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ICU TopicsTransplant / immunology

ICU · Transplant / immunology

Solid-Organ Transplant Recipient in the ICU — Immunosuppression, Infection & Rejection

Also known as Solid-organ transplant · Transplant recipient · Immunosuppression · Tacrolimus · Ciclosporin · Mycophenolate · Acute rejection · Opportunistic infection · Calcineurin inhibitor

The solid-organ transplant recipient in the ICU: the immunosuppression (the calcineurin inhibitors — the tacrolimus, the ciclosporin; the antimetabolites — the mycophenolate; the mTOR — the sirolimus; the steroids), the infection risk (the timeline — the first month the nosocomial; the 1 to 6 months the opportunistic — the CMV, the PCP, the Listeria, the Aspergillus; the late the community-acquired), the acute rejection (the T-cell mediated — the cellular; the antibody-mediated — the humoral), the drug interactions (the CYP3A4 — the tacrolimus levels), and the graft dysfunction (the diagnostic — the ultrasound, the biopsy).

high28 referencesUpdated 19 Aug 202654 min readVerification in progress

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The solid-organ transplant recipient in the ICU faces three interlinked threats — infection (the price of immunosuppression), rejection (the immune response to the graft), and drug toxicity — and the Fishman calendar tells you which infection to suspect when. Month one is nosocomial; months one to six are the opportunistic window (CMV, PCP, Listeria, Aspergillus); beyond six months, community-acquired dominates. The immunosuppression regimen — tacrolimus, mycophenolate, sirolimus, steroids — is managed by checking CYP3A4 interactions and adjusting in sepsis: stop the antimetabolite, reduce the CNI, keep the steroid. Acute rejection is always biopsy-proven — T-cell mediated gets a steroid pulse, antibody-mediated gets plasmapheresis plus IVIG plus rituximab.[1]

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References28ShowHide
  1. [1]Fishman JA Infection in solid-organ transplant recipients N Engl J Med, 2007.PMID 18094380
  2. [2]Kotton CN, Kumar D, Caliendo AM, et al. Updated international consensus guidelines on the management of cytomegalovirus in solid-organ transplantation Transplantation, 2013.PMID 23896556
  3. [3]Stewart S, Winters GL, Fishbein MC, et al. Revision of the 1990 working formulation for the standardization of nomenclature in the diagnosis of heart rejection J Heart Lung Transplant, 2005.PMID 16297770
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  10. [10]Demetris AJ, Ruppert K, Dvorchik I, et al. Real-time monitoring of acute liver-allograft rejection using the Banff schema Transplantation, 2002.PMID 12451268
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  12. [12]Madariaga HM, Riella LV Chronic Allograft Injury: An Overview of Pathogenesis and Treatment Strategies Contrib Nephrol, 2017.PMID 28535528
  13. [13]Lefaucheur C, Viglietti D, Bouatou Y, et al. Non-HLA agonistic anti-angiotensin II type 1 receptor antibodies induce a distinctive phenotype of antibody-mediated rejection in kidney transplant recipients Kidney Int, 2019.PMID 31005275
  14. [14]Berry GJ, Brunt EM, Chamberlain D, et al. A working formulation for the standardization of nomenclature in the diagnosis of heart and lung rejection: Lung Rejection Study Group. The International Society for Heart Transplantation J Heart Transplant, 1990.PMID 2277294
  15. [15]Humar A, Lebranchu Y, Vincenti F, et al. The efficacy and safety of 200 days valganciclovir cytomegalovirus prophylaxis in high-risk kidney transplant recipients Am J Transplant, 2010.PMID 20353469
  16. [16]Asberg A, Humar A, Rollag H, et al. Oral valganciclovir is noninferior to intravenous ganciclovir for the treatment of cytomegalovirus disease in solid organ transplant recipients Am J Transplant, 2007.PMID 17640310
  17. [17]Shinn C, Malhotra D, Chan L Time course of response to pulse methylprednisolone therapy in renal transplant recipients with acute allograft rejection Am J Kidney Dis, 1999.PMID 10430978
  18. [18]Wan SS, Ying TD, Wyburn K, et al. The Treatment of Antibody-Mediated Rejection in Kidney Transplantation: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Transplantation, 2018.PMID 29315141
  19. [19]Annane D, Sébille V, Charpentier C, et al. Effect of treatment with low doses of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone on mortality in patients with septic shock JAMA, 2002.PMID 12186604
  20. [20]Mignat C Clinically significant drug interactions with new immunosuppressive agents Drug Saf, 1997.PMID 9113494
  21. [21]Minces LR, Nguyen MH, Mitsani D, et al. Ganciclovir-resistant cytomegalovirus infections among lung transplant recipients are associated with poor outcomes despite treatment with foscarnet-containing regimens Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2014.PMID 24145525
  22. [22]Filler G, Huang SH, Sharma AP Steroid-resistant acute allograft rejection in renal transplantation Pediatr Nephrol, 2011.PMID 21327775
  23. [23]Viscount HB, Eid AJ, Espy MJ, et al. Polyomavirus polymerase chain reaction as a surrogate marker of polyomavirus-associated nephropathy Transplantation, 2007.PMID 17700158
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  26. [26]Donadello K, Cristallini S, Taccone FS, et al. Strongyloides disseminated infection successfully treated with parenteral ivermectin: case report with drug concentration measurements and review of the literature Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2013.PMID 24269075
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  28. [28]Racusen LC, Colvin RB, Solez K, et al. Antibody-mediated rejection criteria - an addition to the Banff 97 classification of renal allograft rejection Am J Transplant, 2003.PMID 12780562

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