiac pacemaker
Macroshock, microshock, and the protective measures
Surgical fires in the operating theatre
The physics of surgical diathermy
32
Physiology
1 entry
Distribution, clearance and half-life
33
Anaesthetic ventilators
4 entries
Drive mechanisms of the anaesthetic ventilator
Lung-protective ventilation in the operating theatre
The anaesthetic ventilator versus the ICU ventilator
Volume-controlled versus pressure-controlled ventilation
34
TIVA & target-controlled infusion
6 entries
Effect-site targeting in clinical TIVA practice
The clinical applications of the TIVA
The compartment model and target-controlled infusion
The compartment models and the TCI pharmacokinetics
The effect-site targeting and the ke0
TIVA pitfalls and PRIS
35
Enhanced recovery (ERAS)
4 entries
ERAS implementation and audit
The ERAS intraoperative elements
The ERAS postoperative elements and the evidence
The ERAS preoperative elements
36
Regional anaesthesia
3 entries
Fascial plane blocks: TAP, ESP, and QL
Lower limb regional anaesthesia: plexus and peripheral blocks
Upper limb regional anaesthesia: brachial plexus approaches
37
Anaesthesia for the co-morbid & elderly
4 entries
Frailty and the perioperative risk
The age-related organ-system changes
The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the aging
The postoperative delirium in the elderly
38
Head & neck / trauma airway
1 entry
Maxillofacial trauma airway management
39
Anaphylaxis under anaesthesia
1 entry
NAP6 — the epidemiology of perioperative anaphylaxis
40
Acute pain & multimodal analgesia
3 entries
Opioid-tolerant patient and LAST
The acute pain service and the PCA management
The fascial plane blocks
41
Regional / perioperative medicine
1 entry
Perioperative VTE prophylaxis and neuraxial anaesthesia timing
42
Neuro / orthopaedic anaesthesia
1 entry
Prone spine surgery and perioperative visual loss
43
Extubation & recovery
5 entries
Recovery and the post-anaesthesia care unit
The awake, the deep, and the staged extubation
The DAS extubation guidelines — the planned extubation
The laryngospasm — prevention and management
The recovery-room complications
44
Head & neck / ENT anaesthesia
1 entry
Shared airway and laser fire
45
Vaporisers
4 entries
Temperature compensation in the plenum vaporiser
The desflurane vaporiser
The variable-bypass plenum vaporiser
Vaporiser output in low-flow and closed-circuit anaesthesia
46
The anaesthetic machine
3 entries
The anaesthetic machine: trace the gas-flow path and its safety devices
The circle breathing system — components and function
The variable-bypass plenum vaporiser
47
Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis
4 entries
The anticoagulants and the neuraxial anaesthesia
The extended VTE prophylaxis after the surgery
The pharmacological VTE prophylaxis agents
The VTE risk stratification and the Caprini score
48
Cardiac anaesthesia & cardiopulmonary bypass
4 entries
The anticoagulation — the heparin and the protamine
The CPB circuit and physiology
The transoesophageal echocardiography in the cardiac surgery
The weaning from the CPB
49
Postoperative nausea & vomiting
4 entries
The Apfel score and the risk-stratified prophylaxis
The PONV pathophysiology and the receptor targets
The PONV rescue treatment
The TIVA and the opioid-sparing for the PONV prevention
50
Perioperative fluid & goal-directed therapy
3 entries
The balanced crystalloid vs the saline
The fluid responsiveness and the dynamic indices
The GDT algorithm and the evidence
51
Vasopressors & inotropes
4 entries
The calcium and the peripheral vasopressor administration
The management of the perioperative hypotension
The receptor pharmacology of the vasoactive agents
The vasoplegic shock management
52
Patient safety, human factors & CRM
4 entries
The crisis resource management
The human factors, the fatigue, and the second victim
The systems approach and the Swiss cheese model
The WHO surgical safety checklist
53
Ethics, consent & medicolegal
4 entries
The duty of candour and the end-of-life decisions
The four ethical principles
The informed consent
The Jehovah's Witness patient and the blood refusal
54
Day-case & ambulatory anaesthesia
4 entries
The fast-track recovery after the ambulatory surgery
The multimodal opioid-sparing analgesia for the day-case
The patient selection for the day-case surgery
The risk stratification and the prophylaxis of the PONV
55
Medical gases & gas supply
2 entries
The gas laws and the cylinder content
The hospital pipeline and the VIE oxygen supply
56
Thoracic anaesthesia & one-lung ventilation
4 entries
The hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and the OLV hypoxia
The lung isolation — the DLT and the bronchial blocker
The post-thoracotomy analgesia
The protective ventilation and the fluid strategy in the thoracic surgery
57
Chronic & cancer pain
4 entries
The interventional techniques and the neuromodulation
The pain classification by mechanism
The pharmacological management of the neuropathic pain
The WHO analgesic ladder and the cancer pain
58
Trauma & massive haemorrhage
4 entries
The lethal triad and the damage control resuscitation
The massive transfusion protocol and the tranexamic acid
The trauma airway and the RSI
The trauma-induced coagulopathy and the viscoelastic testing
59
Opioids & analgesics
4 entries
The opioid receptor pharmacology and the agents
The opioid-induced respiratory depression
The opioid-sparing and the opioid-free anaesthesia
The PCA and the remifentanil
60
Aspiration & regurgitation
1 entry
The rapid sequence induction and the cricoid pressure
61
Applied physiology — thermoregulation
1 entry
Thermoregulation, the three phases of perioperative heat loss, and active warming