Anaes SAQs · Applied cardiovascular & respiratory physiology
The cardiac cycle and the determinants of stroke volume
Primary — the five phases (atrial systole, isovolumetric contraction, ejection, isovolumetric relaxation, filling); S1/S2; stroke volume, ejection fraction; the three determinants (preload via Frank-Starling and titin, afterload, contractility via ESPVR); loop representation.
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Prompt
Describe the phases of the cardiac cycle. Explain how preload, afterload and contractility determine stroke volume, and how each is represented on the ventricular pressure-volume loop.
Question
Describe the phases of the cardiac cycle. Explain how preload, afterload and contractility determine stroke volume, and how each is represented on the ventricular pressure-volume loop.
References4ShowHide
- [1]Granzier HL. Discovery of Titin and Its Role in Heart Function and Disease. Circ Res, 2025.PMID 39745989
- [3]Trayanova NA, et al. Cardiac electromechanical models. Front Physiol, 2011.PMID 21886622
- [4]Usai DS, et al. The isolated, perfused working heart preparation of the mouse-Advantages and pitfalls. Acta Physiol, 2025.PMID 40078031
- [6]Hamahata N. Heart-lung interactions. Semin Respir Crit Care Med, 2023.PMID 37541314