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Anaes TopicsPaediatric anaesthesia

Anaes · Paediatric anaesthesia

Paediatric induction techniques: inhalational versus intravenous, premedication, and the sick child

Also known as Paediatric inhalational induction · Paediatric RSI · Sevoflurane induction children

Exam-exhaustive paediatric induction: sevoflurane inhalational technique, IV induction doses, premedication, parental presence, modified RSI, full-stomach and sick-child pathways, laryngospasm prevention, GAS trial neurotoxicity counselling, and crisis pivots for ANZCA Final and cross-exam equivalents.

high24 referencesUpdated 13 Oct 202610 min readSource-verified · Oct 2026

Checked against its sources on 13 Oct 2026

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Practise this topic10 MCQs with explanations

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ANZCAFRCAABAEDAICFCAI

Red flags

  • Never leave a sevoflurane induction unattended at light planes — laryngospasm risk.
  • Sick children may not tolerate inhalational induction hypotension.
  • True full stomach: secure IV first when feasible; modified RSI.
  • Atropine ready for bradycardia with hypoxia or suxamethonium.
  • Parental presence helps anxiety but does not replace skilled assistance.
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Your progress

Saved on this device.

Practise this topic10 MCQs with explanations

Target exams

ANZCAFRCAABAEDAICFCAI

Red flags

  • Never leave a sevoflurane induction unattended at light planes — laryngospasm risk.
  • Sick children may not tolerate inhalational induction hypotension.
  • True full stomach: secure IV first when feasible; modified RSI.
  • Atropine ready for bradycardia with hypoxia or suxamethonium.
  • Parental presence helps anxiety but does not replace skilled assistance.
The one-line answer

Match the induction to the child: sevoflurane inhalational for the needle-phobic well child without IV access, IV when access exists or the child is full-stomach or unstable. Never instrument a light paediatric airway, preoxygenate meticulously, keep atropine drawn for infants, and modify RSI knowing children desaturate in seconds — gentle ventilation is often safer than prolonged apnoea.[17][15]

Meet the patient

A three-year-old for dental extraction arrives terrified, clinging to mum, no IV access. Dad asks: "Will the gas damage his brain?" Your induction plan must answer three questions at once — which technique, how to keep him safe, and what to tell the parents about neurotoxicity.[17]

The answers: sevoflurane inhalational induction in oxygen (the needle-phobic well child is the classic indication), IV access secured only at adequate depth, and the GAS trial for the neurotoxicity question. Never instrument a light paediatric airway — that is the single most important safety rule in paediatric induction.[3][1]

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References24ShowHide
  1. [1]Davidson AJ, Disma N, de Graaff JC, et al. Neurodevelopmental outcome at 2 years of age after general anaesthesia and awake-regional anaesthesia in infancy (GAS): an international multicentre, randomised controlled trial Lancet, 2016.PMID 26507180
  2. [2]McCann ME, de Graaff JC, Dorris L, et al. Neurodevelopmental outcome at 5 years of age after general anaesthesia or awake-regional anaesthesia in infancy (GAS): an international, multicentre, randomised, controlled equivalence trial Lancet, 2019.PMID 30782342
  3. [3]Flick RP, Wilder RT, Pieper SF, et al. Risk factors for laryngospasm in children during general anesthesia Paediatr Anaesth, 2008.PMID 18315633
  4. [4]Mihara T, Uchimoto K, Morita S, Goto T The efficacy of lidocaine to prevent laryngospasm in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis Anaesthesia, 2014.PMID 24992191
  5. [5]Shi F, Xiao Y, Xiong W, Zhou Q, Huang X Cuffed versus uncuffed endotracheal tubes in children: a meta-analysis J Anesth, 2016.PMID 26296534
  6. [6]Sikich N, Lerman J Development and psychometric evaluation of the pediatric anesthesia emergence delirium scale Anesthesiology, 2004.PMID 15114210
  7. [7]Rosenbaum SB, Gupta V, Patel P, Palacios JL Ketamine StatPearls, 2024.PMID 29262083
  8. [8]Folino TB, Muco E, Safadi AO, Parks LJ Propofol StatPearls, 2023.PMID 28613634
  9. [9]Hager HH, Burns B Succinylcholine Chloride StatPearls, 2025.PMID 29763160
  10. [10]US Food and Drug Administration (DailyMed) Propofol injectable emulsion — prescribing information (Dosage and Administration: Pediatric Patients) DailyMed, US National Library of Medicine, 2026.Source
  11. [11]US Food and Drug Administration (DailyMed) Sevoflurane (ULTANE) — prescribing information: MAC values by age DailyMed, US National Library of Medicine, 2026.Source
  12. [12]US Food and Drug Administration (DailyMed) Midazolam hydrochloride syrup — prescribing information: dosage and onset DailyMed, US National Library of Medicine, 2026.Source
  13. [13]Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne Emergency drug doses card (4-year-old): thiopentone, fentanyl, suxamethonium Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, 2026.Source
  14. [14]US Food and Drug Administration (DailyMed) Rocuronium bromide injection — prescribing information: pediatric use DailyMed, US National Library of Medicine, 2026.Source
  15. [15]Al-alami AA, Zestos MM, Baraka AS Pediatric laryngospasm: prevention and treatment Curr Opin Anaesthesiol, 2009.PMID 19434787
  16. [16]Afshan G, Chohan U, Qamar-Ul-Hoda M, Kamal RS Is there a role of a small dose of propofol in the treatment of laryngeal spasm? Paediatr Anaesth, 2002.PMID 12358660
  17. [17]Lee SY, Cheng SL, Ng SB, Lim SL Single-breath vital capacity high concentration sevoflurane induction in children Br J Anaesth, 2013.PMID 22986418
  18. [18]Nishina K, Mikawa K, Maekawa N, Obara H The efficacy of clonidine for reducing perioperative haemodynamic changes and volatile anaesthetic requirements in children Acta Anaesthesiol Scand, 1996.PMID 8836273
  19. [19]Haidar NA, Al Amri MH, Sendad NG, Toaimah FHS Efficacy of Buzzy Device Versus EMLA Cream for Reducing Pain During Needle-Related Procedures in Children Pediatr Emerg Care, 2024.PMID 37163686
  20. [20]Alalikhan HAD, Sorani M, Shamsi A, et al. Effectiveness of parental presence during induction of anaesthesia in managing perioperative anxiety in children BMC Anesthesiol, 2026.PMID 41731413
  21. [21]Abelson D Laryngospasm notch pressure (Larson's maneuver) may have a role in laryngospasm management in children Paediatr Anaesth, 2015.PMID 26426878
  22. [22]Manimalethu R, Krishna S, Shafy SZ, Hakim M, Tobias JD Choosing endotracheal tube size in children Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol, 2020.PMID 32247219
  23. [23]Somayaji S, Karanth N, Ganigara A, et al. Comparison of non-hypoxic apnea time in infants during induction of anesthesia with or without PEEP J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol, 2026.PMID 41542213
  24. [24]US Food and Drug Administration (DailyMed) Succinylcholine chloride injection — prescribing information: dosage for intramuscular use DailyMed, US National Library of Medicine, 2026.Source

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