Paeds · adolescent-and-young-adult-medicine
Sexually transmitted infection screening and management
Also known as STI screening in adolescents · Sexually transmitted infection testing · Chlamydia and gonorrhoea screening · Adolescent sexual health screening · 5 P's sexual history · STI treatment in young people · Expedited partner therapy
A fellowship approach to confidential, youth-friendly STI care in adolescents: time alone and conditional confidentiality, the 5 P's sexual history, risk- and anatomy-based screening (universal CT/GC for sexually active females under 25, selective extragenital testing, syphilis/HIV by risk), syndrome recognition, guideline-based treatment with local-dose verification, partner services and expedited partner therapy, ~3-month rescreening, and prevention across ANZ, UK, US and Canada.
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Target exams
Red flags
- Severe pelvic inflammatory disease or features in serious illness (FIRH) with systemic toxicity or sepsis
- Pregnant adolescent with a confirmed STI (pregnancy-specific regimen and congenital syphilis risk)
- Suspected coercion, trafficking, age-discordant partner or non-consensual contact
- Testicular pain where torsion cannot be excluded (surgical emergency, not epididymitis)
- Treatment failure or suspected gonococcal resistance requiring culture and specialist input
- Acute HIV seroconversion illness or a newly positive HIV screen
- No confidential space and a sensitive sexual history cannot be taken safely
Life stages
Care settings
Clinical exam formats
Board mappings
- General and Community Paediatrics
- Adolescent health and sexual health
- Current 2026 PREP curriculum — Learning Objective 1.2.1: Communicate with a child or young person in a way which is appropriate to the position of that child within their own culture
- Current 2026 PREP curriculum — Learning Objective 1.2.2: Communicate with parents or carers
- Renewed curriculum for first-year trainees from 2027 — Learning goal 5: Clinical assessment – essential general paediatrics
- Renewed curriculum for first-year trainees from 2027 — Learning goal 6: Clinical management – essential general paediatrics
- Renewed curriculum for first-year trainees from 2027 — Learning goal 12: Communication with patients, families, and health professionals
- Renewed curriculum for first-year trainees from 2027 — Learning goal 15: Essential general paediatrics
- Clinical Applications
- Adolescent medicine and sexual health
- Long Cases
- Short Cases
- Communication stations
- 4. Professional skills and knowledge: Patient management
- 5. Health promotion and illness prevention
- 8. Child safeguarding
- 11. Adolescent health
- General Paediatrics: Manages common adolescent sexual-health presentations including confidential STI screening, treatment and safeguarding-aware care within legal frameworks
- Foundation of Practice (FOP)
- Applied Knowledge in Practice (AKP)
- Adolescent health, sexual health and safeguarding
- History
- Communication
- Clinical
- General Pediatrics Content Outline — Domain 1: Preventive Pediatrics/Well-Child Care
- General Pediatrics Content Outline — Domain 11: Adolescent Medicine and Gynecology
- General Pediatrics Content Outline — Domain 12: Infectious Diseases
- General Pediatrics EPA 3: Providing well-child and adolescent care including preventive care and anticipatory guidance
- General Pediatrics EPA 10: Recognising and managing child abuse and neglect
- Patient Care 1: History and Physical Examination
- Patient Care 5: Patient Management
- Medical Knowledge 2: Diagnostic and therapeutic interventions
- Interpersonal and Communication Skills 1: Patient- and Family-Centered Communication
- Systems-Based Practice 3: System Navigation for Patient Centered Care – Coordination of Care
- Professionalism 1: Professional Behavior and Ethical Principles
- Medical Expert
- Communicator
- Health Advocate
- Pediatrics: Foundations EPA — Assessing and providing care for adolescents
- Pediatrics: Core EPA — Providing preventive care and anticipatory guidance
Overview & Definition
A 16-year-old asks you for "the check." You order a urine test, pronounce her "clear," and move on. You never created private time, never asked about partners or coercion, and never sampled the rectal or pharyngeal sites her history would have revealed. Three months later she returns with pelvic inflammatory disease. The missed work was not a rare pathogen. It was an STI visit without a youth-friendly process. [19] [13]
Sexually transmitted infection (STI) screening means testing asymptomatic people whose age, anatomy, practices or exposures put them at risk. It is distinct from diagnostic testing, which is triggered by symptoms, signs or a known exposure. This distinction changes the conversation: screening is opportunistic prevention; diagnostic workup is clinical problem-solving. [1] [4]
STI management spans recognition, investigation, treatment, partner services, rescreening and prevention. For an adolescent, every step is mediated by confidentiality, capacity and access. The clinical skill is not memorising a regimen. It is running a confidential, non-judgemental encounter that surfaces the truth, samples the right sites, treats correctly and brings the young person back. [3] [19]
Core sequence of an adolescent STI encounter
- 1
Engage in private
Greet the young person first, set a joint agenda, create time alone, state conditional confidentiality.
- 2
5 P's history
Partners, Practices, Protection, Past STI, Pregnancy intention — plus a coercion check.
- 3
Risk-stratify and examine
Decide sites by anatomy and exposure; offer chaperoned exam or self-collection.
- 4
Screen or diagnose
NAAT by site, syphilis/HIV serology by risk, pregnancy test before treatment.
- 5
Treat + partner services
Guideline regimen, pregnancy-aware; expedited partner therapy where lawful.
- 6
Rescreen + prevent
Retest at ~3 months, layer condoms/HPV vaccine/PrEP/contraception, safety-net.
References21ShowHide
- [1]Davidson KW, Barry MJ, Mangione CM, et al. Screening for Chlamydia and Gonorrhea: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA, 2021.PMID 34519796
- [2]Cantor A; Dana T; Griffin JC Screening for Chlamydial and Gonococcal Infections: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA, 2021.PMID 34519797
- [3]Workowski KA; Bachmann LH; Chan PA Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021. MMWR Recomm Rep, 2021.PMID 34292926
- [4]Barrow RY; Ahmed F; Bolan GA Recommendations for Providing Quality Sexually Transmitted Diseases Clinical Services, 2020. MMWR Recomm Rep, 2020.PMID 31899459
- [5]Mangione CM, Barry MJ, Nicholson WK, et al. Screening for Syphilis Infection in Nonpregnant Adolescents and Adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Reaffirmation Recommendation Statement. JAMA, 2022.PMID 36166020
- [6]Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Curry SJ, et al. Screening for Syphilis Infection in Nonpregnant Adults and Adolescents: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA, 2016.PMID 27272583
- [7]Barry MJ, Nicholson WK, Silverstein M, et al. Preexposure Prophylaxis to Prevent Acquisition of HIV: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA, 2023.PMID 37606666
- [8]Molina JM; Charreau I; Chidiac C Post-exposure prophylaxis with doxycycline to prevent sexually transmitted infections in men who have sex with men: an open-label randomised substudy of the ANRS IPERGAY trial. Lancet Infect Dis, 2018.PMID 29229440
- [9]Molina JM; Bercot B; Assoumou L Doxycycline prophylaxis and meningococcal group B vaccine to prevent bacterial sexually transmitted infections in France (ANRS 174 DOXYVAC): a multicentre, open-label, randomised trial with a 2 x 2 factorial design. Lancet Infect Dis, 2024.PMID 38797183
- [10]Jamison CD; Coleman JS; Mmeje O Improving Women's Health and Combatting Sexually Transmitted Infections Through Expedited Partner Therapy. Obstet Gynecol, 2019.PMID 30741802
- [11]Oliver A; Rogers M; Schillinger JA The Impact of Prescriptions on Sex Partner Treatment Using Expedited Partner Therapy for Chlamydia trachomatis Infection, New York City, 2014-2015. Sex Transm Dis, 2016.PMID 27893595
- [12]Lu PJ; Yankey D; Fredua B Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Trends Among Adolescents: 2015 to 2020. Pediatrics, 2022.PMID 35730334
- [13]Boyer CB; Agenor M; Willoughby JF A Renewed Call to Action for Addressing the Alarming Rising Rates of Sexually Transmitted Infections in U.S. Adolescents and Young Adults. J Adolesc Health, 2021.PMID 34099391
- [14]Bamberger DM; Graham G; Dennis L Extragenital Gonorrhea and Chlamydia Among Men and Women According to Type of Sexual Exposure. Sex Transm Dis, 2019.PMID 30676485
- [15]Zamanpour A; Grennan T; Ablona A Treatment and Partner Notification Outcomes for Clients Diagnosed With Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Through GetCheckedOnline Compared With Sexually Transmitted Infection Clinics in British Columbia, Canada. Sex Transm Dis, 2023.PMID 36367543
- [16]Gray-Swain MR; Peipert JF Pelvic inflammatory disease in adolescents. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol, 2006.PMID 16932044
- [17]Hogben M Partner notification for sexually transmitted diseases. Clin Infect Dis, 2007.PMID 17342669
- [18]Peterman TA; Tian LH; Metcalf CA High incidence of new sexually transmitted infections in the year following a sexually transmitted infection: a case for rescreening. Ann Intern Med, 2006.PMID 17043338
- [19]Friedman JC; Cannon B; Tyson N Providing adolescent-friendly sexually transmitted infection screening and treatment services. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol, 2024.PMID 39109588
- [20]Unemo M; Seifert HS; Hook EW 3rd Gonorrhoea. Nat Rev Dis Primers, 2019.PMID 31754194
- [21]Workowski KA; Bolan GA; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015. MMWR Recomm Rep, 2015.PMID 26042815