Paeds · professional-practice-and-evidence
Teaching, supervision and feedback in paediatrics
Also known as Clinical teaching paediatrics · Feedback to trainees · Clinical supervision of trainees · Workplace-based assessment paediatrics · Debriefing with good judgment · Entrustable professional activities · R2C2 feedback model · Struggling learner management
Fellowship-level approach to teaching, clinical supervision and feedback in paediatrics: feedback models (Ende, Pendleton, ask-tell-ask, R2C2, debriefing with good judgment), the educational alliance, entrustable professional activities, workplace-based assessment, supervision duties and patient safety, the struggling learner, and regional curricular frameworks.
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Red flags
- A trainee repeats the same error because no one observed them and no one told them — a supervision gap, not just a learning gap
- Feedback delivered as judgement of the person ('you are not cut out for this') rather than coaching of the behaviour
- A supervisor signs entrustment forms without ever directly observing the trainee's practice
- Unsafe practice left uncorrected to protect the relationship or avoid a difficult conversation
- A learner who is deteriorating (tearful, withdrawn, exhausted) labelled 'underperforming' rather than 'in difficulty'
- A child used as a teaching case without the family's assent or awareness
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- Teaching, supervision and feedback in paediatrics
Overview & Definition
A registrar puts in a cannula while you watch. They miss, then succeed. What you do in the next thirty seconds — what you say, how you say it, and what you write down — is the whole of this topic. A consultant who teaches, supervises and feeds back well turns a missed cannula into a better doctor. A consultant who does none of those things turns it into a resentful trainee and, eventually, an unsafe one. [1] [5]
Teaching is facilitating learning at the point of patient care — at the bedside, in clinic, on a ward round. Supervision is oversight of a trainee's clinical activity, with dual responsibility for the patient's safety and the learner's development. Feedback is specific information about observed performance, intended to guide improvement. These three are separate skills that reinforce each other, and none of them is optional or automatic. [2] [7]
The trap is to treat feedback as a personality verdict and supervision as signing a form. Feedback is about what the learner did, not who the learner is. Supervision is staying close enough to keep the patient safe, not lending your name to work you never saw. The rest of this topic is how to do all three in a busy paediatric service without losing your temper or your day. [1] [3]
References13ShowHide
- [1]Ende J Feedback in clinical medical education JAMA, 1983.PMID 6876333
- [2]Archer JC State of the science in health professional education: effective feedback Med Educ, 2010.PMID 20078761
- [3]Telio S, Regehr G, Ajjawi R The educational alliance as a framework for reconceptualizing feedback in medical education Acad Med, 2015.PMID 25406607
- [4]Sargeant J, Mann K, Sinclair D, Van der Vleuten C, Metsemakers J Understanding the influence of emotions and reflection upon multi-source feedback acceptance and use Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract, 2008.PMID 17091339
- [5]Irby DM, Wilkerson L Teaching when time is limited BMJ, 2008.PMID 18276715
- [6]Rudolph JW, Simon R, Rivard P, Dufresne RL, Raemer DB Debriefing with good judgment: combining rigorous feedback with genuine inquiry Anesthesiol Clin, 2007.PMID 17574196
- [7]Kilminster S, Cottrell D, Grant J, Jolly B AMEE Guide No. 27: Effective educational and clinical supervision Med Teach, 2007.PMID 17538823
- [8]Ramani S, Krackov SK Twelve tips for giving feedback effectively in the clinical environment Med Teach, 2012.PMID 22730899
- [9]Eva KW, Armson H, Holmboe E, Lockyer J, Loney E, Mann K, Sargeant J Factors influencing responsiveness to feedback: on the interplay between fear, confidence, and reasoning processes Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract, 2012.PMID 21468778
- [10]Veloski J, Boex JR, Grasberger MJ, Evans A, Wolfson DB Systematic review of the literature on assessment, feedback and physicians' clinical performance: BEME Guide No. 7 Med Teach, 2006.PMID 16707292
- [11]Ten Cate O, Chen HC, Hoff RG, Peters H, Bok H, van der Schaaf M Curriculum development for the workplace using Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs): AMEE Guide No. 99 Med Teach, 2015.PMID 26172347
- [12]Lockyer J, Lee-Krueger R, Armson H, et al. Application of the R2C2 Model to In-the-Moment Feedback and Coaching Acad Med, 2023.PMID 37797303
- [13]Miller GE The assessment of clinical skills/competence/performance Acad Med, 1990.PMID 2400509