Psych · Psychopharmacology — SNRIs and NRIs
SNRIs and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
Also known as Venlafaxine · Desvenlafaxine · Duloxetine · Milnacipran · Levomilnacipran · Reboxetine · Atomoxetine · Dual reuptake inhibitors · Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
Exam-exhaustive fellowship pharmacology of SNRIs and selective NRIs — venlafaxine dose-dependent SERT/NET occupancy, desvenlafaxine, duloxetine depression and pain licences, milnacipran class, reboxetine publication-bias evidence, atomoxetine as ADHD NRI pointer, BP monitoring, discontinuation, hyponatraemia, serotonin toxicity, STAR*D switch and Cipriani ranking humility. FRANZCP-primary, globally tagged.
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10 MCQs with explanations
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Meet the patient
A 52-year-old building supervisor started venlafaxine XR 75 mg for a first depressive episode with fatigue and poor concentration. Six weeks in, mood is lifting; the dose was pushed to 225 mg when energy lagged. At this review his GP noted BP 158/98 — previously 124/78 — and the practice nurse wonders whether to start an antihypertensive.[1][13]
The BP is not a new hypertension diagnosis to chase with a second drug. It is the venlafaxine tax: a dose-related noradrenergic effect on diastolic pressure in a minority, exactly the signal Thase quantified across thousands of trial patients. The right move is to hold or reduce the dose and recheck, not to layer amlodipine on top of a fixable cause.[13]
This leaf deepens the antidepressant class page on the dual-reuptake and noradrenergic agents. The exam question is never "is an SNRI stronger than an SSRI?" — it is "at what dose, with what monitoring, and what will it do to the blood pressure and the liver?"[1][5][19]
You have read the opening of this topic. The complete unit — every section and its primary-source references — is part of the Psychiatry Fellowship fellowship atlas.
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- [1]Blier P, Saint-André E, Hébert C, et al. Effects of different doses of venlafaxine on serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake in healthy volunteers Int J Neuropsychopharmacol, 2007.PMID 16690005
- [2]Debonnel G, Saint-André E, Hébert C, et al. Differential physiological effects of a low dose and high doses of venlafaxine in major depression Int J Neuropsychopharmacol, 2007.PMID 16690006
- [3]Thase ME, Entsuah AR, Rudolph RL Remission rates during treatment with venlafaxine or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors Br J Psychiatry, 2001.PMID 11230034
- [4]Rush AJ, Trivedi MH, Wisniewski SR, et al. Bupropion-SR, sertraline, or venlafaxine-XR after failure of SSRIs for depression N Engl J Med, 2006.PMID 16554525
- [5]Cipriani A, Furukawa TA, Salanti G, et al. Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 21 antidepressant drugs for the acute treatment of adults with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis Lancet, 2018.PMID 29477251
- [6]Gelenberg AJ, Lydiard RB, Rudolph RL, et al. Efficacy of venlafaxine extended-release capsules in nondepressed outpatients with generalized anxiety disorder: a 6-month randomized controlled trial JAMA, 2000.PMID 10865302
- [7]Detke MJ, Lu Y, Goldstein DJ, et al. Duloxetine, 60 mg once daily, for major depressive disorder: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial J Clin Psychiatry, 2002.PMID 12000204
- [8]Goldstein DJ, Mallinckrodt C, Lu Y, et al. Duloxetine in the treatment of major depressive disorder: a double-blind clinical trial J Clin Psychiatry, 2002.PMID 11926722
- [9]Perahia DG, Pritchett YL, Desaiah D, et al. Efficacy of duloxetine in painful symptoms: an analgesic or antidepressant effect? Int Clin Psychopharmacol, 2006.PMID 17012978
- [10]Liebowitz MR, Manley AL, Padmanabhan SK, et al. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of desvenlafaxine 50 mg/day and 100 mg/day in outpatients with major depressive disorder Curr Med Res Opin, 2008.PMID 18507895
- [11]Eyding D, Lelgemann M, Grouven U, et al. Reboxetine for acute treatment of major depression: systematic review and meta-analysis of published and unpublished placebo and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor controlled trials BMJ, 2010.PMID 20940209
- [12]Michelson D, Allen AJ, Busner J, et al. Once-daily atomoxetine treatment for children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a randomized, placebo-controlled study Am J Psychiatry, 2002.PMID 12411225
- [13]Thase ME Effects of venlafaxine on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of original data from 3744 depressed patients J Clin Psychiatry, 1998.PMID 9818630
- [14]Schatzberg AF, Blier P, Delgado PL, et al. Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome: consensus panel recommendations for clinical management and additional research J Clin Psychiatry, 2006.PMID 16683860
- [15]Movig KL, Leufkens HG, Lenderink AW, et al. Association between antidepressant drug use and hyponatraemia: a case-control study Br J Clin Pharmacol, 2002.PMID 11966666
- [16]Montejo AL, Llorca G, Izquierdo JA, et al. Incidence of sexual dysfunction associated with antidepressant agents: a prospective multicenter study of 1022 outpatients J Clin Psychiatry, 2001.PMID 11229449
- [17]Dunkley EJ, Isbister GK, Sibbritt D, et al. The Hunter Serotonin Toxicity Criteria: simple and accurate diagnostic decision rules for serotonin toxicity QJM, 2003.PMID 12925718
- [18]Boyer EW, Shannon M The serotonin syndrome N Engl J Med, 2005.PMID 15784664
- [19]Malhi GS, Bell E, Bassett D, et al. The 2020 Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for mood disorders Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 2021.PMID 33353391
- [20]Kennedy SH, Lam RW, McIntyre RS, et al. Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) 2016 Clinical Guidelines for the Management of Adults with Major Depressive Disorder: Section 3. Pharmacological Treatments Can J Psychiatry, 2016.PMID 27486148