Paeds · clinical-assessment-and-reasoning
Clinical reasoning, problem representation and differential diagnosis
Also known as Problem representation · Illness scripts · Paediatric differential diagnosis · Diagnostic reasoning · Clinical reasoning paediatrics
A fellowship approach to paediatric clinical reasoning: build an age-aware problem representation, prioritise a threat-first differential, use illness scripts and analytic checks deliberately, detect cognitive and system traps, revise with tests and response, and communicate residual risk from neonate to transition.
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Target exams
Red flags
- Premature closure on 'just viral' when must-not-miss diagnoses remain open
- Caregiver concern that the child is not themselves ignored in the problem representation
- Single normal vital sign, score or early test used to end a high-risk differential
- Return visit or night-time deterioration without rewriting the representation
- Handover that drops residual risks and next discriminating steps
- Safeguarding differentials closed by social stereotype or by forced medical labels
Life stages
Care settings
Clinical exam formats
Board mappings
- General and Community Paediatrics
- Current 2026 PREP curriculum — Learning Objective 2.2.1: Recognise, prioritise and manage an acutely ill infant, child or young person
- Renewed curriculum for first-year trainees from 2027 — Learning goal 5: Clinical assessment – essential general paediatrics
- Renewed curriculum for first-year trainees from 2027 — Learning goal 6: Clinical management – essential general paediatrics
- Renewed curriculum for first-year trainees from 2027 — Learning goal 12: Communication with patients, families, and health professionals
- Renewed curriculum for first-year trainees from 2027 — Learning goal 9: Clinical assessment and management – child safety and maltreatment
- Renewed curriculum for first-year trainees from 2027 — Learning goal 15: Essential general paediatrics
- Clinical Applications
- Medical Sciences
- Long Cases
- Short Cases
- 2. Professional skills and knowledge: Communication
- 4. Professional skills and knowledge: Patient management
- 7. Patient safety, including safe prescribing
- 9. Safeguarding vulnerable children
- General Paediatrics: Assumes the role of Acute Paediatric Team Leader, liaising with primary care services and other hospital and community specialist teams to effectively manage and coordinate patient flow, staffing, safety and quality in the paediatric acute assessment and inpatient units
- Foundation of Practice (FOP)
- Theory and Science (TAS)
- Applied Knowledge in Practice (AKP)
- Clinical
- History
- Communication
- Video
- General Pediatrics Content Outline — Domain 24: Patient Safety, Quality Improvement, and Research Methods
- General Pediatrics Content Outline — Universal Task 2: Epidemiology and Risk Assessment
- General Pediatrics Content Outline — Universal Task 3: Diagnosis
- General Pediatrics Content Outline — Universal Task 4: Management and Treatment
- General Pediatrics EPA 7: Recognizing a Severely Ill Patient, Providing Initial Management, and Mobilizing Resources Needed for Continued Care
- General Pediatrics EPA 8: Executing Clinical Handovers Within or Across Settings
- General Pediatrics EPA 10: Leading Interprofessional Teams to Provide Collaborative, Family-Centered Care
- Patient Care 3: Organize and Prioritize Patient Care
- Patient Care 4: Clinical Reasoning
- Patient Care 5: Patient Management
- Systems-Based Practice 1: Patient Safety
- Systems-Based Practice 4: System Navigation for Patient-Centered Care – Transitions in Care
- Interpersonal and Communication Skills 1: Patient- and Family-Centered Communication
- Interpersonal and Communication Skills 2: Interprofessional and Team Communication
- Medical Expert
- Pediatrics: Transition to Discipline EPA #1 — Performing and presenting a basic history and physical examination
- Pediatrics: Foundations EPA #1 — Recognizing deteriorating and/or critically ill patients and initiating stabilization and management
- Pediatrics: Foundations EPA #8 — Communicating assessment findings and management plans to patients and/or families
- Pediatrics: Foundations EPA #10 — Transferring clinical information between health care providers during handover
- Pediatrics: Core EPA #8 — Recognizing and managing suspected child maltreatment and/or neglect
- Pediatrics: Core EPA #10 — Leading discussions with patients, families and/or other health care professionals in emotionally charged situations
Overview & Definition
Clinical reasoning is the work of turning messy paediatric data into a usable clinical story, a prioritised list of possibilities, and a plan that stays safe while certainty is incomplete. It is not a personality trait. It is a bedside method you can practise. [1] [6]
A problem representation is that one-sentence clinical summary. It is more than the chief complaint and less than the final diagnosis. Experts compress age, context, tempo and discriminating features into a sentence that activates the right illness scripts. Novices often retell the whole history instead. [1] [5]
An illness script is a compact mental model of a disease: who gets it, what goes wrong, and what follows. You match the child’s story to scripts, then test the match. Paediatric scripts must be age-banded. “Pneumonia” in a neonate, a toddler and an adolescent are not the same mental object. [2] [20] [21]
A differential diagnosis is the short, ranked list of scripts still in play. A working diagnosis is the current best label for action. It is provisional. Diagnostic uncertainty is not failure; unspoken uncertainty is. [8] [9]
The observable reasoning pathway
- 1
First look
If airway, breathing, circulation or consciousness is failing, treat while you gather a focused story. Reasoning never blocks ABCDE.
- 2
Compress the story
Write one sentence: age, baseline, tempo, key semantic features, physiology and leading threat.
- 3
Open the list
Build a short threat-first differential. Keep must-not-miss items even when a common script fits.
- 4
Pause
Ask what would change your mind, what you must not miss, and who else should look.
- 5
Test and treat
Choose discriminating data. Give time-critical treatment without treating response as proof of one cause.
- 6
Rewrite and hand over
Update the representation. State residual risk, next discriminating step, safety-net and follow-up.
References22ShowHide
- [1]Bowen JL Educational strategies to promote clinical diagnostic reasoning. The New England journal of medicine, 2006.PMID 17124019
- [2]Custers EJ Thirty years of illness scripts: Theoretical origins and practical applications. Medical teacher, 2015.PMID 25180878
- [3]Croskerry P Cognitive debiasing 1: origins of bias and theory of debiasing. BMJ quality & safety, 2013.PMID 23882089
- [4]Croskerry P Deciding about fast and slow decisions. Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges, 2014.PMID 24362398
- [5]McQuade CN Characteristics differentiating problem representation synthesis between novices and experts. Journal of hospital medicine, 2024.PMID 38528679
- [6]Thammasitboon S The Assessment of Reasoning Tool (ART): structuring the conversation between teachers and learners. Diagnosis (Berlin, Germany), 2018.PMID 30407911
- [7]Thammasitboon S Psychometric validation of the reconstructed version of the assessment of reasoning tool. Medical teacher, 2021.PMID 33073665
- [8]Bergl PA Keeping a Flexible Differential Diagnosis: an Exercise in Clinical Reasoning. Journal of general internal medicine, 2019.PMID 30847831
- [9]Bordini BJ Overcoming Diagnostic Errors in Medical Practice. The Journal of pediatrics, 2017.PMID 28336147
- [10]Bordini BJ Undiagnosed and Rare Diseases in Perinatal Medicine: Lessons in Context and Cognitive Diagnostic Error. Clinics in perinatology, 2020.PMID 32000918
- [11]Cifra CL Diagnostic Errors in Pediatric Critical Care: A Systematic Review. Pediatric critical care medicine : a journal of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the World Federation of Pediatric Intensive and Critical Care Societies, 2021.PMID 33833203
- [12]Berkwitt A Cognitive bias in inpatient pediatrics. Hospital pediatrics, 2014.PMID 24785565
- [13]Laskey AL Cognitive errors: thinking clearly when it could be child maltreatment. Pediatric clinics of North America, 2014.PMID 25242711
- [14]Mangus CW Decision Making: Healthy Heuristics and Betraying Biases. Critical care clinics, 2022.PMID 34794630
- [15]Mills E Association between caregiver concern for clinical deterioration and critical illness in children presenting to hospital: a prospective cohort study. The Lancet. Child & adolescent health, 2025.PMID 40451224
- [16]Starmer AJ Changes in medical errors after implementation of a handoff program. The New England journal of medicine, 2014.PMID 25372088
- [17]Kuo DZ Recognition and Management of Medical Complexity. Pediatrics, 2016.PMID 27940731
- [18]Fernandez Branson C Improving diagnostic performance through feedback: the Diagnosis Learning Cycle. BMJ quality & safety, 2021.PMID 34417335
- [19]Rasooly IR Priorities for improving paediatric diagnosis: findings from a modified Delphi study. BMJ quality & safety, 2026.PMID 42362363
- [20]Levin M Teaching Clinical Reasoning to Medical Students: A Case-Based Illness Script Worksheet Approach. MedEdPORTAL : the journal of teaching and learning resources, 2016.PMID 31008223
- [21]Keemink Y Illness script development in pre-clinical education through case-based clinical reasoning training. International journal of medical education, 2018.PMID 29428911
- [22]Croskerry P Context is everything or how could I have been that stupid? Healthcare quarterly (Toronto, Ont.), 2009.PMID 19667765