Psych · General adult psychiatry — perinatal
Perinatal mood and anxiety disorders
Also known as PMAD · Postnatal depression · Postpartum depression · Antenatal depression · Postpartum psychosis · Perinatal OCD · Puerperal psychosis · Peripartum depression
Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on perinatal mood and anxiety disorders — antenatal and postnatal depression, postpartum psychosis, perinatal anxiety and OCD, bonding, suicide and infanticide risk assessment principles, safe prescribing in pregnancy and lactation, ECT, mother-baby units, and safeguarding. FRANZCP-primary, globally tagged.
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12 MCQs with explanations
Target exams
Red flags
Meet the patient
Eleven weeks postpartum. She scores 19 on the EPDS at her maternal and child health check, endorses the self-harm item, and tells the nurse she is "just tired." Her partner says she has not laughed since the birth and will not be left alone with the baby "in case."[2][7]
In the room she is flat, guilty, and precise: she loves her son, she is convinced she is ruining him, and she has thought about walking into traffic on the way to this appointment.[7][11]
Two questions decide everything in the next ten minutes. Is this depression, or is it psychosis? And who is caring for the infant tonight?[5][10]
You have read the opening of this topic. The complete unit — every section and its primary-source references — is part of the Psychiatry Fellowship fellowship atlas.
References25Show ledgerHide ledger
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- [2]Cox JL, Holden JM, Sagovsky R Detection of postnatal depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale Br J Psychiatry, 1987.PMID 3651732
- [3]Malhi GS, Bell E, Bassett D, Boyce P, Bryant R, Hazell P, et al. The 2020 Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for mood disorders Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 2021.PMID 33353391
- [4]Bergink V, Bouvy PF, Vervoort JS, Koorengevel KM, Steegers EA, Kushner SA Prevention of postpartum psychosis and mania in women at high risk Am J Psychiatry, 2012.PMID 22407083
- [5]Bergink V, Rasgon N, Wisner KL Postpartum Psychosis: Madness, Mania, and Melancholia in Motherhood Am J Psychiatry, 2016.PMID 27609245
- [6]Wesseloo R, Kamperman AM, Munk-Olsen T, Pop VJ, Kushner SA, Bergink V Risk of Postpartum Relapse in Bipolar Disorder and Postpartum Psychosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Am J Psychiatry, 2016.PMID 26514657
- [7]Howard LM, Molyneaux E, Dennis CL, Rochat T, Stein A, Milgrom J Non-psychotic mental disorders in the perinatal period Lancet, 2014.PMID 25455248
- [8]Jones I, Chandra PS, Dazzan P, Howard LM Bipolar disorder, affective psychosis, and schizophrenia in pregnancy and the post-partum period Lancet, 2014.PMID 25455249
- [9]Stein A, Pearson RM, Goodman SH, Rapa E, Rahman A, McCallum M, et al. Effects of perinatal mental disorders on the fetus and child Lancet, 2014.PMID 25455250
- [10]Howard LM, Khalifeh H Perinatal mental health: a review of progress and challenges World Psychiatry, 2020.PMID 32931106
- [11]Chesney E, Goodwin GM, Fazel S Risks of all-cause and suicide mortality in mental disorders: a meta-review World Psychiatry, 2014.PMID 24890068
- [12]Yonkers KA, Forray A, Smith MV Maternal Antidepressant Use and Pregnancy Outcomes JAMA, 2017.PMID 28810017
- [13]Bergink V, Burgerhout KM, Koorengevel KM, Kamperman AM, Hoogendijk WJ, Lambregtse-van den Berg MP, et al. Treatment of psychosis and mania in the postpartum period Am J Psychiatry, 2015.PMID 25640930
- [14]UK ECT Review Group Efficacy and safety of electroconvulsive therapy in depressive disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis Lancet, 2003.PMID 12642045
- [15]Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure J Gen Intern Med, 2001.PMID 11556941
- [16]Woody CA, Ferrari AJ, Siskind DJ, Whiteford HA, Harris MG A systematic review and meta-regression of the prevalence and incidence of perinatal depression J Affect Disord, 2017.PMID 28531848
- [17]Munk-Olsen T, Laursen TM, Pedersen CB, Mors O, Mortensen PB New parents and mental disorders: a population-based register study JAMA, 2006.PMID 17148723
- [18]Patorno E, Huybrechts KF, Hernandez-Diaz S Lithium Use in Pregnancy and the Risk of Cardiac Malformations N Engl J Med, 2017.PMID 28854098
- [19]Weissman AM, Levy BT, Hartz AJ, Bentler S, Donohue M, Ellingrod VL, et al. Pooled analysis of antidepressant levels in lactating mothers, breast milk, and nursing infants Am J Psychiatry, 2004.PMID 15169695
- [20]Galbally M, Sved-Williams A, Kristianopulos D, Mercuri K, Brown P, Buist A Comparison of public mother-baby psychiatric units in Australia: similarities, strengths and recommendations Australas Psychiatry, 2019.PMID 30407072
- [21]Gao SY, Wu QJ, Sun C, Zhang TN, Shen ZQ, Liu CX, et al. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use during early pregnancy and congenital malformations: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies of more than 9 million births BMC Med, 2018.PMID 30415641
- [22]Speisman BB, Storch EA, Abramowitz JS Postpartum obsessive-compulsive disorder J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs, 2011.PMID 22092284
- [23]Fairbrother N, Abramowitz JS New parenthood as a risk factor for the development of obsessional problems Behav Res Ther, 2007.PMID 17084810
- [24]Kellner CH Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) for Postpartum Psychosis: Treatment for a Medical Emergency Am J Psychiatry, 2025.PMID 41320827
- [25]Cuijpers P, Quero S, Noma H, Ciharova M, Miguel C, Karyotaki E, et al. Psychotherapies for depression: a network meta-analysis covering efficacy, acceptability and long-term outcomes of all main treatment types World Psychiatry, 2021.PMID 34002502