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Psych TopicsGeneral adult psychiatry — trauma and stressor-related disorders

Psych · General adult psychiatry — trauma and stressor-related disorders

Complex PTSD and trauma-informed care

Also known as Complex PTSD · cPTSD · CPTSD · Disorders of extreme stress not otherwise specified · DESNOS · Disturbances of self-organisation · DSO · Trauma-informed care · STAIR Narrative Therapy · DBT-PTSD · Phase-based trauma treatment

Fellowship reference on ICD-11 complex PTSD: definition, evidence for the PTSD and complex PTSD split, the BPD differential, ITQ and PCL-5, NICE care for complex needs, phase-based debate, therapy and drug evidence, and trauma-informed principles. FRANZCP-primary, globally tagged.

high25 referencesUpdated 25 July 20268 min readSource-verified · Oct 2026

Checked against its sources on 23 Oct 2026

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FRANZCPMRCPsychABPNMD-DNBNEET-SS

Red flags

  • Significant risk of harm to self or others: establish a risk management and safety plan as part of initial treatment planning
  • Take into account the safety and stability of personal circumstances, such as housing, in people with complex PTSD
  • People with PTSD should not be excluded from treatment based solely on comorbid drug or alcohol misuse
  • Benzodiazepines should be considered relatively contraindicated for patients with PTSD or recent trauma
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Your progress

Saved on this device.

Practise this topic10 MCQs with explanations

Target exams

FRANZCPMRCPsychABPNMD-DNBNEET-SS

Red flags

  • Significant risk of harm to self or others: establish a risk management and safety plan as part of initial treatment planning
  • Take into account the safety and stability of personal circumstances, such as housing, in people with complex PTSD
  • People with PTSD should not be excluded from treatment based solely on comorbid drug or alcohol misuse
  • Benzodiazepines should be considered relatively contraindicated for patients with PTSD or recent trauma
One-line fellowship answer

ICD-11 complex PTSD meets all the diagnostic requirements for PTSD and adds severe and pervasive problems in affect regulation, persistent beliefs about oneself as diminished, defeated or worthless, and persistent difficulties in sustaining relationships. It most commonly follows prolonged or repetitive events from which escape is difficult or impossible. DSM-5 has no complex PTSD diagnosis.[23]

Meet the patient

A 34-year-old woman sits in your clinic twisting a tissue. Her childhood was a decade of abuse by a stepfather; her adulthood has been a series of relationships that end the same way. She has nightmares of being back in that house, flinches at raised voices, and says — quietly, and with total conviction — "I am still there. I destroy every relationship. I am worthless."[2][5]

The examiner's questions write themselves: PTSD or complex PTSD? BPD or both? And when her therapist proposes two years of "stabilisation" before any trauma work — do you agree?[6][10]

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References25ShowHide
  1. [1]Maercker A, Brewin CR, Bryant RA, Cloitre M, et al. Diagnosis and classification of disorders specifically associated with stress: proposals for ICD-11 World Psychiatry, 2013.PMID 24096776
  2. [2]Brewin CR, Cloitre M, Hyland P, Shevlin M, et al. A review of current evidence regarding the ICD-11 proposals for diagnosing PTSD and complex PTSD Clin Psychol Rev, 2017.PMID 29029837
  3. [3]Cloitre M, Garvert DW, Brewin CR, Bryant RA, et al. Evidence for proposed ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD: a latent profile analysis Eur J Psychotraumatol, 2013.PMID 23687563
  4. [4]Hyland P, Shevlin M, Brewin CR, Cloitre M, et al. Validation of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD using the International Trauma Questionnaire Acta Psychiatr Scand, 2017.PMID 28696531
  5. [5]Cloitre M, Garvert DW, Weiss B, Carlson EB, et al. Distinguishing PTSD, Complex PTSD, and Borderline Personality Disorder: A latent class analysis Eur J Psychotraumatol, 2014.PMID 25279111
  6. [6]Karatzias T, Bohus M, Shevlin M, Hyland P, et al. Distinguishing between ICD-11 complex post-traumatic stress disorder and borderline personality disorder: clinical guide and recommendations for future research Br J Psychiatry, 2023.PMID 37381070
  7. [7]Ford JD, Courtois CA Complex PTSD, affect dysregulation, and borderline personality disorder Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul, 2014.PMID 26401293
  8. [8]Cloitre M, Koenen KC, Cohen LR, Han H Skills training in affective and interpersonal regulation followed by exposure: a phase-based treatment for PTSD related to childhood abuse J Consult Clin Psychol, 2002.PMID 12362957
  9. [9]Cloitre M, Stovall-McClough KC, Nooner K, Zorbas P, et al. Treatment for PTSD related to childhood abuse: a randomized controlled trial Am J Psychiatry, 2010.PMID 20595411
  10. [10]De Jongh A, Resick PA, Zoellner LA, van Minnen A, et al. CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT TREATMENT GUIDELINES FOR COMPLEX PTSD IN ADULTS Depress Anxiety, 2016.PMID 26840244
  11. [11]Karatzias T, Murphy P, Cloitre M, Bisson J, et al. Psychological interventions for ICD-11 complex PTSD symptoms: systematic review and meta-analysis Psychol Med, 2019.PMID 30857567
  12. [12]Bohus M, Kleindienst N, Hahn C, Müller-Engelmann M, et al. Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (DBT-PTSD) Compared With Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) in Complex Presentations of PTSD in Women Survivors of Childhood Abuse: A Randomized Clinical Trial JAMA Psychiatry, 2020.PMID 32697288
  13. [13]Coventry PA, Meader N, Melton H, Temple M, et al. Psychological and pharmacological interventions for posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbid mental health problems following complex traumatic events: Systematic review and component network meta-analysis PLoS Med, 2020.PMID 32813696
  14. [14]Oprel DAC, Hoeboer CM, Schoorl M, de Kleine RA, et al. Effect of Prolonged Exposure, intensified Prolonged Exposure and STAIR+Prolonged Exposure in patients with PTSD related to childhood abuse: a randomized controlled trial Eur J Psychotraumatol, 2021.PMID 34630934
  15. [15]Bisson JI, Roberts NP, Andrew M, Cooper R, Lewis C Psychological therapies for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2013.PMID 24338345
  16. [16]Bisson JI, Berliner L, Cloitre M, Forbes D, et al. The International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies New Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Methodology and Development Process J Trauma Stress, 2019.PMID 31283056
  17. [17]Yehuda R, Hoge CW, McFarlane AC, Vermetten E, et al. Post-traumatic stress disorder Nat Rev Dis Primers, 2015.PMID 27189040
  18. [18]Brady K, Pearlstein T, Asnis GM, Baker D, et al. Efficacy and safety of sertraline treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial JAMA, 2000.PMID 10770145
  19. [19]Davidson J, Baldwin D, Stein DJ, Kuper E, et al. Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder with venlafaxine extended release: a 6-month randomized controlled trial Arch Gen Psychiatry, 2006.PMID 17015818
  20. [20]Harris M, Fallot RD Designing trauma-informed addictions services New Dir Ment Health Serv, 2001.PMID 11291263
  21. [21]Blevins CA, Weathers FW, Davis MT, Witte TK, Domino JL The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): Development and Initial Psychometric Evaluation J Trauma Stress, 2015.PMID 26606250
  22. [22]Foa EB, Hembree EA, Cahill SP, Rauch SA, et al. Randomized trial of prolonged exposure for posttraumatic stress disorder with and without cognitive restructuring: outcome at academic and community clinics J Consult Clin Psychol, 2005.PMID 16287395
  23. [23]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Post-traumatic stress disorder (NG116) NICE guideline NG116, 2018.Source
  24. [24]Heywood S, Bunzli S, Dillon M, et al. Trauma-informed physiotherapy and the principles of safety, trustworthiness, choice, collaboration, and empowerment: a qualitative study. Physiotherapy theory and practice, 2025.PMID 38374583
  25. [25]Guina J, Rossetter SR, DeRHODES BJ, et al. Benzodiazepines for PTSD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of psychiatric practice, 2015.PMID 26164054

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