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Psych TopicsConsultation-liaison psychiatry

Psych · Consultation-liaison psychiatry

HIV psychiatry

Also known as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders · HAND · AIDS psychiatry · Neuropsychiatry of HIV · Depression in HIV · ART neuropsychiatric effects

Exam-exhaustive fellowship topic on HIV psychiatry for consultation-liaison practice — Frascati HAND spectrum (ANI/MND/HAD), depression and adherence (CBT-AD, measurement-based care), ART neuropsychiatry (efavirenz, INSTIs), psychotropic–antiretroviral interactions with boosters, stigma and suicide risk, and decision-specific capacity. FRANZCP-primary, globally tagged.

high25 referencesUpdated 26 July 202611 min readVerification in progress

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FRANZCPMRCPsychABPNMD-DNBNEET-SS

Red flags

  • New psychosis, mania, or severe insomnia after starting efavirenz — consider ART neurotoxicity and liaise for switch; do not only escalate antipsychotics
  • Progressive cognitive decline with fever, focal signs, or uncontrolled viraemia — exclude CNS opportunistic infection and delirium before labelling HAND alone
  • Depression with ART nonadherence and rising viral load — treat as a linked medical–psychiatric emergency for transmission and resistance risk
  • Suicidal ideation in a newly diagnosed or highly stigmatised patient — elevated risk cluster; safety plan early
  • High-dose quetiapine or midazolam with ritonavir/cobicistat — life-threatening level elevation risk
  • Declaring global incapacity solely because of HIV or mild HAND without decision-specific testing
  • Stopping ART abruptly for 'psychiatric reasons' without an HIV specialist plan — resistance and clinical deterioration
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Practise this topic10 MCQs with explanations

Target exams

FRANZCPMRCPsychABPNMD-DNBNEET-SS

Red flags

  • New psychosis, mania, or severe insomnia after starting efavirenz — consider ART neurotoxicity and liaise for switch; do not only escalate antipsychotics
  • Progressive cognitive decline with fever, focal signs, or uncontrolled viraemia — exclude CNS opportunistic infection and delirium before labelling HAND alone
  • Depression with ART nonadherence and rising viral load — treat as a linked medical–psychiatric emergency for transmission and resistance risk
  • Suicidal ideation in a newly diagnosed or highly stigmatised patient — elevated risk cluster; safety plan early
  • High-dose quetiapine or midazolam with ritonavir/cobicistat — life-threatening level elevation risk
  • Declaring global incapacity solely because of HIV or mild HAND without decision-specific testing
  • Stopping ART abruptly for 'psychiatric reasons' without an HIV specialist plan — resistance and clinical deterioration
The one-line answer

HIV psychiatry is CL work across the whole continuum: grade cognition with Frascati (ANI, MND, HAD), treat depression as the engine of nonadherence with measurement-based care and CBT-AD, know that efavirenz and some INSTIs are psychiatric drugs by accident, respect booster interactions, take stigma and suicide risk seriously, and test capacity decision by decision rather than assuming it from a serology result.[1][2][8][13][15][18][21][23]

Meet the patient

A 52-year-old man, HIV diagnosed sixteen years ago, viral load undetectable for a decade. He is missing appointments. His partner says he pays the same bill twice, loses the thread of conversations, and has stopped cooking. He scores 24 on a MoCA and says, flatly, that none of it matters much any more.[1][4][6]

Three diagnoses fit that paragraph and the examiner wants all three named: HAND, depression, and the possibility that his regimen changed six weeks ago. Getting one and stopping is how candidates lose the station.[1][6][17]

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References25ShowHide
  1. [1]Antinori A, Arendt G, Becker JT, et al. Updated research nosology for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders Neurology, 2007.PMID 17914061
  2. [2]Heaton RK, Clifford DB, Franklin DR Jr, et al. HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders persist in the era of potent antiretroviral therapy: CHARTER Study Neurology, 2010.PMID 21135382
  3. [3]Heaton RK, Franklin DR, Ellis RJ, et al. HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders before and during the era of combination antiretroviral therapy: differences in rates, nature, and predictors J Neurovirol, 2011.PMID 21174240
  4. [4]Clifford DB, Ances BM HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder Lancet Infect Dis, 2013.PMID 24156898
  5. [5]Letendre S Central nervous system complications in HIV disease: HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder Top Antivir Med, 2011.PMID 22156215
  6. [6]Ciesla JA, Roberts JE Meta-analysis of the relationship between HIV infection and risk for depressive disorders Am J Psychiatry, 2001.PMID 11329393
  7. [7]Bing EG, Burnam MA, Longshore D, et al. Psychiatric disorders and drug use among human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults in the United States Arch Gen Psychiatry, 2001.PMID 11483137
  8. [8]Gonzalez JS, Batchelder AW, Psaros C, et al. Depression and HIV/AIDS treatment nonadherence: a review and meta-analysis J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 2011.PMID 21857529
  9. [9]Uthman OA, Magidson JF, Safren SA, et al. Depression and adherence to antiretroviral therapy in low-, middle- and high-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis Curr HIV/AIDS Rep, 2014.PMID 25038748
  10. [10]Rabkin JG, Wagner GJ, Rabkin R Fluoxetine treatment for depression in patients with HIV and AIDS: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial Am J Psychiatry, 1999.PMID 9892304
  11. [11]Pence BW, Gaynes BN, Adams JL, et al. The effect of antidepressant treatment on HIV and depression outcomes: results from a randomized trial AIDS, 2015.PMID 26134881
  12. [12]Pence BW, Gaynes BN, Williams Q, et al. Assessing the effect of Measurement-Based Care depression treatment on HIV medication adherence and health outcomes: rationale and design of the SLAM DUNC Study Contemp Clin Trials, 2012.PMID 22542960
  13. [13]Safren SA, O'Cleirigh C, Tan JY, et al. A randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy for adherence and depression (CBT-AD) in HIV-infected individuals Health Psychol, 2009.PMID 19210012
  14. [14]Safren SA, O'Cleirigh CM, Bullis JR, et al. Cognitive behavioral therapy for adherence and depression (CBT-AD) in HIV-infected injection drug users: a randomized controlled trial J Consult Clin Psychol, 2012.PMID 22545737
  15. [15]Kenedi CA, Goforth HW A systematic review of the psychiatric side-effects of efavirenz AIDS Behav, 2011.PMID 21484283
  16. [16]Mollan KR, Tierney C, Hellwege JN, et al. Race/Ethnicity and the Pharmacogenetics of Reported Suicidality With Efavirenz Among Clinical Trials Participants J Infect Dis, 2017.PMID 28931220
  17. [17]Hoffmann C, Llibre JM Neuropsychiatric Adverse Events with Dolutegravir and Other Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors AIDS Rev, 2019.PMID 30899113
  18. [18]Goodlet KJ, Zmarlicka MT, Peckham AM Drug-drug interactions and clinical considerations with co-administration of antiretrovirals and psychotropic drugs CNS Spectr, 2019.PMID 30295215
  19. [19]Thompson A, Silverman B, Dzeng L, et al. Psychotropic medications and HIV Clin Infect Dis, 2006.PMID 16586391
  20. [20]Watkins CC, Pieper AA, Treisman GJ Safety considerations in drug treatment of depression in HIV-positive patients: an updated review Drug Saf, 2011.PMID 21751824
  21. [21]Rueda S, Mitra S, Chen S, et al. Examining the associations between HIV-related stigma and health outcomes in people living with HIV/AIDS: a series of meta-analyses BMJ Open, 2016.PMID 27412106
  22. [22]Smith A, Breazeale S, Goulet JL, et al. A Systematic Review of Risk Factors for Suicide Among Persons Living with HIV (1996-2020) AIDS Behav, 2022.PMID 35107660
  23. [23]Appelbaum PS Clinical practice. Assessment of patients' competence to consent to treatment N Engl J Med, 2007.PMID 17978292
  24. [24]Moser DJ, Schultz SK, Arndt S, et al. Capacity to provide informed consent for participation in schizophrenia and HIV research Am J Psychiatry, 2002.PMID 12091200
  25. [25]O'Donnell JK, Gaynes BN, Cole SR, et al. Ongoing life stressors and suicidal ideation among HIV-infected adults with depression J Affect Disord, 2016.PMID 26544615

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