Paeds Vivas · clinical-pharmacology-and-therapeutics
Poisoning antidotes and toxicology pharmacology — branching viva
A branching viva following one child from a reduced level of consciousness through the toxidrome-driven antidote decision, the N-acetylcysteine regimen for paracetamol, naloxone titration for opioid toxicity, chelation pharmacology, and the early use of antivenom, with the flumazenil trap as a safety branch.
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Opening — resuscitation and the first antidote decision
Examiner: A four-year-old, 16-kilogram boy is found unresponsive at home next to opened bottles of paracetamol and iron tablets. Paramedics report a respiratory rate of eight and small pupils. Talk me through your first moves. [3]
Model answer — openingShowHide
My first moves are ABCDE resuscitation before any antidote. I would secure and protect his airway, support his breathing with bag-valve-mask ventilation because his respiratory rate of eight is inadequate, establish intravenous access, and give a fluid bolus if he is shocked. I would check a bedside glucose immediately because hypoglycaemia mimics poisoning and is instantly reversible. His pin-point pupils and slow breathing are an opioid toxidrome, so I would give naloxone 10 microgram per kilogram intravenously — about 160 microgram — repeated every two to three minutes, titrated to his respiratory rate. I would also take a focused history of what and how much was taken and when, and call the regional poison information centre. [3] [4]
References6ShowHide
- [1]Dart RC, Mullins ME, Matoushek T, et al. Management of Acetaminophen Poisoning in the US and Canada: A Consensus Statement JAMA Network Open, 2023.PMID 37552484
- [2]Chiew AL, Gluud C, Brok J, et al. Interventions for paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2018.PMID 29473717
- [3]Boyer EW Management of opioid analgesic overdose New England Journal of Medicine, 2012.PMID 22784117
- [4]Malmros Olsson E, Lönnqvist PA, Stiller CO, et al. Rapid systemic uptake of naloxone after intranasal administration in children Paediatric Anaesthesia, 2021.PMID 33687794
- [8]Fine JS Iron poisoning Current Problems in Pediatrics, 2000.PMID 10742921
- [10]Bradberry S, Vale A Dimercaptosuccinic acid (succimer; DMSA) in inorganic lead poisoning Clinical Toxicology, 2009.PMID 19663612