Psych · Forensic psychiatry — therapeutic security
Therapeutic security and secure care levels
Also known as Therapeutic security · Secure care levels · High medium low secure · Forensic secure hospital · Relational security · Physical procedural relational security · DUNDRUM triage security · Stratified forensic care · Forensic mental health security
Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on therapeutic security and secure care levels — physical, procedural and relational domains; high/medium/low secure definitions; DUNDRUM-style triage and recovery; relational security practice; step-up/step-down; long-stay; discharge outcomes. FRANZCP-primary, globally tagged.
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Red flags
- Grave and immediate risk of serious harm with high escape potential managed on an open or inadequately secure ward — escalate placement assessment urgently
- Patient stuck long-term in high or medium security without active recovery, programme, or discharge-barrier review — restart stratified recovery planning
- Security reduced to fences and searches while staff do not know the patient — relational security failure is a clinical safety crisis
- Seclusion or restraint used as a substitute for an appropriate secure care level or treatment plan — reframe to least-restrictive therapeutic security
- Planned step-down or leave without multi-source risk review after recent violence, abscond, or substance relapse — pause and reassess
- Discharge from secure care without forensic aftercare, housing, or crisis plan — post-discharge harm and readmission risk is material
Meet the patient
A man on remand for a violent index offence is transferred to your regional medium secure unit with treatment-resistant psychosis, a recent abscond attempt, and escalating threats toward a named victim. The nursing team asks where he should be placed and what "secure" actually means for him.[1][5][18]
The examiner's question is never "list the locks." It is: "At what level do you nurse him, and on what evidence do you move him down the ladder?" This topic answers that question.[1][3][15]
References20ShowHide
- [1]Flynn G, O'Neill C, McInerney C, et al. The DUNDRUM-1 structured professional judgment for triage to appropriate levels of therapeutic security: retrospective-cohort validation study BMC Psychiatry, 2011.PMID 21410967
- [2]Flynn G, O'Neill C, Kennedy HG. DUNDRUM-2: Prospective validation of a structured professional judgment instrument assessing priority for admission from the waiting list for a forensic mental health hospital BMC Res Notes, 2011.PMID 21722397
- [3]Davoren M, O'Dwyer S, Abidin Z, et al. Prospective in-patient cohort study of moves between levels of therapeutic security: the DUNDRUM-1 triage security, DUNDRUM-3 programme completion and DUNDRUM-4 recovery scales and the HCR-20 BMC Psychiatry, 2012.PMID 22794187
- [4]Abidin Z, Davoren M, Naughton L, et al. Susceptibility (risk and protective) factors for in-patient violence and self-harm: prospective study of structured professional judgement instruments START and SAPROF, DUNDRUM-3 and DUNDRUM-4 in forensic mental health services BMC Psychiatry, 2013.PMID 23890106
- [5]Freestone M, Bull D, Brown R, et al. Triage, decision-making and follow-up of patients referred to a UK forensic service: validation of the DUNDRUM toolkit BMC Psychiatry, 2015.PMID 26446536
- [6]Chester V, Alexander RT, Morgan W. Measuring relational security in forensic mental health services BJPsych Bull, 2017.PMID 29234515
- [7]Siu BW, Au-Yeung CC, Chan AW, et al. Measuring the profiles of the security needs of forensic psychiatric inpatients: Validation of the See, Think, Act Scale Asia Pac Psychiatry, 2019.PMID 30378764
- [8]de Vries MG, Verkes RJ, Bulten BH. See think act scale: Validation of the Dutch version of a measure of relational security in high secure forensic psychiatric care Front Psychiatry, 2022.PMID 36262628
- [9]Völlm BA, Edworthy R, Huband N, et al. Characteristics and Pathways of Long-Stay Patients in High and Medium Secure Settings in England; A Secondary Publication From a Large Mixed-Methods Study Front Psychiatry, 2018.PMID 29713294
- [10]Hare Duke L, Furtado V, Guo B, et al. Long-stay in forensic-psychiatric care in the UK Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 2018.PMID 29387921
- [11]Fazel S, Fimińska Z, Cocks C, et al. Patient outcomes following discharge from secure psychiatric hospitals: systematic review and meta-analysis Br J Psychiatry, 2016.PMID 26729842
- [12]Wolf A, Fanshawe TR, Sariaslan A, et al. Prediction of violent crime on discharge from secure psychiatric hospitals: A clinical prediction rule (FoVOx) Eur Psychiatry, 2018.PMID 29161680
- [13]Jewell M, Pillai K, Cavney J, et al. Examining the need for a high level of therapeutic security at a regional forensic mental health service in Aotearoa New Zealand Psychiatr Psychol Law, 2024.PMID 38628253
- [14]Coid JW, Hickey N, Yang M. Comparison of outcomes following after-care from forensic and general adult psychiatric services Br J Psychiatry, 2007.PMID 17541111
- [15]McCullough S, Stanley C, Smith H, et al. Outcome measures of risk and recovery in Broadmoor High Secure Forensic Hospital: stratification of care pathways and moves to medium secure hospitals BJPsych Open, 2020.PMID 32684202
- [16]Kennedy HG, Mullaney R, McKenna P, et al. A tool to evaluate proportionality and necessity in the use of restrictive practices in forensic mental health settings: the DRILL tool (Dundrum restriction, intrusion and liberty ladders) BMC Psychiatry, 2020.PMID 33097036
- [17]Holley J, Weaver T, Völlm B. The experience of long stay in high and medium secure psychiatric hospitals in England: qualitative study of the patient perspective Int J Ment Health Syst, 2020.PMID 32256688
- [18]Adams J, Thomas SDM, Mackinnon T, et al. The risks, needs and stages of recovery of a complete forensic patient cohort in an Australian state BMC Psychiatry, 2018.PMID 29415683
- [19]Zagham W, Kisely S, Stedman T, et al. Factors associated with length of stay in medium secure units: A realist review Australas Psychiatry, 2024.PMID 39318046
- [20]Bowden J, Logan C, Robinson L, et al. Clinicians' use of the structured professional judgement approach for adult secure psychiatric service admission assessments: A systematic review PLoS One, 2024.PMID 39325743