Psych · Consultation-liaison psychiatry
Endocrine psychiatry (thyroid, Cushing, Addison)
Also known as Thyroid psychiatry · Cushing psychosis · Steroid-induced psychiatric disorder · Myxoedema madness · Addison neuropsychiatry · Glucocorticoid mania
Exam-exhaustive fellowship topic on endocrine psychiatry for consultation-liaison practice — thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism including myxoedema psychosis, Cushing syndrome depression psychosis and cognitive change, Addison and adrenal insufficiency neuropsychiatry, exogenous corticosteroid-induced mania psychosis and depression, lithium–thyroid interactions, investigation algorithms, crisis care, and bridge psychopharmacology. FRANZCP-primary, globally tagged.
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Target exams
Red flags
- Adrenal crisis (shock, hyponatraemia, hypoglycaemia, delirium) — give parenteral hydrocortisone and fluids; do not delay for psychiatric formulation
- Thyroid storm or severe thyrotoxic agitation with fever, tachycardia, and altered mental state — medical emergency pathway first
- New psychosis or mania within days of high-dose corticosteroids — treat as steroid neurotoxicity until proven otherwise; do not lock in lifelong bipolar without longitudinal evidence
- Severe untreated hypothyroidism with paranoia or delirium (myxoedema psychosis) — reverse thyroid failure with medical supervision; support safety
- Treatment-resistant depression with cushingoid features, unexplained hypokalaemia, or progressive cognitive change — screen for hypercortisolism with endocrinology
- Lithium without thyroid monitoring — both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism can occur
- Capacity for major decisions while organic psychosis, severe melancholic depression, or delirium is active
Meet the patient
Bed 14, renal ward, 2am. A 46-year-old man, four days into high-dose prednisolone for a vasculitis flare, has not slept since admission, has rewritten his will on the back of a menu, and has told the night nurse he has been chosen for something. No psychiatric history. No family history. No prior episode of anything.[1][2][6]
The referral says "query bipolar affective disorder, first episode mania." The examiner's question is the one hiding underneath it: what did the endocrine system do here, and what will you do before you write a diagnosis that follows him for thirty years?[2][4][6]
References24ShowHide
- [1]Warrington TP, Bostwick JM Psychiatric adverse effects of corticosteroids Mayo Clin Proc, 2006.PMID 17036562
- [2]Dubovsky AN, Arvikar S, Stern TA, et al. The neuropsychiatric complications of glucocorticoid use: steroid psychosis revisited Psychosomatics, 2012.PMID 22424158
- [3]Sirois F Steroid psychosis: a review Gen Hosp Psychiatry, 2003.PMID 12583925
- [4]Brown ES An epidemiological approach to "steroid psychosis" Am J Psychiatry, 2012.PMID 22549201
- [5]Ismail MF, Lavelle C, Cassidy EM Steroid-induced mental disorders in cancer patients: a systematic review Future Oncol, 2017.PMID 29186986
- [6]De Bock M, Sienaert P Corticosteroids and mania: A systematic review World J Biol Psychiatry, 2024.PMID 38363330
- [7]Sonino N, Fava GA, Raffi AR, et al. Clinical correlates of major depression in Cushing's disease Psychopathology, 1998.PMID 9780396
- [8]Sonino N, Fava GA Psychiatric disorders associated with Cushing's syndrome. Epidemiology, pathophysiology and treatment CNS Drugs, 2001.PMID 11475942
- [9]Sonino N, Fallo F, Fava GA Psychosomatic aspects of Cushing's syndrome Rev Endocr Metab Disord, 2010.PMID 19960264
- [10]Pivonello R, Simeoli C, De Martino MC, et al. Neuropsychiatric disorders in Cushing's syndrome Front Neurosci, 2015.PMID 25941467
- [11]Starkman MN Neuropsychiatric findings in Cushing syndrome and exogenous glucocorticoid administration Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am, 2013.PMID 24011881
- [12]Piasecka M, Papakokkinou E, Valassi E, et al. Psychiatric and neurocognitive consequences of endogenous hypercortisolism J Intern Med, 2020.PMID 32181937
- [13]Hage MP, Azar ST The Link between Thyroid Function and Depression J Thyroid Res, 2012.PMID 22220285
- [14]Feldman AZ, Shrestha RT, Hennessey JV Neuropsychiatric manifestations of thyroid disease Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am, 2013.PMID 24011880
- [15]Thomsen AF, Kvist TK, Andersen PK, et al. Increased risk of affective disorder following hospitalisation with hyperthyroidism - a register-based study Eur J Endocrinol, 2005.PMID 15817908
- [16]Krüger J, Kraschewski A, Jockers-Scherübl MC Myxedema Madness - Systematic literature review of published case reports Gen Hosp Psychiatry, 2021.PMID 34419786
- [17]Bornstein SR, Allolio B, Arlt W, et al. Diagnosis and Treatment of Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2016.PMID 26760044
- [18]Abdel-Motleb M The neuropsychiatric aspect of Addison's disease: a case report Innov Clin Neurosci, 2012.PMID 23198275
- [19]Fairbrother F, Petzl N, Scott JG, et al. Lithium can cause hyperthyroidism as well as hypothyroidism: A systematic review of an under-recognised association Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 2019.PMID 30841715
- [20]Barbuti M, Carvalho AF, Köhler CA, et al. Thyroid autoimmunity in bipolar disorder: A systematic review J Affect Disord, 2017.PMID 28641149
- [21]Bauer M, Whybrow PC Role of thyroid hormone therapy in depressive disorders J Endocrinol Invest, 2021.PMID 34129186
- [22]Wildisen L, Feller M, Del Giovane C, et al. Effect of Levothyroxine Therapy on the Development of Depressive Symptoms in Older Adults With Subclinical Hypothyroidism: A Randomized Clinical Trial JAMA Netw Open, 2021.PMID 33566107
- [23]Bauer M, Silverman DH, Schlagenhauf F, et al. Brain glucose metabolism in hypothyroidism: a positron emission tomography study before and after thyroid hormone replacement J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2009.PMID 19435829
- [24]Thomsen AF, Kessing LV Increased risk of hyperthyroidism among patients hospitalized with bipolar disorder Bipolar Disord, 2005.PMID 16026488