Phys · general-medicine
Rapid Response Systems and MET Calls — The System That Catches the Deteriorating Patient
Also known as rapid response system · RRS · medical emergency team · MET call · MET · rapid response team · RRT · critical care outreach · CCO · track and trigger · early warning score · NEWS2 · between the flags · failure to rescue · SBAR · afferent limb · efferent limb · ceiling of care · goals of care · clinical deterioration · deteriorating patient
Consultant-physician-depth guide to the Rapid Response System as a patient-safety structure, not a resuscitation technique. Covers the four limbs of the RRS (afferent detection, efferent response, governance, quality improvement), track-and-trigger systems (NEWS2, Between the Flags, COMPASS), single-parameter MET calling criteria, the MET versus RRT versus critical care outreach models, the three failure-to-rescue modes (recognise, communicate, respond), SBAR escalation, the clinical response to a MET call, the post-MET plan and ceiling of care, governance and audit, and the evidence base (MERIT, Chan, Maharaj). Structured for FRACP DWE and DCE preparation, with ANZ primary anchoring.
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Red flags
- The Medical Emergency Team is one limb of the Rapid Response System, not the whole system — a strong team with a weak detection limb will still fail, because the call is never made. The afferent limb — ward staff recognising and escalating — is the weakest link in every system
- In the MERIT study, the MET was called to only about 30 per cent of patients who met calling criteria and were subsequently admitted to ICU — the system only works if the call is made, and the call is made when the ward staff are trained and empowered to make it
- The 'staff worried' criterion is the most important and the most underused element of the MET calling criteria — it is deliberately built in because experienced nurses detect deterioration before the observations cross a threshold, and the system is designed to support, not penalise, that call
- A NEWS2 of 7 or more is a clinical emergency mandating an emergency assessment by a clinician with critical care competencies within minutes — the candidate who says 'recheck in an hour' for a score of 7 has failed the question
- A single score of 3 in any one parameter (a red score) mandates urgent review regardless of the aggregate — a respiratory rate of 8 or an SpO2 of 85 per cent cannot be diluted into an apparently acceptable NEWS2 total
- The post-MET call is not the end of the episode — the registrar's responsibility is the post-MET plan: the goals of care, the ceiling of treatment, the monitoring frequency, the named responsible consultant, and the communication with the team and family
- Every deterioration is a trigger for the goals-of-care conversation, not an automatic trigger for ICU — the MET system that escalates every patient without surfacing the ceiling of care has misunderstood its purpose
Rapid Response Systems and MET Calls — The System That Catches the Deteriorating Patient
Meet the patient
Mr David Chen, 68, was admitted three days ago with cellulitis on IV flucloxacillin. At 22:00 on day three, the nursing staff activate a MET call because his NEWS2 has risen from 2 to 8 over four hours and he has become confused and breathless. Respiratory rate 28, SpO2 90 per cent on 15 L via reservoir mask, heart rate 124 in new atrial fibrillation, blood pressure 88 over 54, lactate 4.0.[1]
The two questions that decide his next hour are the two that decide every MET call: what is the reversible cause? (sepsis is the commonest precipitant) and what is his ceiling of care? (the MET call surfaces the goals-of-care conversation). The MET team buys time; the registrar's job is to use that time to nail the diagnosis and set the plan.[7]
References7ShowHide
- [1]Schein RM, Hazday N, Pena M, Ruben BH, Sprung CL Clinical antecedents to in-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest Chest, 1990.PMID 2245680
- [2]Smith GB, Prytherch DR, Meredith P, Schmidt PE, Featherstone PI The ability of the National Early Warning Score (NEWS) to discriminate patients at risk of early cardiac arrest, unanticipated intensive care unit admission, and death Resuscitation, 2013.PMID 23295778
- [3]Hillman K, Chen J, Cretikos M, et al. Introduction of the medical emergency team (MET) system: a cluster-randomised controlled trial Lancet, 2005.PMID 15964445
- [4]DeVita MA, Bellomo R, Hillman K, et al. Findings of the first consensus conference on medical emergency teams Crit Care Med, 2006.PMID 16878033
- [5]Chan PS, Jain R, Nallmothu BK, Berg RA, Sasson C Rapid Response Teams: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Arch Intern Med, 2010.PMID 20065195
- [6]Maharaj R, Raffaele I, Wendon J Rapid response systems: a systematic review and meta-analysis Crit Care, 2015.PMID 26070457
- [7]Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021 Intensive Care Med, 2021.PMID 34599691