EM · Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Also known as Aneurysmal SAH · Subarachnoid bleed · Thunderclap headache
Subarachnoid haemorrhage — the non-traumatic bleeding into the subarachnoid space, usually from a ruptured intracranial aneurysm; the thunderclap headache (the worst headache of my life, the maximal intensity within seconds to minutes); the CT sensitivity (98 per cent within 6 hours), the lumbar puncture for the xanthochromia if the CT is negative or the presentation is delayed; the nimodipine 60 mg every 4 hours for the vasospasm prophylaxis; the BP control; the aneurysm securing by the endovascular coiling or the surgical clipping; and the complications (the rebleeding, the vasospasm at day 4 to 14, the hydrocephalus, the hyponatraemia). ACEM-primary, globally tagged.
Practise this topic
On this page & tools
Your progress
Saved locally on this device.
8 MCQs with explanations
Target exams
Red flags
Meet the patient
A 48-year-old woman is two hours past the sudden onset of the worst headache of her life — maximal within seconds, while lifting groceries. She has photophobia, neck stiffness, and one vomit. She is alert, GCS 15, no focal deficit, BP 158 over 94. She has migraines, but says this one is different.[1]
One question decides her next hour: is this a thunderclap headache? It is — maximal intensity within seconds is the single feature that demands you exclude SAH before anything else. Roughly one in ten patients presenting to the ED with a sudden severe headache has a SAH, and the missed diagnosis is the preventable disaster. The diagnostic ladder is CT first, lumbar puncture if the CT is negative or delayed.[10]
You have read the opening of this topic. The complete unit — every section and its primary-source references — is part of the Emergency Medicine fellowship atlas.
References10Show ledgerHide ledger
- [1]Chen CY, Chen CY. Evaluating thunderclap headache Curr Opin Neurol, 2021.PMID 33661161
- [2]Sjulstad AS, Brekke OL, Alstadhaug KB Visual inspection versus spectrophotometry for xanthochromia detection in patients with sudden onset severe headache-A diagnostic accuracy study Headache, 2025.PMID 39087907
- [3]Molyneux A, Kerr R, Stratton I, Sandercock P, Clarke M, Shrimpton J, Holman R. International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT) of neurosurgical clipping versus endovascular coiling in 2143 patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms: a randomised trial Lancet, 2002.PMID 12414200
- [4]Molyneux AJ, Kerr RS, Yu LM, Clarke M, Sneade M, Yarnold JA, Sandercock P. International subarachnoid aneurysm trial (ISAT) of neurosurgical clipping versus endovascular coiling in 2143 patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms: a randomised comparison of effects on survival, dependency, seizures, rebleeding, subgroups, and aneurysm occlusion Lancet, 2005.PMID 16139655
- [5]Molyneux AJ, Birks J, Clarke A, Sneade M, Kerr RS. The durability of endovascular coiling versus neurosurgical clipping of ruptured cerebral aneurysms: 18 year follow-up of the UK cohort of the International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT) Lancet, 2015.PMID 25465111
- [6]Connolly ES Jr, Rabinstein AA, Carhuapoma JR, Derdeyn CP, Dion J, Higashida RT, Hoh BL, Kirkness CJ, Naidech AM, Ogilvy CS, Patel AB, Thompson BG, Vespa P. Guidelines for the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/american Stroke Association Stroke, 2012.PMID 22556195
- [7]Pickard JD, Murray GD, Illingworth R, Shaw MD, Teasdale GM, Foy PM, Humphrey PR, Lang DA, Nelson R, Richards P, et al. Effect of oral nimodipine on cerebral infarction and outcome after subarachnoid haemorrhage: British aneurysm nimodipine trial BMJ, 1989.PMID 2496789
- [8]Perry JJ, Sivilotti MLA, Émond M, et al. Prospective Implementation of the Ottawa Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Rule and 6-Hour Computed Tomography Rule Stroke, 2020.PMID 31805846
- [9]Perry JJ, Sivilotti MLA, Sutherland J, et al. Validation of the Ottawa Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Rule in patients with acute headache CMAJ, 2017.PMID 29133539
- [10]Trainee Emergency Research Network (TERN). Subarachnoid haemorrhage in the emergency department (SHED): a prospective, observational, multicentre cohort study Emerg Med J, 2024.PMID 39266054