Psych · Emergency psychiatry — absconding and missing patients
Absconding and missing patients
Also known as AWOL · Absent without leave · Unauthorised absence · Missing psychiatric patient · Failure to return from leave · Absconsion · Psychiatric elopement · Leave without permission
Fellowship-depth atlas on absconding, AWOL, and missing psychiatric patients — definitions and pathways; epidemiology and suicide link (NCISH); risk factors and motives; immediate search and police thresholds; multi-element prevention and Safewards; leave decision-making; forensic absconsion; post-return care; special populations; CASC communication. FRANZCP-primary, globally tagged.
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Red flags
- Detained patient missing with active suicidal intent, recent high-lethality attempt, or known lethal means access — treat as critical; search and escalate police without delay
- Inpatient suicides frequently occur off the ward after absconding or unauthorised absence — never normalise 'they always come back'
- Failure to return from leave when suicide or violence risk was the reason leave was restricted — same urgency as ward abscond
- Vulnerable older adult, child/adolescent, or person with intellectual disability missing — exposure, exploitation, and traffic injury risk
- Forensic or dual-status patient absconsion — dual clinical and justice obligations; structured leave review after return
- Voluntary high-risk patient leaving against medical advice with no safety plan, means access, or follow-up — capacity and legal pathways, not passive discharge
Meet the patient
At handover, the night nurse reports that a 41-year-old detained patient on 15-minute observations is not in his bed. He has a recent overdose, active suicidal ideation, and a depot due today. His outdoor coat is gone from the locker. The nurse shrugs: "He does this. He always comes back."[9][3]
That last sentence is the most dangerous seven words on the ward. Most absconders do return safely — and a large share of inpatient suicides occur away from the ward, often in people who absconded. The two facts sit together, and the second is the one that decides your response tonight.[9][3]
References14ShowHide
- [1]Bowers L, Jarrett M, Clark N Absconding: a literature review J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs, 1998.PMID 10067481
- [2]Bowers L, Jarrett M, Clark N, et al. Absconding: why patients leave J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs, 1999.PMID 10633672
- [3]Bowers L, Jarrett M, Clark N, et al. Absconding: outcome and risk J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs, 1999.PMID 10633674
- [4]Bowers L, Jarrett M, Clark N, et al. Absconding: how and when patients leave the ward J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs, 1999.PMID 10633673
- [5]Bowers L, Simpson A, Alexander J Real world application of an intervention to reduce absconding J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs, 2005.PMID 16164511
- [6]Muir-Cochrane E, Mosel K, Gerace A, et al. The profile of absconding psychiatric inpatients in Australia J Clin Nurs, 2011.PMID 21320199
- [7]Gerace A, Oster C, Mosel K, et al. Five-year review of absconding in three acute psychiatric inpatient wards in Australia Int J Ment Health Nurs, 2015.PMID 25444670
- [8]Mosel KA, Gerace A, Muir-Cochrane E Retrospective analysis of absconding behaviour by acute care consumers in one psychiatric hospital campus in Australia Int J Ment Health Nurs, 2010.PMID 20550641
- [9]Hunt IM, Windfuhr K, Swinson N, et al. Suicide amongst psychiatric in-patients who abscond from the ward: a national clinical survey BMC Psychiatry, 2010.PMID 20128891
- [10]Bowers L Safewards: a new model of conflict and containment on psychiatric wards J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs, 2014.PMID 24548312
- [11]Bowers L, James K, Quirk A, et al. Reducing conflict and containment rates on acute psychiatric wards: The Safewards cluster randomised controlled trial Int J Nurs Stud, 2015.PMID 26166187
- [12]Wilkie T, Penney SR, Fernane S, Simpson AI Characteristics and motivations of absconders from forensic mental health services: a case-control study BMC Psychiatry, 2014.PMID 24669758
- [13]Simpson AI, Penney SR, Fernane S, Wilkie T The impact of structured decision making on absconding by forensic psychiatric patients: results from an A-B design study BMC Psychiatry, 2015.PMID 25935745
- [14]Cullen AE, Jewell A, Tully J, et al. A Prospective Cohort Study of Absconsion Incidents in Forensic Psychiatric Settings: Can We Identify Those at High-Risk? PLoS One, 2015.PMID 26401653