Psych · Consultation-liaison psychiatry
Traumatic brain injury psychiatry
Also known as TBI psychiatry · Neuropsychiatry of head injury · Post-concussion syndrome · Organic personality change after TBI · Post-traumatic psychosis
Fellowship topic on psychiatric sequelae of traumatic brain injury: mild TBI and post-concussive symptoms, depression rates and sertraline trials, secondary mania, psychosis, aggression and its drug evidence, and long-term psychiatric risk. FRANZCP-primary, globally tagged.
Checked against its sources on 23 Oct 2026
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Red flags
- Around 50% of adults with mild TBI presenting to hospital do not recover to pre-TBI levels of health by 6 months
- Head injury was associated with a higher risk of schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder and organic mental disorders
- There is no evidence of efficacy for neuroleptics in behaviour disorders after TBI; their prescription is for crisis, not long-term use
Meet the patient
A 34-year-old scaffolder, two months after a moderate TBI from a fall, is back on the rehab ward because his wife "doesn't recognise him." He is irritable, disinhibited, and swings between apathy and rage. He tells you fluently that he is "absolutely fine to go home."
Why the examiner cares. Moderate and severe TBI can cause personality changes including impulsivity, severe irritability, affective instability and apathy, and cognitive, affective and behavioural sequelae are often more disabling than residual physical effects.[16]
References18ShowHide
- [1]Menon DK, Schwab K, Wright DW, et al. Position statement: definition of traumatic brain injury Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 2010.PMID 21044706
- [3]Maas AIR, Menon DK, Manley GT, et al. Traumatic brain injury: progress and challenges in prevention, clinical care, and research Lancet Neurol, 2022.PMID 36183712
- [4]Jorge RE, Robinson RG, Moser D, et al. Major depression following traumatic brain injury Arch Gen Psychiatry, 2004.PMID 14706943
- [5]Bombardier CH, Fann JR, Temkin NR, et al. Rates of major depressive disorder and clinical outcomes following traumatic brain injury JAMA, 2010.PMID 20483970
- [6]Jorge RE, Acion L, Burin DI, et al. Sertraline for Preventing Mood Disorders Following Traumatic Brain Injury: A Randomized Clinical Trial JAMA Psychiatry, 2016.PMID 27626622
- [7]Fann JR, Bombardier CH, Temkin N, et al. Sertraline for Major Depression During the Year Following Traumatic Brain Injury: A Randomized Controlled Trial J Head Trauma Rehabil, 2017.PMID 28520672
- [8]Jorge RE, Robinson RG, Starkstein SE, et al. Secondary mania following traumatic brain injury Am J Psychiatry, 1993.PMID 8494069
- [9]Fujii D, Ahmed I Characteristics of psychotic disorder due to traumatic brain injury: an analysis of case studies in the literature J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, 2002.PMID 11983787
- [10]Tateno A, Jorge RE, Robinson RG Clinical correlates of aggressive behavior after traumatic brain injury J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, 2003.PMID 12724455
- [11]Brooke MM, Patterson DR, Questad KA, et al. The treatment of agitation during initial hospitalization after traumatic brain injury Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 1992.PMID 1417466
- [12]Plantier D, Luauté J Drugs for behavior disorders after traumatic brain injury: Systematic review and expert consensus leading to French recommendations for good practice Ann Phys Rehabil Med, 2016.PMID 26797170
- [13]Koponen S, Taiminen T, Portin R, et al. Axis I and II psychiatric disorders after traumatic brain injury: a 30-year follow-up study Am J Psychiatry, 2002.PMID 12153823
- [14]Deb S, Lyons I, Koutzoukis C, et al. Rate of psychiatric illness 1 year after traumatic brain injury Am J Psychiatry, 1999.PMID 10080551
- [15]Orlovska S, Pedersen MS, Benros ME, et al. Head injury as risk factor for psychiatric disorders: a nationwide register-based follow-up study of 113,906 persons with head injury Am J Psychiatry, 2014.PMID 24322397
- [16]Howlett JR, Nelson LD, Stein MB Mental Health Consequences of Traumatic Brain Injury Biol Psychiatry, 2022.PMID 34893317
- [18]Ponsford J, Cameron P, Fitzgerald M, et al. Predictors of postconcussive symptoms 3 months after mild traumatic brain injury Neuropsychology, 2012.PMID 22468823
- [19]Nash RP, Weinberg MS, Laughon SL, et al. Acute Pharmacological Management of Behavioral and Emotional Dysregulation Following a Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review of the Literature Psychosomatics, 2019.PMID 30665668
- [20]Rao V, Koliatsos V, Ahmed F, et al. Neuropsychiatric disturbances associated with traumatic brain injury: a practical approach to evaluation and management Semin Neurol, 2015.PMID 25714869