Oedema in children: diagnostic approach — formative SAQs

SAQ 1 (10)

A 4-year-old develops progressive periorbital and leg pitting oedema over 1 week. He is afebrile and interactive. BP is 96/60. Urine dipstick shows 4+ protein and no blood. ^{[1] [3]}

1. Write a one-sentence problem representation and name the most likely mechanism bucket. (3) ^{[1] [2]}
2. List the immediate bedside assessments that branch management in the first minutes. (3) ^[1]
3. Outline your investigation and initial management plan, including safety-net and why blind diuresis is risky. (4) ^{[1] [2] [3]}

Model answer

Problem representation / mechanism. Acute generalised pitting oedema in a preschool child with heavy proteinuria and normal BP — nephrotic pattern; low oncotic pressure from urinary protein loss is the leading mechanism. ^{[1] [2] [3]}

Bedside branches. Threat (ABC), confirm true oedema and distribution, weight, blood pressure, urine dipstick, perfusion/intravascular status, look for infection. ^[1]

Plan. Confirm albumin and renal function; quantify proteinuria as available; admit/same-day nephrotic pathway per local practice; salt/fluid strategy; infection precautions; IPNA/KDIGO-aligned steroid framework with specialist input; teach fever/abdominal pain/breathing red flags. Blind diuresis risks shock if intravascular underfill coexists with tissue oedema. ^{[1] [2] [3]}