Paeds Vivas · clinical-pharmacology-and-therapeutics
Procedural sedation medicines — branching viva
Viva on procedural sedation medicines in children, centred on ketamine for a painful reduction, fasting, monitoring, and an adverse event.
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RACP DCEMRCPCH ClinicalRCPSC Pediatrics
Prompt
A 4-year-old, 16 kg, presents to the emergency department with a displaced distal forearm fracture needing reduction. He had a snack 45 minutes ago. The team plans procedural sedation with ketamine, and the examiner wants you to justify the agent, the dose, the fasting decision, the monitoring, and your response to a laryngospasm.
Opening (candidate)
I would treat this as a procedural sedation for a painful reduction, planned against four questions: which agent, what dose, what to do about the recent snack, and how I keep the airway safe. My plan is dissociative ketamine by the intravenous route at roughly 1 to 2 milligrams per kilogram, dosed from his measured weight, with a dedicated sedationist and continuous capnography. The recent snack does not delay an urgent reduction, because the evidence shows fasting does not reduce adverse events in emergency sedation. [1] [4]
References5ShowHide
- [1]Green SM, Tsze DS, Roback MG Emergency Department Ketamine Sedation: Frequency and Predictors of Critical and High-Risk Adverse Events Ann Emerg Med, 2025.PMID 40481829
- [2]Cosgrove P, Krauss BS, Cravero JP, Fleegler EW Predictors of Laryngospasm During 276,832 Episodes of Pediatric Procedural Sedation Ann Emerg Med, 2022.PMID 35752522
- [3]Tobias JD Applications of nitrous oxide for procedural sedation in the pediatric population Pediatr Emerg Care, 2013.PMID 23546436
- [4]Bhatt M, Johnson DW, Taljaard M, Chan J, Barrowman N, Farion KJ Association of Preprocedural Fasting With Outcomes of Emergency Department Sedation in Children JAMA Pediatr, 2018.PMID 29800944
- [5]Langhan ML, Chen L, Marshall C, Santucci KA Detection of hypoventilation by capnography and its association with hypoxia in children undergoing sedation with ketamine Pediatr Emerg Care, 2011.PMID 21494162