Skip to main content
MedVellum
QuestionsVideosPricing

MedVellum

Fellowship exam preparation across every specialty: source-verified topics, questions in every format, and videos.

Product

  • Specialties
  • Questions
  • Videos
  • Exam tools
  • Pricing

Verification & policy

  • Verified register
  • Editorial policy
  • Privacy
  • Terms

Account

  • Sign in
  • Create account
  • Dashboard
  • Account & billing

© 2026 MedVellum. For education only — not a substitute for clinical judgement.

llms.txtPsychiatry LLM catalogSitemap

EM TopicsMajor trauma resuscitation

EM · Major trauma resuscitation

Major trauma resuscitation — the team-based systematic approach

Also known as Trauma resuscitation · Trauma team activation · Polytrauma

The major trauma resuscitation — the team activation and the structured roles, the primary survey (ABCDE) applied to the multiply-injured patient, the adjuncts (FAST, chest drain, pelvic binder, bloods, imaging), the damage-control resuscitation principles (permissive hypotension, blood-product-first, tranexamic acid), the secondary survey (the head-to-toe after the stabilisation), and the disposition decision. ACEM-primary, globally tagged.

high8 referencesUpdated 26 July 202615 min readVerification in progress

Practise this topic

  • 8 MCQs

Your progress

Saved on this device.

Practise this topic8 MCQs with explanations

Target exams

ACEMFRCEMABEMFRCPCCCFPEMEBEEM

Red flags

  • The major trauma patient is resuscitated by a team with allocated roles, not by a solo clinician — the team leader, the airway, the procedures, the scribe and the nurse each have a defined function
  • The primary survey is performed before the imaging — the CT scan comes after the immediately life-threatening conditions are identified and treated
  • A shocked trauma patient who does not respond to the blood-product resuscitation has an uncontrolled source of bleeding — take them to the theatre, not to the CT scanner
  • The secondary survey is the head-to-toe examination performed AFTER the primary survey has stabilised the patient — never before
  • The elderly and the anticoagulated trauma patient may be seriously injured from a low-energy mechanism — the threshold for the trauma team activation is lower
On this page

Related topics

  • The primary survey (ABCDE) — the trauma assessment framework
  • Damage control resuscitation in trauma
  • Chest trauma (the immediately and potentially life-threatening injuries)
  • Traumatic brain injury
  • Wound assessment and management
Study tools

Your progress

Saved on this device.

Practise this topic8 MCQs with explanations

Target exams

ACEMFRCEMABEMFRCPCCCFPEMEBEEM

Red flags

  • The major trauma patient is resuscitated by a team with allocated roles, not by a solo clinician — the team leader, the airway, the procedures, the scribe and the nurse each have a defined function
  • The primary survey is performed before the imaging — the CT scan comes after the immediately life-threatening conditions are identified and treated
  • A shocked trauma patient who does not respond to the blood-product resuscitation has an uncontrolled source of bleeding — take them to the theatre, not to the CT scanner
  • The secondary survey is the head-to-toe examination performed AFTER the primary survey has stabilised the patient — never before
  • The elderly and the anticoagulated trauma patient may be seriously injured from a low-energy mechanism — the threshold for the trauma team activation is lower
The one-line answer

Major trauma resuscitation is run by a team with allocated roles around a single leader, and it proceeds in order patient dies — a C-ABCDE primary survey (catastrophic haemorrhage controlled before the airway), bedside adjuncts (FAST and eFAST, chest and pelvic films, bloods), then damage-control resuscitation: permissive hypotension (SBP 80 to 90, not in traumatic brain injury), blood products in a 1:1:1 ratio with tranexamic acid 1 g within 3 hours, calcium, and warming. The responder goes to CT; the non-responder goes straight to theatre.[1]

Meet the patient

A 24-year-old motorcyclist is thrown eight metres at 70 km/h and arrives agitated and pale: an open right femoral shaft fracture bleeding freely, a distended tender abdomen, reduced air entry on the left, GCS 12, BP 78/52, HR 138. Before anyone touches the airway, a windlass tourniquet goes on the thigh; before anyone reaches for saline, the massive-haemorrhage protocol is running.[1]

The two questions that will decide his next hour are the two that decide every major trauma: is the bleeding controlled? (the C step answers in 30 seconds) and does he respond to blood? (the whole disposition turns on it). Hold those two and the algorithm falls into place.[1]

Emergency Medicine Pro

Continue reading

You have read the opening of this topic. The complete unit — every section and its primary-source references — is part of the Emergency Medicine fellowship library.

Sign in to continueSee pricing
References8ShowHide
  1. [1]Mitra B, Reade MC, Bernard S, et al. High ratio of plasma to red cells in contemporary resuscitation of haemorrhagic shock after trauma: a secondary analysis of the PATCH-trauma trial Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med, 2025.PMID 41039456
  2. [2]Al Ma'ani M, Nelson A, Castillo Diaz F, et al. A narrative review: Resuscitation of older adults with hemorrhagic shock Transfusion, 2025.PMID 39985371
  3. [3]Shakur H, Roberts I, Bautista R, et al. Effects of tranexamic acid on death, vascular occlusive events, and blood transfusion in trauma patients with significant haemorrhage (CRASH-2): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial Lancet, 2010.PMID 20554319
  4. [4]Holcomb JB, Tilley BC, Baraniuk S, et al. Transfusion of plasma, platelets, and red blood cells in a 1:1:1 vs a 1:1:2 ratio and mortality in patients with severe trauma: the PROPPR randomized clinical trial JAMA, 2015.PMID 25647203
  5. [5]Rossaint R, Afshari A, Bouillon B, et al. The European guideline on management of major bleeding and coagulopathy following trauma: sixth edition Crit Care, 2023.PMID 36859355
  6. [6]Borgman MA, Spinella PC, Perkins JG, et al. The ratio of blood products transfused affects mortality in patients receiving massive transfusions at a combat support hospital J Trauma, 2007.PMID 18090009
  7. [7]Morrison JJ, Dubose JJ, Rasmussen TE, et al. Military Application of Tranexamic Acid in Trauma Emergency Resuscitation (MATTERs) Study Arch Surg, 2012.PMID 22006852
  8. [8]Huber-Wagner S, Lefering R, Qvick LM, et al. Effect of whole-body CT during trauma resuscitation on survival: a retrospective, multicentre study Lancet, 2009.PMID 19321199

Test yourself

Practise what you just read

  • 8 MCQs
Emergency Medicine Pro

$29/ monthor $279 / year

The complete Emergency Medicine library, every exam format, one subscription.

  • Complete library for one chosen specialty
  • Timed MCQ mock exams and spaced review
  • Clinical cases & cross-table vivas
See pricingSign in
PreviousLower gastrointestinal bleedLower gastrointestinal bleedNextMandatory reporting and child protection in the emergency departmentMandatory reporting and child protection

Related topics

  • The primary survey (ABCDE) — the trauma assessment framework
  • Damage control resuscitation in trauma
  • Chest trauma (the immediately and potentially life-threatening injuries)
  • Traumatic brain injury
  • Wound assessment and management