Anaes · Paediatric anaesthesia
Paediatric induction techniques: inhalational versus intravenous, premedication, and the sick child
Also known as Paediatric inhalational induction · Paediatric RSI · Sevoflurane induction children
Exam-exhaustive paediatric induction: sevoflurane inhalational technique, IV induction doses, premedication, parental presence, modified RSI, full-stomach and sick-child pathways, laryngospasm prevention, GAS trial neurotoxicity counselling, and crisis pivots for ANZCA Final and cross-exam equivalents.
Checked against its sources on 13 Oct 2026
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Red flags
- Never leave a sevoflurane induction unattended at light planes — laryngospasm risk.
- Sick children may not tolerate inhalational induction hypotension.
- True full stomach: secure IV first when feasible; modified RSI.
- Atropine ready for bradycardia with hypoxia or suxamethonium.
- Parental presence helps anxiety but does not replace skilled assistance.
Meet the patient
A three-year-old for dental extraction arrives terrified, clinging to mum, no IV access. Dad asks: "Will the gas damage his brain?" Your induction plan must answer three questions at once — which technique, how to keep him safe, and what to tell the parents about neurotoxicity.[17]
The answers: sevoflurane inhalational induction in oxygen (the needle-phobic well child is the classic indication), IV access secured only at adequate depth, and the GAS trial for the neurotoxicity question. Never instrument a light paediatric airway — that is the single most important safety rule in paediatric induction.[3][1]
References24ShowHide
- [1]Davidson AJ, Disma N, de Graaff JC, et al. Neurodevelopmental outcome at 2 years of age after general anaesthesia and awake-regional anaesthesia in infancy (GAS): an international multicentre, randomised controlled trial Lancet, 2016.PMID 26507180
- [2]McCann ME, de Graaff JC, Dorris L, et al. Neurodevelopmental outcome at 5 years of age after general anaesthesia or awake-regional anaesthesia in infancy (GAS): an international, multicentre, randomised, controlled equivalence trial Lancet, 2019.PMID 30782342
- [3]Flick RP, Wilder RT, Pieper SF, et al. Risk factors for laryngospasm in children during general anesthesia Paediatr Anaesth, 2008.PMID 18315633
- [4]Mihara T, Uchimoto K, Morita S, Goto T The efficacy of lidocaine to prevent laryngospasm in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis Anaesthesia, 2014.PMID 24992191
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- [8]Folino TB, Muco E, Safadi AO, Parks LJ Propofol StatPearls, 2023.PMID 28613634
- [9]Hager HH, Burns B Succinylcholine Chloride StatPearls, 2025.PMID 29763160
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- [11]US Food and Drug Administration (DailyMed) Sevoflurane (ULTANE) — prescribing information: MAC values by age DailyMed, US National Library of Medicine, 2026.Source
- [12]US Food and Drug Administration (DailyMed) Midazolam hydrochloride syrup — prescribing information: dosage and onset DailyMed, US National Library of Medicine, 2026.Source
- [13]Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne Emergency drug doses card (4-year-old): thiopentone, fentanyl, suxamethonium Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, 2026.Source
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- [15]Al-alami AA, Zestos MM, Baraka AS Pediatric laryngospasm: prevention and treatment Curr Opin Anaesthesiol, 2009.PMID 19434787
- [16]Afshan G, Chohan U, Qamar-Ul-Hoda M, Kamal RS Is there a role of a small dose of propofol in the treatment of laryngeal spasm? Paediatr Anaesth, 2002.PMID 12358660
- [17]Lee SY, Cheng SL, Ng SB, Lim SL Single-breath vital capacity high concentration sevoflurane induction in children Br J Anaesth, 2013.PMID 22986418
- [18]Nishina K, Mikawa K, Maekawa N, Obara H The efficacy of clonidine for reducing perioperative haemodynamic changes and volatile anaesthetic requirements in children Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 1996.PMID 8836273
- [19]Haidar NA, Al Amri MH, Sendad NG, Toaimah FHS Efficacy of Buzzy Device Versus EMLA Cream for Reducing Pain During Needle-Related Procedures in Children Pediatr Emerg Care, 2024.PMID 37163686
- [20]Alalikhan HAD, Sorani M, Shamsi A, et al. Effectiveness of parental presence during induction of anaesthesia in managing perioperative anxiety in children BMC Anesthesiol, 2026.PMID 41731413
- [21]Abelson D Laryngospasm notch pressure (Larson's maneuver) may have a role in laryngospasm management in children Paediatr Anaesth, 2015.PMID 26426878
- [22]Manimalethu R, Krishna S, Shafy SZ, Hakim M, Tobias JD Choosing endotracheal tube size in children Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol, 2020.PMID 32247219
- [23]Somayaji S, Karanth N, Ganigara A, et al. Comparison of non-hypoxic apnea time in infants during induction of anesthesia with or without PEEP J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol, 2026.PMID 41542213
- [24]US Food and Drug Administration (DailyMed) Succinylcholine chloride injection — prescribing information: dosage for intramuscular use DailyMed, US National Library of Medicine, 2026.Source