Paeds Vivas · investigations-procedures-and-technology
Abdominal radiograph and acute imaging decisions — branching viva
Branching viva on the acute paediatric abdominal imaging decision: the role and the low yield of the abdominal radiograph, the ALARA principle and the Pearce 2012 radiation-risk evidence, the ultrasound-first pathway for appendicitis and intussusception, the upper gastrointestinal contrast study for malrotation, and the radiograph for the perforation and the button battery.
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Opening branch — the imaging decision for suspected appendicitis
The candidate is expected to define the clinical question (is this appendicitis?), to state that ultrasound is the first-line imaging modality because it uses no ionising radiation, and to explain that the abdominal radiograph has a very low yield and is not the appropriate first test. [3]
The examiner probes the pARC calculator, which stratifies the probability of appendicitis from the age, the sex, the pain duration and migration, the right-lower-quadrant tenderness, the guarding, the rebound, the anorexia, and the nausea. The high-probability child proceeds to surgical review, the intermediate-probability child has the ultrasound as the deciding test, and the low-probability child is observed or discharged with a safety net. [4]
References7ShowHide
- [1]Pearce MS, Salotti JA, Little MP, et al Radiation exposure from CT scans in childhood and subsequent risk of leukaemia and brain tumours: a retrospective cohort study Lancet, 2012.PMID 22681860
- [2]Frush DP, Goske MJ Image Gently: toward optimizing the practice of pediatric CT through resources and dialogue Pediatric Radiology, 2015.PMID 25680878
- [3]Koberlein GC, Trout AT, Rigsby CK, et al ACR Appropriateness Criteria: Suspected Appendicitis-Child Journal of the American College of Radiology, 2019.PMID 31054752
- [4]Kharbanda AB, Vazquez-Benitez G, Ballard DW, et al Development and Validation of a Novel Pediatric Appendicitis Risk Calculator (pARC) Pediatrics, 2018.PMID 29535251
- [5]Daneman A, Navarro O Intussusception. Part 1: a review of diagnostic approaches Pediatric Radiology, 2003.PMID 12557062
- [6]Choi G, Je BK, Kim YJ Gastrointestinal Emergency in Neonates and Infants: A Pictorial Essay Korean Journal of Radiology, 2022.PMID 34983099
- [7]Mubarak A, Benninga MA, Broekaert I, et al Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Button Battery Ingestion in Childhood: A European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition Position Paper Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 2021.PMID 33555169