Psych · Consultation-liaison psychiatry
HIV psychiatry
Also known as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders · HAND · AIDS psychiatry · Neuropsychiatry of HIV · Depression in HIV · ART neuropsychiatric effects
Exam-exhaustive fellowship topic on HIV psychiatry for consultation-liaison practice — Frascati HAND spectrum (ANI/MND/HAD), depression and adherence (CBT-AD, measurement-based care), ART neuropsychiatry (efavirenz, INSTIs), psychotropic–antiretroviral interactions with boosters, stigma and suicide risk, and decision-specific capacity. FRANZCP-primary, globally tagged.
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Target exams
Red flags
- New psychosis, mania, or severe insomnia after starting efavirenz — consider ART neurotoxicity and liaise for switch; do not only escalate antipsychotics
- Progressive cognitive decline with fever, focal signs, or uncontrolled viraemia — exclude CNS opportunistic infection and delirium before labelling HAND alone
- Depression with ART nonadherence and rising viral load — treat as a linked medical–psychiatric emergency for transmission and resistance risk
- Suicidal ideation in a newly diagnosed or highly stigmatised patient — elevated risk cluster; safety plan early
- High-dose quetiapine or midazolam with ritonavir/cobicistat — life-threatening level elevation risk
- Declaring global incapacity solely because of HIV or mild HAND without decision-specific testing
- Stopping ART abruptly for 'psychiatric reasons' without an HIV specialist plan — resistance and clinical deterioration
Meet the patient
A 52-year-old man, HIV diagnosed sixteen years ago, viral load undetectable for a decade. He is missing appointments. His partner says he pays the same bill twice, loses the thread of conversations, and has stopped cooking. He scores 24 on a MoCA and says, flatly, that none of it matters much any more.[1][4][6]
Three diagnoses fit that paragraph and the examiner wants all three named: HAND, depression, and the possibility that his regimen changed six weeks ago. Getting one and stopping is how candidates lose the station.[1][6][17]
References25ShowHide
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- [2]Heaton RK, Clifford DB, Franklin DR Jr, et al. HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders persist in the era of potent antiretroviral therapy: CHARTER Study Neurology, 2010.PMID 21135382
- [3]Heaton RK, Franklin DR, Ellis RJ, et al. HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders before and during the era of combination antiretroviral therapy: differences in rates, nature, and predictors J Neurovirol, 2011.PMID 21174240
- [4]Clifford DB, Ances BM HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder Lancet Infect Dis, 2013.PMID 24156898
- [5]Letendre S Central nervous system complications in HIV disease: HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder Top Antivir Med, 2011.PMID 22156215
- [6]Ciesla JA, Roberts JE Meta-analysis of the relationship between HIV infection and risk for depressive disorders Am J Psychiatry, 2001.PMID 11329393
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- [11]Pence BW, Gaynes BN, Adams JL, et al. The effect of antidepressant treatment on HIV and depression outcomes: results from a randomized trial AIDS, 2015.PMID 26134881
- [12]Pence BW, Gaynes BN, Williams Q, et al. Assessing the effect of Measurement-Based Care depression treatment on HIV medication adherence and health outcomes: rationale and design of the SLAM DUNC Study Contemp Clin Trials, 2012.PMID 22542960
- [13]Safren SA, O'Cleirigh C, Tan JY, et al. A randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy for adherence and depression (CBT-AD) in HIV-infected individuals Health Psychol, 2009.PMID 19210012
- [14]Safren SA, O'Cleirigh CM, Bullis JR, et al. Cognitive behavioral therapy for adherence and depression (CBT-AD) in HIV-infected injection drug users: a randomized controlled trial J Consult Clin Psychol, 2012.PMID 22545737
- [15]Kenedi CA, Goforth HW A systematic review of the psychiatric side-effects of efavirenz AIDS Behav, 2011.PMID 21484283
- [16]Mollan KR, Tierney C, Hellwege JN, et al. Race/Ethnicity and the Pharmacogenetics of Reported Suicidality With Efavirenz Among Clinical Trials Participants J Infect Dis, 2017.PMID 28931220
- [17]Hoffmann C, Llibre JM Neuropsychiatric Adverse Events with Dolutegravir and Other Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors AIDS Rev, 2019.PMID 30899113
- [18]Goodlet KJ, Zmarlicka MT, Peckham AM Drug-drug interactions and clinical considerations with co-administration of antiretrovirals and psychotropic drugs CNS Spectr, 2019.PMID 30295215
- [19]Thompson A, Silverman B, Dzeng L, et al. Psychotropic medications and HIV Clin Infect Dis, 2006.PMID 16586391
- [20]Watkins CC, Pieper AA, Treisman GJ Safety considerations in drug treatment of depression in HIV-positive patients: an updated review Drug Saf, 2011.PMID 21751824
- [21]Rueda S, Mitra S, Chen S, et al. Examining the associations between HIV-related stigma and health outcomes in people living with HIV/AIDS: a series of meta-analyses BMJ Open, 2016.PMID 27412106
- [22]Smith A, Breazeale S, Goulet JL, et al. A Systematic Review of Risk Factors for Suicide Among Persons Living with HIV (1996-2020) AIDS Behav, 2022.PMID 35107660
- [23]Appelbaum PS Clinical practice. Assessment of patients' competence to consent to treatment N Engl J Med, 2007.PMID 17978292
- [24]Moser DJ, Schultz SK, Arndt S, et al. Capacity to provide informed consent for participation in schizophrenia and HIV research Am J Psychiatry, 2002.PMID 12091200
- [25]O'Donnell JK, Gaynes BN, Cole SR, et al. Ongoing life stressors and suicidal ideation among HIV-infected adults with depression J Affect Disord, 2016.PMID 26544615