Toilet training and elimination behaviour

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Target exams

Red flags

• Secondary enuresis or encopresis with polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss or glycosuria — exclude diabetes and other medical disease urgently
• Continuous daytime wetting, especially in girls — consider ectopic ureter or structural anomaly; specialist urology
• Neurological signs, spinal stigmata, gait change or lower-limb weakness — investigate neurogenic bladder/bowel
• Desmopressin with unrestricted free water — hyponatraemia and seizures; enforce evening fluid restriction
• Imipramine overdose risk and cardiotoxicity — last-line only; safe storage; ECG considerations
• Coercive or punitive toileting, forced enemas as punishment, or other safeguarding concerns — protect the child first

Life stages

Care settings

Clinical exam formats

Board mappings

• General and Community Paediatrics
• Growth and Development
• Current 2026 PREP curriculum — Learning Objective 1.2.1: Communicate with a child or young person in a way which is appropriate to the position of that child within their own culture
• Current 2026 PREP curriculum — Learning Objective 1.2.2: Communicate with parents or carers
• Renewed curriculum for first-year trainees from 2027 — Learning goal 5: Clinical assessment – essential general paediatrics
• Renewed curriculum for first-year trainees from 2027 — Learning goal 6: Management – essential general paediatrics
• Renewed curriculum for first-year trainees from 2027 — Learning goal 12: Communication with patients, families, and health professionals
• Renewed curriculum for first-year trainees from 2027 — Learning goal 9: Clinical assessment and management – child safety and maltreatment
• Clinical Applications
• Long Cases
• Short Cases
• 5. Professional skills and knowledge: Health promotion and illness prevention
• 4. Professional skills and knowledge: Patient management
• 2. Professional skills and knowledge: Communication
• 9. Safeguarding vulnerable children
• Foundation of Practice (FOP)
• Applied Knowledge in Practice (AKP)
• History
• Communication
• Clinical
• Development
• General Pediatrics Content Outline — Domain 1: Preventive Pediatrics/Well-Child Care
• General Pediatrics Content Outline — Domain 2: Growth and Development
• General Pediatrics EPA 1: Provide a Medical Home for Well Children of All Ages
• General Pediatrics EPA 3: Provide Well-Child Care and Anticipatory Guidance
• Patient Care 1: History
• Patient Care 5: Patient Management
• Interpersonal and Communication Skills 1: Patient- and Family-Centered Communication
• Systems-Based Practice 3: System Navigation for Patient-Centered Care
• Health Advocate
• Communicator
• Pediatrics: Foundations EPA #1 — Assessing, diagnosing, and managing patients with common acute and chronic pediatric presentations
• Pediatrics: Foundations EPA #8 — Communicating assessment findings and management plans to patients and/or families
• Pediatrics: Core EPA #8 — Recognizing and managing suspected child maltreatment and/or neglect