Paeds Cases · fetal-neonatal-and-perinatal
Neonatal stroke and intracranial haemorrhage — structured clinical encounter
Structured encounter testing the approach to a term infant with focal seizures and a normal cranial ultrasound: recognition that PAIS requires MRI, supportive neuroprotection, and the prognostic and follow-up pathway.
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Station brief (candidate)
You are the neonatal registrar. A term infant (39 weeks, birthweight 3400 g) born by emergency caesarean for failure to progress after an instrumental attempt is reviewed at 30 hours of age for rhythmic jerking of the right arm and right side of the face. Between events the infant is alert but has asymmetric tone and a reduced grasp on the right. Blood glucose is 3.2 mmol/L. Cranial ultrasound on day 2 is reported as normal. The team asks you to establish the diagnosis, the imaging plan, and the management and prognostic pathway. You have 12 minutes with the team and 5 minutes for examiner discussion. [9]
You have read the opening of this case. The complete unit — every section and its primary-source references — is part of the Paediatrics Fellowship fellowship atlas.
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- [1]Raju TN; Nelson KB; Ferriero D; Lynch JK Ischemic perinatal stroke: summary of a workshop sponsored by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Pediatrics, 2007.PMID 17766535
- [3]Baak LM; van der Aa NE; Verhagen AAE; Dudink J; Groenendaal F Early predictors of neurodevelopment after perinatal arterial ischemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr Res, 2023.PMID 36575364
- [4]Ballabh P Intraventricular hemorrhage in premature infants: mechanism of disease. Pediatr Res, 2010.PMID 19816235
- [5]Ballabh P; de Vries LS White matter injury in infants with intraventricular haemorrhage: mechanisms and therapies. Nat Rev Neurol, 2021.PMID 33504979
- [6]de Vries LS; Groenendaal F; Liem KD; Heep A; et al Treatment thresholds for intervention in posthaemorrhagic ventricular dilation: a randomised controlled trial. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 2019.PMID 29440132
- [8]Greenham M; Knight S; Rodda J; Scheinberg A; Anderson V; Mackay MT Australian clinical consensus guideline for the subacute rehabilitation of childhood stroke. Int J Stroke, 2021.PMID 32691701
- [9]Martinez-Biarge M; Ferriero DM; Cowan FM Perinatal arterial ischemic stroke. Handb Clin Neurol, 2019.PMID 31324313
- [10]Biswas A; Mankad K; Shroff M; Hanagandi P; Krishnan P Neuroimaging Perspectives of Perinatal Arterial Ischemic Stroke. Pediatr Neurol, 2020.PMID 33038575