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Paeds Casesrespiratory-sleep-and-airway

Paeds Cases · respiratory-sleep-and-airway

Neuromuscular respiratory failure and airway clearance — structured clinical encounter

Structured encounter testing the approach to a boy with Duchenne muscular dystrophy with morning headaches, daytime sleepiness and recurrent chest infections: the recognition of the two-part pump-and-cough failure, the monitoring of vital capacity, peak cough flow and nocturnal carbon dioxide, the two parallel treatments of non-invasive ventilation and mechanical insufflation-exsufflation, the chest-infection rule to clear secretions and ventilate rather than merely oxygenate, and the anticipatory home and transition plan.

structured clinical encounter2 min readVerification in progress

Target exams

RACP General PaediatricsRACP DCEMRCPCH ClinicalRCPSC Pediatrics
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Target exams

RACP General PaediatricsRACP DCEMRCPCH ClinicalRCPSC Pediatrics
Prompt
A 13-year-old boy with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, now a full-time wheelchair user, attends clinic with morning headaches that ease through the day, daytime sleepiness, falling school performance and three chest infections this winter with a cough his parents describe as weak. His chest is clear on the day. You are the paediatric registrar working through the recognition, monitoring, treatment and forward planning.

Station 1 — recognition

The examiner asks what unifies this boy's symptoms. I explain that neuromuscular disease attacks breathing in two separate ways, and that both are present here. The morning headaches and daytime sleepiness are the symptoms of nocturnal hypoventilation from weak inspiratory muscles, and the recurrent chest infections with a weak cough are the consequence of an ineffective cough from weak expiratory and bulbar muscles. His lungs themselves are normal. [1] [2]

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References6ShowHide
  1. [1]Hull J; Aniapravan R; Chan E; et al British Thoracic Society guideline for respiratory management of children with neuromuscular weakness. Thorax, 2012.PMID 22730428
  2. [2]Birnkrant DJ; Bushby K; Bann CM; et al Diagnosis and management of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, part 2: respiratory, cardiac, bone health, and orthopaedic management. Lancet Neurol, 2018.PMID 29395990
  3. [3]Finder JD; Birnkrant D; Carl J; et al Respiratory care of the patient with Duchenne muscular dystrophy: ATS consensus statement. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2004.PMID 15302625
  4. [4]Finkel RS; Mercuri E; Meyer OH; et al Diagnosis and management of spinal muscular atrophy: Part 2: Pulmonary and acute care; medications, supplements and immunizations; other organ systems; and ethics. Neuromuscul Disord, 2018.PMID 29305137
  5. [6]Chatwin M; Toussaint M; Gonçalves MR; et al Airway clearance techniques in neuromuscular disorders: A state of the art review. Respir Med, 2018.PMID 29501255
  6. [7]Fauroux B; Khirani S; Griffon L; et al Non-invasive Ventilation in Children With Neuromuscular Disease. Front Pediatr, 2020.PMID 33330262
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