Heart failure is a clinical syndrome — symptoms plus signs plus an objective structural or functional cardiac abnormality — split first by ejection fraction: HFrEF (EF ≤40%), HFmrEF (41–49%), HFpEF (EF ≥50%). Full topic, figures, and citations: https://medvellum.com/topics/heart-failure Chapters 00:00 The one-line answer 01:03 Meet the patient 01:45 Red flags 03:39 Two classifications on top of the EF — and why they are not the same axis 05:20 How common, how lethal, and what tips a patient over 06:47 The differential — discriminators, not a list 08:21 Investigations — echo is pivotal, BNP r…
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