Paeds Vivas · nephrology-urology-fluids-and-electrolytes
Fluid maintenance and deficit replacement — viva
Branching structured oral on fluid maintenance and deficit replacement in children, covering the Holliday-Segar rule, the move to isotonic maintenance fluids with dextrose and potassium, non-osmotic ADH and hospital-acquired hyponatraemia, the percentage deficit calculation, and the slow correction of hypernatraemic dehydration.
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"This child has hospital-acquired hyponatraemia, almost certainly from hypotonic maintenance fluid in the postoperative state. The 0.45 percent saline is hypotonic, and after surgery her ADH is raised by the stress response, so her kidney is retaining free water and her sodium has fallen to 131. Her drowsiness is the early signal of hyponatraemic encephalopathy. My immediate plan is to stop the hypotonic fluid, change to an isotonic maintenance fluid — 0.9 percent saline with 5 percent dextrose and potassium chloride — reassess her neurological state, and check the sodium again. I would escalate to a higher-acuity bed because she is symptomatic." [2][7]
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- [1]Holliday MA; Segar WE The maintenance need for water in parenteral fluid therapy. Pediatrics, 1957.PMID 13431307
- [2]Feld LG; Neuspiel DR; Foster BA; et al Clinical Practice Guideline: Maintenance Intravenous Fluids in Children. Pediatrics, 2018.PMID 30478247
- [3]McNab S Isotonic vs Hypotonic Intravenous Fluids for Hospitalized Children. JAMA, 2015.PMID 26284724
- [5]Amer BE; Abdelwahab OA; Abdelaziz A; et al Efficacy and safety of isotonic versus hypotonic intravenous maintenance fluids in hospitalized children: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pediatr Nephrol, 2024.PMID 37365423
- [7]Moritz ML; Ayus JC New aspects in the pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of hyponatremic encephalopathy in children. Pediatr Nephrol, 2010.PMID 19894066
- [11]Roberts DN; Vallen P; Cronhjort M; et al Perioperative water and electrolyte balance and water homeostasis regulation in children with acute surgery. Pediatr Res, 2023.PMID 36759747