Anaes SAQs · Invasive monitoring
Cardiac output monitoring — the methods compared
The Primary cardiac-output SAQ — the thermodilution (PAC, gold standard), the pulse contour (LiDCO/PiCCO/FloTrac), the oesophageal Doppler, and the TOE; the principle, the invasiveness, the advantages and limitations of each.
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Prompt
Outline the methods available for the intraoperative cardiac output monitoring, and for each describe the principle, the invasiveness, and the key advantages and limitations.
Question
Outline the methods available for the intraoperative cardiac output monitoring, and for each describe the principle, the invasiveness, and the key advantages and limitations. (Question stem restated — the worked answers below carry the primary-source citations.)
References1ShowHide
- [4]Wichmann P, et al. [From Goal-Directed Therapy to Personalized Hemodynamic Management]. AINS, 2026.PMID 42009030