Growth hormone deficiency and excess — formative SAQs

SAQ 1 (10 marks)

A 6-year-old boy is referred because he is the shortest in his class. His height is on the 0.4th centile, more than two standard deviations below the mid-parental target, his growth velocity over the past year has been 4 cm/year (subnormal for age), and his bone age is delayed by two years. His IGF-1 is low for age. ^{[1] [3]}

a) State the most likely endocrine diagnosis and justify it from the growth-chart and biochemical findings. (2 marks) ^{[1] [3]}

b) Outline the next investigations, including the stimulation test, its agent and its cutoff, and the imaging. (4 marks) ^{[5] [1]}

c) Describe the definitive therapy: drug, route, starting dose, and the monitoring that makes it safe. (4 marks) ^{[1] [2]}

Answer

a) Growth hormone deficiency (isolated, pending exclusion of multiple pituitary hormone deficiency). The height is below the third centile and distant from the mid-parental range, the growth velocity is subnormal for age, the bone age is delayed, and the IGF-1 is low — the biochemical and auxological signature of an endocrine growth failure rather than a constitutional variant. ^{[1] [2]}

b) Two growth hormone stimulation tests (clonidine and arginine, or glucagon), with a peak growth hormone below 6.7 to 10 ng/mL consistent with deficiency; pituitary magnetic resonance imaging to define the anatomy and exclude a structural lesion; and a full pituitary axis panel (TSH, free T4, cortisol, prolactin, gonadotrophins) to detect accompanying deficiencies. The cutoff was lowered from 10 to 6.7 ng/mL with modern immunoassays to improve specificity. ^{[5] [1]}

c) Recombinant human growth hormone, subcutaneous once daily at bedtime, starting at 0.045 to 0.050 mg/kg/day and titrated to keep the IGF-1 in the upper half of the age- and sex-normal range. Monitor growth velocity, IGF-1, adherence and injection sites at each visit, and screen for adverse effects — headache and papilloedema (benign intracranial hypertension), slipped capital femoral epiphysis, scoliosis, glucose intolerance — with annual thyroid function. ^{[1] [2]}