Anaes SAQs · Applied cardiovascular & respiratory physiology
ADME and routes of drug administration
Primary — bioavailability (F, 100 percent IV, reduced oral by first-pass); first-pass/presystemic metabolism (gut wall, portal blood, liver); ADME definitions; Phase I (CYP450 oxidation/reduction/hydrolysis, prodrug activation) vs Phase II (conjugation, glucuronidation, water-soluble inactive); pH partition (only unionised crosses membrane), ion trapping, urinary alkalinisation in salicylate poisoning.
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Prompt
Define bioavailability and explain first-pass metabolism. Outline the four ADME processes and the two phases of drug metabolism. Explain the pH partition hypothesis and how it applies to ion trapping.
Question
Define bioavailability and explain first-pass metabolism. Outline the four ADME processes and the two phases of drug metabolism. Explain the pH partition hypothesis and how it applies to ion trapping.[1]
References4ShowHide
- [1]van Mechelen JC, et al. Pharmacokinetics of orally administered S-ketamine. J Psychopharmacol, 2026.PMID 42345469
- [2]Oskay A, et al. CYP450 Metabolizer Phenotypes in a Turkish Emergency Cardiac Patient Cohort: A Descriptive Pharmacogenomic Study. Pharmaceuticals (Basel), 2026.PMID 42356431
- [7]Boyanov T, et al. Drug Solubilization in Simulated Intestinal Fluids vs Lipophilicity: Does Charge Matter? Mol Pharm, 2026.PMID 41574874
- [8]Kojima T, et al. Effects of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of pudexacianinium (ASP5354) after IV administration: a mechanistic exploration. Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 2026.PMID 42032338