Phys · general-medicine
Medical Ethics, Capacity and Consent
Also known as medical ethics · bioethics · capacity assessment · decision-making capacity · competence · informed consent · advance care planning · advance directive · advance care directive · substitute decision-maker · best interests · confidentiality · mandatory reporting · Beauchamp and Childress · four principles · Mental Capacity Act 2005
Consultant-physician-depth guide to medical ethics, capacity and consent for FRACP DWE and DCE — the four principles of biomedical ethics (Beauchamp and Childress: autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, justice), the functional two-stage test of capacity (understanding, retaining, using and weighing, communicating — Appelbaum 2007), the presumption of capacity and its decision-specific and time-specific nature, valid consent (informed, voluntary, capacitous), treatment without consent (emergency doctrine of necessity, mental health legislation, court order), advance care planning (binding advance refusals, values statements, ceilings of treatment, not-for-resuscitation orders that do not abandon), confidentiality and its limits (mandatory reporting, imminent risk, court order), and professional regulation (AHPRA, GMC, revalidation) — with the SPIKES protocol, the Mental Capacity Act 2005 five principles, and the ANZ guardianship and substitute decision-maker framework.
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Medical Ethics, Capacity and Consent
Meet the patient
A 68-year-old man with severe aortic stenosis and heart failure refuses the valve replacement that would prolong his life. He says he has "had enough." The registrar calls it a poor decision and wants you to declare him incapable. Your first job is not to book the theatre — it is to assess his capacity for this specific decision.[1]
If he has capacity, his refusal is autonomous and you respect it, however unwise. If he does not, you decide in his best interests with his substitute decision-maker. The whole exam hangs on that fork.[1]
You have read the opening of this topic. The complete unit — every section and its primary-source references — is part of the Physician Medicine fellowship atlas.
References6Show ledgerHide ledger
- [1]Appelbaum PS Clinical practice. Assessment of patients' competence to consent to treatment N Engl J Med, 2007.PMID 17978292
- [2]Appelbaum PS, Grisso T Assessing patients' capacities to consent to treatment N Engl J Med, 1988.PMID 3200278
- [3]Grisso T, Appelbaum PS, Hill-Fotouhi C The MacCAT-T: a clinical tool to assess patients' capacities to make treatment decisions Psychiatr Serv, 1997.PMID 9355168
- [4]The SUPPORT Principal Investigators A controlled trial to improve care for seriously ill hospitalized patients. The study to understand prognoses and preferences for outcomes and risks of treatments (SUPPORT). The SUPPORT Principal Investigators JAMA, 1995.PMID 7474243
- [5]Brinkman-Stoppelenburg A, Rietjens JA, van der Heide A The effects of advance care planning on end-of-life care: a systematic review Palliat Med, 2014.PMID 24651708
- [6]Baile WF, Buckman R, Lenzi R, Glober G, Beale EA, Kudelka AP SPIKES-A six-step protocol for delivering bad news: application to the patient with cancer Oncologist, 2000.PMID 10964998