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ICU TopicsCardiovascular

ICU · Cardiovascular

Acute coronary syndromes (STEMI, NSTEMI, unstable angina)

Also known as ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) · Non-ST elevation MI (NSTEMI) · Unstable angina (UA) · Primary PCI · Door-to-balloon time · GRACE risk score

Exam-focused guide to acute coronary syndromes in intensive care: STEMI and NSTEACS diagnosis, ECG and troponin, reperfusion strategy, antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy, risk scores, cardiogenic shock and secondary prevention.

high24 referencesUpdated 23 Oct 202614 min readSource-verified · Oct 2026

Checked against its sources on 23 Oct 2026

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Practise this topic8 MCQs with explanations

Target exams

CICMFFICMEDIC

Red flags

  • STEMI/ACOMI within 12 h of symptom onset: emergency reperfusion; give fibrinolysis if primary PCI cannot be delivered within 120 min of first medical contact
  • ACS with cardiogenic shock: PCI of the infarct-related artery only; routine intra-aortic balloon pump or VA-ECMO not recommended
  • Record and assess an ECG for acute coronary occlusion within 10 min of first clinical contact
  • SpO2 of 90% or more: oxygen therapy is not required
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Your progress

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Practise this topic8 MCQs with explanations

Target exams

CICMFFICMEDIC

Red flags

  • STEMI/ACOMI within 12 h of symptom onset: emergency reperfusion; give fibrinolysis if primary PCI cannot be delivered within 120 min of first medical contact
  • ACS with cardiogenic shock: PCI of the infarct-related artery only; routine intra-aortic balloon pump or VA-ECMO not recommended
  • Record and assess an ECG for acute coronary occlusion within 10 min of first clinical contact
  • SpO2 of 90% or more: oxygen therapy is not required
The fellowship one-liner

Two questions run every ACS: is the artery occluded, and can it be opened in time? The 2025 Australian guideline uses the term acute coronary occlusion myocardial infarction (ACOMI) for STEMI and STEMI equivalents. Record and assess an ECG for evidence of ACOMI within 10 min of first clinical contact. In STEMI/ACOMI within 12 h of symptom onset, perform emergency reperfusion: primary PCI is preferred if it can be performed within 120 min of first medical contact; otherwise give fibrinolysis, delivered within 30 min of first medical contact. In NSTEACS, an immediate invasive strategy within 2 h of diagnosis is recommended with very high-risk criteria, and an early invasive strategy within 24 h should be considered with high-risk criteria. Give aspirin 300 mg orally, dissolved or chewed, unless contraindicated; people with SpO2 of 90% or more do not require oxygen. [1]

Meet the patient

A 58-year-old smoker arrives in your resuscitation bay at 3am with an hour of central chest pressure radiating to both arms. He is sweating and breathless, and the first ECG shows ST elevation in II, III and aVF. The nearest PCI centre is 45 minutes away by road. [1]

Hold two questions and everything below slots into place. Is the artery occluded? The ECG, recorded and assessed within 10 min of first clinical contact, answers that. Can it be opened in time? The 120-minute threshold from first medical contact decides between primary PCI and fibrinolysis. [1]

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References24ShowHide
  1. [1]Brieger DB, Cullen LA, Briffa TG, et al. National Heart Foundation of Australia and Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand: Australian Clinical Guideline for Diagnosing and Managing Acute Coronary Syndromes 2025. The Medical journal of Australia, 2026.PMID 41693087
  2. [2]Wallentin L, Becker RC, Budaj A, et al. Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. The New England journal of medicine, 2009.PMID 19717846
  3. [3]Wiviott SD, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, et al. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. The New England journal of medicine, 2007.PMID 17982182
  4. [4]Schüpke S, Neumann FJ, Menichelli M, et al. Ticagrelor or Prasugrel in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes. The New England journal of medicine, 2019.PMID 31475799
  5. [5]CURRENT-OASIS 7 Investigators, Mehta SR, Bassand JP, et al. Dose comparisons of clopidogrel and aspirin in acute coronary syndromes. The New England journal of medicine, 2010.PMID 20818903
  6. [6]Stone GW, McLaurin BT, Cox DA, et al. Bivalirudin for patients with acute coronary syndromes. The New England journal of medicine, 2006.PMID 17124018
  7. [7]Stone GW, Witzenbichler B, Guagliumi G, et al. Bivalirudin during primary PCI in acute myocardial infarction. The New England journal of medicine, 2008.PMID 18499566
  8. [8]Antman EM, Morrow DA, McCabe CH, et al. Enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin with fibrinolysis for ST-elevation myocardial infarction. The New England journal of medicine, 2006.PMID 16537665
  9. [9]Zhang D, Li Y, Qiu M, et al. BMI differences on anticoagulation with bivalirudin vs. heparin during primary PCI: a BRIGHT-4 subanalysis. BMC medicine, 2025.PMID 41029353
  10. [10]Stub D, Smith K, Bernard S, et al. Air Versus Oxygen in ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Circulation, 2015.PMID 26002889
  11. [11]Keeley EC, Boura JA, Grines CL Primary angioplasty versus intravenous thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: a quantitative review of 23 randomised trials. Lancet (London, England), 2003.PMID 12517460
  12. [12]Van de Werf F, Ristić AD, Averkov OV, et al. STREAM-2: Half-Dose Tenecteplase or Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Older Patients With ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Randomized, Open-Label Trial. Circulation, 2023.PMID 37439219
  13. [13]Antman EM, Cohen M, Bernink PJ, et al. The TIMI risk score for unstable angina/non-ST elevation MI: A method for prognostication and therapeutic decision making. JAMA, 2000.PMID 10938172
  14. [14]Granger CB, Goldberg RJ, Dabbous O, et al. Predictors of hospital mortality in the global registry of acute coronary events. Archives of internal medicine, 2003.PMID 14581255
  15. [15]Hochman JS, Sleeper LA, Webb JG, et al. Early revascularization in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock. SHOCK Investigators. Should We Emergently Revascularize Occluded Coronaries for Cardiogenic Shock. The New England journal of medicine, 1999.PMID 10460813
  16. [16]Thiele H, Akin I, Sandri M, et al. PCI Strategies in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction and Cardiogenic Shock. The New England journal of medicine, 2017.PMID 29083953
  17. [17]Thiele H, Zeymer U, Neumann FJ, et al. Intraaortic balloon support for myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock. The New England journal of medicine, 2012.PMID 22920912
  18. [18]Møller JE, Engstrøm T, Jensen LO, et al. Microaxial Flow Pump or Standard Care in Infarct-Related Cardiogenic Shock. The New England journal of medicine, 2024.PMID 38587239
  19. [19]Bonaca MP, Bhatt DL, Cohen M, et al. Long-term use of ticagrelor in patients with prior myocardial infarction. The New England journal of medicine, 2015.PMID 25773268
  20. [20]Dewilde WJ, Oirbans T, Verheugt FW, et al. Use of clopidogrel with or without aspirin in patients taking oral anticoagulant therapy and undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: an open-label, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet (London, England), 2013.PMID 23415013
  21. [21]Murphy SA, Cannon CP, Wiviott SD, et al. Reduction in recurrent cardiovascular events with intensive lipid-lowering statin therapy compared with moderate lipid-lowering statin therapy after acute coronary syndromes from the PROVE IT-TIMI 22 (Pravastatin or Atorvastatin Evaluation and Infection Therapy-Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction 22) trial. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2009.PMID 20082923
  22. [22]Pitt B, Remme W, Zannad F, et al. Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. The New England journal of medicine, 2003.PMID 12668699
  23. [23]Moss AJ, Zareba W, Hall WJ, et al. Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction. The New England journal of medicine, 2002.PMID 11907286
  24. [24]Wilkinson-Stokes M, Betson J, Sawyer S Adverse events from nitrate administration during right ventricular myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Emergency medicine journal : EMJ, 2023.PMID 36180168

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