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Psych TopicsChild and adolescent psychiatry — childhood trauma and maltreatment

Psych · Child and adolescent psychiatry — childhood trauma and maltreatment

Childhood trauma and maltreatment

Also known as Child abuse and neglect · Adverse childhood experiences · ACE · Childhood maltreatment · TF-CBT · Trauma-focused CBT children · Child protection psychiatry · Developmental trauma · Polyvictimisation

Fellowship reference on childhood trauma and maltreatment: burden, adverse childhood experiences, long-term consequences, neurobiology, assessment, reporting, TF-CBT and prevention. FRANZCP-primary, globally tagged.

high22 referencesUpdated 26 July 20269 min readSource-verified · Oct 2026

Checked against its sources on 23 Oct 2026

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FRANZCPMRCPsychABPNMD-DNBNEET-SS

Red flags

  • Exposure to multiple types and repeated episodes of maltreatment is associated with increased risks of severe maltreatment and psychological consequences
  • Adverse childhood experiences in any category increased the risk of attempted suicide 2- to 5-fold
  • Child maltreatment cases are still not always diagnosed, either because of provider bias or because clinicians lack experience or understanding of proper evaluation approaches
  • Neglect is at least as damaging as physical or sexual abuse in the long term
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Your progress

Saved on this device.

Practise this topic10 MCQs with explanations

Target exams

FRANZCPMRCPsychABPNMD-DNBNEET-SS

Red flags

  • Exposure to multiple types and repeated episodes of maltreatment is associated with increased risks of severe maltreatment and psychological consequences
  • Adverse childhood experiences in any category increased the risk of attempted suicide 2- to 5-fold
  • Child maltreatment cases are still not always diagnosed, either because of provider bias or because clinicians lack experience or understanding of proper evaluation approaches
  • Neglect is at least as damaging as physical or sexual abuse in the long term
The one-line answer

Child maltreatment is common and under-counted: official rates for substantiated child maltreatment indicate less than a tenth of the estimated burden. Exposure to multiple types and repeated episodes of maltreatment is associated with increased risks of severe maltreatment and psychological consequences, and the adverse childhood experience (ACE) score has a strong graded relationship with adult risk behaviours and disease. TF-CBT, summarised by the acronym PRACTICE, gives children and parents stress-management skills before direct discussion and processing of the traumatic experience.[1][4][17]

Meet the patient

A 13-year-old is referred to CAMHS for "ADHD, query oppositional". She is inattentive at school, explosive at home, and has been cutting her forearms for six months. Her mother is exhausted and wants a stimulant trial.[4][12]

Seen alone, she tells you the nightmares started when her mother's ex-partner moved in three years ago, that she still sees him at weekends, and that her nine-year-old brother is in the house.[4][12]

Three exam questions are now live: is this trauma or a neurodevelopmental disorder?, does this meet the reporting threshold today?, and who else in that house is unprotected? Everything below answers those three.[4][7][12]

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References22ShowHide
  1. [1]Felitti VJ, Anda RF, Nordenberg D, et al. Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study Am J Prev Med, 1998.PMID 9635069
  2. [2]Dube SR, Anda RF, Felitti VJ, et al. Childhood abuse, household dysfunction, and the risk of attempted suicide throughout the life span: findings from the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study JAMA, 2001.PMID 11754674
  3. [3]Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Bremner JD, et al. The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood. A convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 2006.PMID 16311898
  4. [4]Gilbert R, Widom CS, Browne K, et al. Burden and consequences of child maltreatment in high-income countries Lancet, 2009.PMID 19056114
  5. [5]MacMillan HL, Wathen CN, Barlow J, et al. Interventions to prevent child maltreatment and associated impairment Lancet, 2009.PMID 19056113
  6. [6]Norman RE, Byambaa M, De R, et al. The long-term health consequences of child physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect: a systematic review and meta-analysis PLoS Med, 2012.PMID 23209385
  7. [7]Teicher MH, Samson JA Childhood maltreatment and psychopathology: A case for ecophenotypic variants as clinically and neurobiologically distinct subtypes Am J Psychiatry, 2013.PMID 23982148
  8. [8]Teicher MH, Samson JA Annual Research Review: Enduring neurobiological effects of childhood abuse and neglect J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 2016.PMID 26831814
  9. [9]Hughes K, Bellis MA, Hardcastle KA, et al. The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: a systematic review and meta-analysis Lancet Public Health, 2017.PMID 29253477
  10. [10]Cohen JA, Deblinger E, Mannarino AP, Steer RA A multisite, randomized controlled trial for children with sexual abuse-related PTSD symptoms J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2004.PMID 15187799
  11. [11]Deblinger E, Mannarino AP, Cohen JA, et al. Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy for children: impact of the trauma narrative and treatment length Depress Anxiety, 2011.PMID 20830695
  12. [12]Cohen JA, Bukstein O, Walter H, et al. Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2010.PMID 20410735
  13. [13]Harris M, Fallot RD Designing trauma-informed addictions services New Dir Ment Health Serv, 2001.PMID 11291263
  14. [14]Cloitre M, Stovall-McClough KC, Nooner K, et al. Treatment for PTSD related to childhood abuse: a randomized controlled trial Am J Psychiatry, 2010.PMID 20595411
  15. [15]Maercker A, Brewin CR, Bryant RA, et al. Diagnosis and classification of disorders specifically associated with stress: proposals for ICD-11 World Psychiatry, 2013.PMID 24096776
  16. [16]Brady K, Pearlstein T, Asnis GM, et al. Efficacy and safety of sertraline treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial JAMA, 2000.PMID 10770145
  17. [17]Cohen JA, Mannarino AP Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Children and Parents. Child and adolescent mental health, 2008.PMID 32847188
  18. [18]Luo Z, Chen Y, Epstein RA Risk factors for child abuse and neglect: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Public health, 2025.PMID 39961167
  19. [19]Heywood S, Bunzli S, Dillon M, et al. Trauma-informed physiotherapy and the principles of safety, trustworthiness, choice, collaboration, and empowerment: a qualitative study. Physiotherapy theory and practice, 2025.PMID 38374583
  20. [20]Cloitre M, Garvert DW, Brewin CR, et al. Evidence for proposed ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD: a latent profile analysis. European journal of psychotraumatology, 2013.PMID 23687563
  21. [21]MacCormick NA To Mandate or Not to Mandate: A Review of Mandatory Reporting of Suspected Child Abuse and Neglect. Journal of law and medicine, 2018.PMID 30574722
  22. [22]Danaher F, Vandeven A, Blanchard A, et al. Recognizing, diagnosing, and preventing child maltreatment: an update for pediatric clinicians. Current opinion in pediatrics, 2018.PMID 29771763

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