GP CCE Cases · cardiovascular-health
Hypertension uncontrolled on three drugs — CCE clinical encounter
CCE-style clinical encounter: a 46-year-old man with blood pressure of 164/102 mm Hg despite three antihypertensive drugs, a normal clinic measurement routine, and an undetected adherence gap. The candidate must confirm the phenotype with out-of-office measurement, screen for secondary causes, and rebuild the regimen rather than add a fourth drug blindly.
On this page
Study tools
Target exams
RACGP CCEFRACGP oralsCFPC SOOs
Prompt
A 46-year-old bricklayer attends for repeat scripts. His blood pressure today is 164/102 mm Hg, measured correctly after five minutes' rest. He takes an ARB, amlodipine and indapamide, 'most days'. He has no symptoms. Dispensing history shows his last three scripts were collected six weeks late. He mentions his father needed 'a needle for the adrenal gland' years ago.
Objectives
- Recognise that a single raised reading on treatment requires structured assessment, not reflex escalation. [3]
- Establish the true pressure burden with out-of-office measurement before changing therapy. [2] [4]
- Identify pseudo-resistance — nonadherence signalled by dispensing gaps — and address it without shaming the patient. [11]
- Screen selectively for secondary causes, including primary aldosteronism given the family history and resistant pattern. [10] [6]
- Agree a follow-up plan with named monitoring after any change. [11]
References35ShowHide
- [1]Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines Hypertension, 2018.PMID 29133356
- [2]US Preventive Services Task Force, Krist AH, Davidson KW, et al. Screening for Hypertension in Adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Reaffirmation Recommendation Statement JAMA, 2021.PMID 33904861
- [3]Muntner P, Shimbo D, Carey RM, et al. Measurement of Blood Pressure in Humans: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Hypertension, 2019.PMID 30827125
- [4]Tientcheu D, Ayers C, Das SR, et al. Target Organ Complications and Cardiovascular Events Associated With Masked Hypertension and White-Coat Hypertension: Analysis From the Dallas Heart Study J Am Coll Cardiol, 2015.PMID 26564592
- [5]Huang Y, Huang W, Mai W, et al. White-coat hypertension is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and total mortality J Hypertens, 2017.PMID 28253216
- [6]Monticone S, Burrello J, Tizzani D, et al. Prevalence and Clinical Manifestations of Primary Aldosteronism Encountered in Primary Care Practice J Am Coll Cardiol, 2017.PMID 28385310
- [7]Mulatero P, Monticone S, Deinum J, et al. Genetics, prevalence, screening and confirmation of primary aldosteronism: a position statement and consensus of the Working Group on Endocrine Hypertension of The European Society of Hypertension J Hypertens, 2020.PMID 32890264
- [8]Burrello J, Monticone S, Losano I, et al. Prevalence of Hypokalemia and Primary Aldosteronism in 5100 Patients Referred to a Tertiary Hypertension Unit Hypertension, 2020.PMID 32114853
- [9]Goupil R, Desbiens LC, Merabtine A, et al. Subclinical Primary Aldosteronism and Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events: A Longitudinal Population-Based Cohort Study Circulation, 2025.PMID 40631720
- [10]Funder JW, Carey RM, Mantero F, et al. The Management of Primary Aldosteronism: Case Detection, Diagnosis, and Treatment: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2016.PMID 26934393
- [11]Carey RM Special Article - The management of resistant hypertension: A 2020 update Prog Cardiovasc Dis, 2020.PMID 32795462
- [12]Williams B, MacDonald TM, Morant S, et al. Spironolactone versus placebo, bisoprolol, and doxazosin to determine the optimal treatment for drug-resistant hypertension (PATHWAY-2): a randomised, double-blind, crossover trial Lancet, 2015.PMID 26414968
- [13]Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E, et al. A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. DASH Collaborative Research Group N Engl J Med, 1997.PMID 9099655
- [14]Sacks FM, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM, et al. Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group N Engl J Med, 2001.PMID 11136953
- [15]He FJ, Li J, Macgregor GA Effect of longer term modest salt reduction on blood pressure: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials BMJ, 2013.PMID 23558162
- [16]Neter JE, Stam BE, Kok FJ, et al. Influence of weight reduction on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials Hypertension, 2003.PMID 12975389
- [17]Cornelissen VA, Smart NA Exercise training for blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis J Am Heart Assoc, 2013.PMID 23525435
- [18]Roerecke M, Kaczorowski J, Tobe SW, et al. The effect of a reduction in alcohol consumption on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis Lancet Public Health, 2017.PMID 29253389
- [19]ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) JAMA, 2002.PMID 12479763
- [20]Ettehad D, Emdin CA, Kiran A, et al. Blood pressure lowering for prevention of cardiovascular disease and death: a systematic review and meta-analysis Lancet, 2016.PMID 26724178
- [21]Wiysonge CS, Bradley HA, Volmink J, et al. Beta-blockers for hypertension Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2017.PMID 28107561
- [22]SPRINT Research Group, Wright JT Jr, Williamson JD, et al. A Randomized Trial of Intensive versus Standard Blood-Pressure Control N Engl J Med, 2015.PMID 26551272
- [23]Williamson JD, Supiano MA, Applegate WB, et al. Intensive vs Standard Blood Pressure Control and Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes in Adults Aged ≥75 Years: A Randomized Clinical Trial JAMA, 2016.PMID 27195814
- [24]ACCORD Study Group, Cushman WC, Evans GW, et al. Effects of intensive blood-pressure control in type 2 diabetes mellitus N Engl J Med, 2010.PMID 20228401
- [25]Patel A, ADVANCE Collaborative Group, MacMahon S, et al. Effects of a fixed combination of perindopril and indapamide on macrovascular and microvascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the ADVANCE trial): a randomised controlled trial Lancet, 2007.PMID 17765963
- [26]UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group BMJ, 1998.PMID 9732337
- [27]PROGRESS Collaborative Group Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack Lancet, 2001.PMID 11589932
- [28]Beckett NS, Peters R, Fletcher AE, et al. Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years of age or older N Engl J Med, 2008.PMID 18378519
- [29]Tita AT, Szychowski JM, Boggess K, et al. Treatment for Mild Chronic Hypertension during Pregnancy N Engl J Med, 2022.PMID 35363951
- [30]Magee LA, von Dadelszen P, Rey E, et al. Less-tight versus tight control of hypertension in pregnancy N Engl J Med, 2015.PMID 25629739
- [31]Brown MA, Magee LA, Kenny LC, et al. Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy: ISSHP Classification, Diagnosis, and Management Recommendations for International Practice Hypertension, 2018.PMID 29899139
- [32]Cooper WO, Hernandez-Diaz S, Arbogast PG, et al. Major congenital malformations after first-trimester exposure to ACE inhibitors N Engl J Med, 2006.PMID 16760444
- [33]Peixoto AJ Acute Severe Hypertension N Engl J Med, 2019.PMID 31693807
- [34]Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Blood Pressure Work Group KDIGO 2021 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Blood Pressure in Chronic Kidney Disease Kidney Int, 2021.PMID 33637192
- [35]Astarita A, Covella M, Vallelonga F, et al. Hypertensive emergencies and urgencies in emergency departments: a systematic review and meta-analysis J Hypertens, 2020.PMID 32510905