Paeds Vivas · clinical-pharmacology-and-therapeutics
Opioids and acute pain medicines — branching viva
A branching viva following one child from post-tonsillectomy analgesia through the codeine contraindication and the CYP2D6 prodrug mechanism, on to building a safe weight-based morphine regimen, detecting opioid-induced respiratory depression early, and reversing it with naloxone.
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Target exams
Opening — choosing the regimen
Examiner: A four-year-old, 16-kilogram boy is admitted overnight after adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnoea. The on-call team has written for paracetamol, ibuprofen, and codeine. Talk me through that prescription. [1]
Model answer — opening
I would stop the codeine immediately. Codeine is contraindicated in children under 12 years and for postoperative pain after tonsillectomy or adenoidectomy in children under 18 years. [1] [2] This child sits squarely in both contraindicated groups: he is four years old and he has just had a tonsillectomy. I would replace it with a safe modern regimen — scheduled paracetamol and ibuprofen, with oral morphine or oxycodone as rescue — and because he has obstructive sleep apnoea I would monitor him overnight with continuous oximetry, use the smallest effective opioid dose, and avoid any background infusion. [6] [9]
You have read the opening of this viva. The complete unit — every section and its primary-source references — is part of the Paediatrics Fellowship fellowship atlas.
References7Show ledgerHide ledger
- [1]Racoosin JA, Roberson DW, Pacanowski MA, et al. New evidence about an old drug — risk with codeine after adenotonsillectomy New England Journal of Medicine, 2013.PMID 23614474
- [2]Tobias JD, Green TP, Coté CJ Codeine: Time to Say No Pediatrics, 2016.PMID 27647717
- [3]Dean L, Kane M Tramadol Therapy and CYP2D6 Genotype Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 2012.PMID 28520365
- [6]Lynn A, Nespeca MK, Bratton SL, et al. Clearance of morphine in postoperative infants during intravenous infusion: the influence of age and surgery Anesthesia and Analgesia, 1998.PMID 9585276
- [9]Niesters M, Overdyk F, Smith T, et al. Opioid-induced respiratory depression in paediatrics: a review of case reports British Journal of Anaesthesia, 2013.PMID 23248093
- [10]Sharp D, Jaffrani A A PRISMA Systematic Review on the Safety and Efficacy of Patient-Controlled Analgesia (PCA) in Pediatrics Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 2021.PMID 34139608
- [11]Malmros Olsson E, Lönnqvist PA, Stiller CO, et al. Rapid systemic uptake of naloxone after intranasal administration in children Paediatric Anaesthesia, 2021.PMID 33687794