EM · Testicular torsion
Testicular torsion
Also known as Spermatic cord torsion · Acute scrotum · Torsion of the testis
The testicular torsion — the twisting of the spermatic cord on its longitudinal axis that obstructs the venous return and then the arterial supply, producing the testicular ischaemia and necrosis; the quintessential time-critical surgical emergency of the acute scrotum with the salvage window of six hours. The clinical picture (the sudden severe unilateral testicular pain, the swelling, the high-riding testis, the absent cremasteric reflex, the horizontal lie, the nausea and vomiting), the diagnosis (the clinical diagnosis, the Doppler ultrasound if uncertain but never to delay surgery, the manual detorsion), the management (the urgent surgical exploration within six hours, the bilateral orchiopexy, the orchidectomy if necrosis). The differential (the epididymo-orchitis, the appendix testis torsion, the incarcerated hernia, the renal colic). ACEM-primary, globally tagged.
Practise this topic
On this page & tools
Your progress
Saved locally on this device.
8 MCQs with explanations
Target exams
Red flags
Meet the patient
A 16-year-old boy arrives at 2am with two hours of sudden severe left testicular pain that woke him from sleep, and one episode of vomiting. He had a similar but shorter episode a week ago that settled on its own. The left testis is high-riding, lying horizontally, exquisitely tender, and the cremasteric reflex is absent.[1]
Two decisions decide whether this boy keeps his testis, and both turn on the clock: when did the pain start? (the salvage window is six hours from onset, not from arrival), and how high is the probability? (high probability goes to theatre without a scan). Hold those two questions and the rest of the topic slots into place.[1]
You have read the opening of this topic. The complete unit — every section and its primary-source references — is part of the Emergency Medicine fellowship atlas.
References9Show ledgerHide ledger
- [1]Zouari M, et al. Time-Critical Diagnosis of Pediatric Testicular Torsion in a Tertiary Pediatric Emergency Setting: Integrating Clinical Predictors With Selective Doppler Ultrasound J Emerg Med, 2026.PMID 42379130
- [2]Erpenbeck SP, et al. Impact of transfer status, time to operation, and orchiectomy rates in pediatric testicular torsion: A retrospective cohort analysis J Pediatr Urol, 2026.PMID 41895038
- [3]Taha K, et al. Rapid testicular salvage in the emergency department using point of care ultrasound [POCUS] Int J Emerg Med, 2025.PMID 40247183
- [4]Ribeiro S, et al. Lessons learned after 10 years of manual detorsion in testicular torsion J Pediatr Urol, 2026.PMID 41412855
- [5]Mensah JE, et al. Scrotal exploration for suspected testicular torsion: Lessons from 61 consecutive cases presenting at an adult emergency room Trop Doct, 2026.PMID 42060586
- [6]Barbosa JA, Tiseo BC, Barayan GA, et al. Development and initial validation of a scoring system to diagnose testicular torsion in children J Urol, 2013.PMID 23103800
- [7]Visser AJ, Heyns CF. Testicular function after torsion of the spermatic cord BJU Int, 2003.PMID 12887467
- [8]Qin K, Qu L, et al. Diagnosing with a TWIST: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of a Testicular Torsion Risk Score J Urol, 2022.PMID 35238603
- [9]MacDonald C, Kronfli R, Carachi R, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis revealing realistic outcomes following paediatric torsion of testes J Pediatr Urol, 2018.PMID 30404723