# MedVellum — full catalog > Evidence-graded medical exam atlas for MBBS and fellowship boards Base URL: https://medvellum.com Educational exam prep only. Not medical advice. Canonical specialty paths use /s/{id}/… (legacy /{id}/… 308-redirects). Psychiatry complete index: https://medvellum.com/llms-psychiatry.txt Short summary: https://medvellum.com/llms.txt Sitemap: https://medvellum.com/sitemap.xml ## MBBS / Core medicine Hub: https://medvellum.com/topics NEET-PG / INICET core: systems medicine written for clarity under pressure. ### Topics Index: https://medvellum.com/topics #### General Surgery (16) - [Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm](https://medvellum.com/topics/general-surgery/abdominal-aortic-aneurysm) — **Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA)** is a permanent, localised dilation of the abdominal aorta to **3 cm or more** (or 1.5 times the expected - [Abdominal Wall Hernias](https://medvellum.com/topics/general-surgery/abdominal-wall-hernias) — **Hernia** = abnormal protrusion of a viscus (or part of a viscus) through a defect in the wall of its containing cavity. **Inguinal** herni - [Acute Appendicitis](https://medvellum.com/topics/general-surgery/appendicitis) — **Acute appendicitis** is the most common acute surgical abdomen. Classic presentation: **periumbilical pain migrating to the right iliac fo - [Acute Cholecystitis](https://medvellum.com/topics/general-surgery/acute-cholecystitis) — **Acute cholecystitis** is acute inflammation of the gallbladder, **90% caused by a gallstone impacting the cystic duct**. Classic: **right - [Anorectal Disorders](https://medvellum.com/topics/general-surgery/anorectal-disorders) — **Anorectal disorders** span **haemorrhoids** (Grade I–IV; rubber band ligation first-line for II–III), **anal fissure** (posterior midline - [Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia](https://medvellum.com/topics/general-surgery/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia) — **Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)** is age-related **nodular hyperplasia of the periurethral transition zone** causing bladder outlet obs - [Breast Cancer](https://medvellum.com/topics/general-surgery/breast-cancer) — **Breast cancer** is the most common cancer in women worldwide (about 24% of all female cancers, lifetime risk roughly 1 in 8). Classic pres - [Burns](https://medvellum.com/topics/general-surgery/burns) — **Burns** are tissue injuries caused by **thermal, chemical, electrical, or radiation** energy. Severity is determined by **depth** (superfi - [Carotid Artery Disease](https://medvellum.com/topics/general-surgery/carotid-artery-disease) — **Carotid artery disease** is atherosclerotic narrowing of the extracranial carotid artery (commonest: **bifurcation/internal carotid**). Pr - [Colorectal Carcinoma](https://medvellum.com/topics/general-surgery/colorectal-cancer) — **Colorectal carcinoma (CRC)** arises from the **colonic or rectal epithelium** (adenocarcinoma in >95%). Third most common cancer worldwide - [Common Fractures](https://medvellum.com/topics/general-surgery/common-fractures) — **Common fractures** covers the most frequently encountered fractures in clinical practice: Colles, Smith, scaphoid, neck of femur, intertro - [Diverticular Disease](https://medvellum.com/topics/general-surgery/diverticular-disease) — **Diverticular disease** encompasses a spectrum from asymptomatic diverticulosis (70 to 80% of cases) through symptomatic uncomplicated dive - [Ductal Carcinoma In Situ](https://medvellum.com/topics/general-surgery/ductal-carcinoma-in-situ) — **Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)** is a non-invasive breast neoplasm in which malignant epithelial cells proliferate within the ductal-lobu - [Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS)](https://medvellum.com/topics/general-surgery/enhanced-recovery-after-surgery) — **ERAS (Enhanced Recovery After Surgery)** is a multimodal, evidence-based, protocolised perioperative care pathway that attenuates the surg - [Gallstone Disease](https://medvellum.com/topics/general-surgery/gallstone-disease) — **Gallstone disease** encompasses the spectrum from **asymptomatic stones** (80%) through **biliary colic** (RUQ pain after fatty meal, 2 to - [Gastric Carcinoma](https://medvellum.com/topics/general-surgery/gastric-cancer) — **Gastric carcinoma** is an adenocarcinoma arising from the **gastric epithelium**. It is the **fifth most commonly diagnosed cancer** world #### Dermatology (75) - [Acanthosis nigricans](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/acanthosis-nigricans) — Acanthosis nigricans (AN) = hyperpigmented, **velvety, thickened skin** in **flexural areas** (axillae, neck, groin, umbilicus). Most common - [Acne fulminans](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/acne-fulminans) — Acne fulminans is the most severe form of acne, characterised by sudden onset of large, painful, ulcerative nodules with necrotic haemorrhag - [Acne keloidalis nuchae (folliculitis keloidalis nuchae)](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/acne-keloidalis-nuchae) — Acne keloidalis nuchae (AKN) is a chronic scarring folliculitis of the nape of the neck and lower occipital scalp that produces firm keloida - [Acne vulgaris](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/acne-vulgaris) — Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous unit driven by follicular hyperkeratinisation, sebum overproduction, Cu - [Actinic keratosis](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/actinic-keratosis) — Actinic keratosis (AK, solar keratosis) is the commonest premalignant skin lesion — an intraepidermal keratinocyte dysplasia arising on chro - [Albinism](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/albinism) — Albinism is a group of inherited disorders of melanin synthesis or melanosome biogenesis causing congenital hypopigmentation of skin, hair, - [Alopecia & Hair Disorders](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/alopecia-and-hair-disorders) — **Hair loss (alopecia)** is the single most psychologically charged dermatological presentation. The pivotal skill is the **scarring vs non- - [Alopecia areata](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/alopecia-areata) — Alopecia areata is an organ-specific autoimmune disease directed against anagen hair follicles, producing non-scarring hair loss that ranges - [ANCA-associated vasculitis](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/anca-associated-vasculitis) — ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) comprises three necrotising small-to-medium vessel vasculitides: GPA (granulomatosis with polyangiitis — PR - [Androgenetic alopecia](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/androgenetic-alopecia) — Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is the commonest cause of hair loss in both sexes, driven by **dihydrotestosterone (DHT)**-mediated progressive - [Angular cheilitis (perleche)](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/angular-cheilitis) — Angular cheilitis is an inflammatory condition characterised by painful, erythematous, fissured lesions at the angles (commissures) of the m - [Antihistamines and itch](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/antihistamines-itch) — H1 antihistamines are first-line pharmacotherapy for histamine-mediated pruritus (urticaria, angioedema, insect bites, allergic rhinitis). T - [Antimicrobials in dermatology](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/antimicrobials-skin) — Comprehensive pharmacology guide to topical and systemic antimicrobials used in dermatology. TOPICAL ANTIBACTERIALS: mupirocin 2% (Staph, na - [Aphthous ulcers](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/aphthous-ulcers) — Recurrent aphthous stomatitis is a clinical diagnosis of painful recurrent round or oval ulcers on non-keratinized oral mucosa, classified a - [Atopic dermatitis](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/atopic-dermatitis) — Atopic dermatitis is a chronic, relapsing, inflammatory skin disease driven by skin-barrier dysfunction and type 2 inflammation. Fellowship- - [Atopic dermatitis in infancy](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/atopic-dermatitis-infancy) — Atopic dermatitis in infancy is a chronic itchy inflammatory dermatosis with facial, scalp and extensor predominance driven by barrier failu - [Atypical (nontuberculous) mycobacterial infections](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/atypical-mycobacteria) — Atypical (nontuberculous, NTM) mycobacteria are environmental organisms (water, soil) causing cutaneous and soft-tissue infections — usually - [Atypical / Dysplastic Naevus](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/atypical-dysplastic-naevus) — An atypical (dysplastic) naevus is a benign melanocytic naevus with clinical features of irregularity (asymmetry, border irregularity, colou - [Basal cell carcinoma](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/basal-cell-carcinoma) — Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the commonest human malignancy — a tumour of basal epidermal keratinocytes driven by aberrant Hedgehog signall - [Becker's naevus](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/beckers-naevus) — Becker's naevus is a benign, androgen-dependent hamartoma of skin presenting as a large, unilateral, light-brown to dark-brown patch with ov - [Behçet's disease](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/behcet-disease) — Behçet's disease = a relapsing-remitting multisystem VASCULITIS (affecting both veins AND arteries of all sizes — a 'variable-vessel' vascul - [Benign Skin Lesions](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/benign-skin-lesions) — **Benign skin lesions** are the most common tumours in medicine. The high-yield catalogue: **seborrhoeic keratosis** ('stuck-on' waxy brown - [Biologics and small molecules in dermatology](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/biologics-small-molecules) — Biologic therapies (monoclonal antibodies / fusion proteins targeting specific cytokines) and small-molecule inhibitors (JAK, PDE4, TYK2, S1 - [Blue naevus and dermal melanocytosis](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/blue-naevus) — A blue naevus is a benign melanocytic lesion built from heavily pigmented, dendritic and spindled DERMAL melanocytes in the reticular dermis - [Bullous pemphigoid](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/bullous-pemphigoid) — Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is the commonest autoimmune blistering disease, predominantly affecting the elderly, caused by IgG (and IgE) autoant - [Burns & Thermal Injury](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/burns-and-thermal-injury) — **Burns** are **skin and deeper-tissue injuries caused by thermal, chemical, electrical or radiation energy**, classified by **depth** (**fi - [Café-au-lait macules and neurofibromatosis type 1](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/cafe-au-lait-nf1) — **Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)** is an autosomal dominant neurocutaneous disorder caused by mutations in the NF1 gene on chromosome 17, ch - [Calciphylaxis (calcific uraemic arteriolopathy)](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/calciphylaxis) — Calciphylaxis (calcific uraemic arteriolopathy, CUA) is a **rare, life-threatening vasculopathy** of the small cutaneous arterioles and venu - [Candidiasis](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/candidiasis) — Candidiasis is a yeast infection caused predominantly by Candida albicans and increasingly by non-albicans species (C. glabrata, C. tropical - [Cellulitis and erysipelas](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/cellulitis-erysipelas) — Cellulitis and erysipelas are acute, non-necrotising bacterial infections of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue (cellulitis) or the upper de - [Cicatricial alopecia](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/cicatricial-alopecia) — Cicatricial (scarring) alopecia is a group of disorders in which hair follicles are destroyed and replaced by fibrous tissue, producing perm - [Congenital melanocytic naevus](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/congenital-melanocytic-naevus) — A congenital melanocytic naevus (CMN) is a melanocytic naevus present at birth or within the first weeks of life, caused by a postzygotic mo - [Contact dermatitis](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/contact-dermatitis) — Contact dermatitis is an eczematous reaction of the skin to exogenous agents, divided into irritant (ICD, cytotoxic barrier injury) and alle - [Cryoglobulinaemia](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/cryoglobulinaemia) — Cryoglobulinaemia is the presence of immunoglobulins that precipitate below 37°C and redissolve on warming. Type I is predominantly a monocl - [Cryotherapy](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/cryotherapy) — Cryotherapy (cryosurgery) uses **liquid nitrogen at -196 C** to destroy cutaneous lesions by controlled freezing through repeated **freeze-t - [Cutaneous larva migrans (creeping eruption)](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/cutaneous-larva-migrans) — Cutaneous larva migrans (CLM), also known as creeping eruption, is the most common tropically acquired dermatosis in returned travellers, ca - [Cutaneous lupus erythematosus](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/cutaneous-lupus-erythematosus) — Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) encompasses all skin manifestations of lupus erythematosus, classified by the 2018 Düsseldorf system int - [Cutaneous markers of systemic disease](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/cutaneous-markers-systemic-disease) — Cutaneous signs that signal underlying systemic disease, organised by organ system. ENDOCRINE: **acanthosis nigricans** (insulin resistance, - [Cutaneous melanoma](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/melanoma) — Cutaneous melanoma is a malignant tumour of melanocytes driven predominantly by UV-induced oncogenic mutations in the MAPK and PI3K pathways - [Cutaneous small vessel vasculitis](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/cutaneous-small-vessel-vasculitis) — Cutaneous small vessel vasculitis (CSVV), also called leukocytoclastic vasculitis (LCV), is an inflammatory disorder of the post-capillary v - [Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/squamous-cell-carcinoma) — Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a malignant tumour of epidermal keratinocytes arising on a background of chronic ultraviolet dama - [Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma) — Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) is a heterogeneous group of extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphomas of skin-homing mature T cells, dominated by ** - [Cutaneous tuberculosis](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/cutaneous-tb) — Cutaneous tuberculosis is infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue by *Mycobacterium tuberculosis* (rarely *M. bovis*). It is classifie - [Dermatitis herpetiformis](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/dermatitis-herpetiformis) — Exam-focused dermatitis herpetiformis: presentation, correctly sited biopsy, TG3 pathogenesis, coeliac assessment, gluten-free diet, and saf - [Dermatofibroma](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/dermatofibroma) — Dermatofibroma (DF; benign fibrous histiocytoma of the skin) is a common benign dermal tumour of fibroblast-like and histiocyte-like (fibroh - [Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/dermatofibrosarcoma-protuberans) — Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a low-to-intermediate grade malignant fibroblastic tumour of skin, a cutaneous sarcoma of dermal f - [Dermatological emergencies](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/dermatological-emergencies) — Dermatological emergencies are acute skin eruptions in which delayed recognition causes death or permanent disability. The catalogue spans ( - [Dermatology in HIV](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/dermatology-hiv) — Cutaneous disease affects more than 90 percent of people living with HIV and is often the first clinical clue to infection. The skin manifes - [Dermatology in pregnancy](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/dermatology-in-pregnancy) — Exam-exhaustive MBBS guide to physiologic skin changes in pregnancy, atopic eruption of pregnancy, polymorphic eruption of pregnancy/PUPPP, - [Dermatomyositis](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/dermatomyositis) — Dermatomyositis (DM) is an autoimmune idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM) characterised by pathognomonic cutaneous signs (Gottron papules - [Dermoscopy and image-based diagnosis](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/dermoscopy-image-diagnosis) — Board-level application module for dermoscopy as image-based diagnosis: two-step algorithm, chaos-and-clues pattern analysis, vascular morph - [Dermoscopy: principles and patterns](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/dermoscopy-principles) — Dermoscopy (dermatoscopy, epiluminescence microscopy) is in-vivo 10x magnified skin-surface microscopy using a handheld contact dermatoscope - [Dissecting cellulitis of the scalp (perifolliculitis capitis)](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/dissecting-cellulitis) — Dissecting cellulitis of the scalp (DCS) is a chronic, progressive, suppurative follicular disorder producing painful boggy nodules, abscess - [Drug eruptions](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/drug-eruptions) — Cutaneous adverse drug reactions (cADR) range from the common morbilliform exanthem (90%) to life-threatening severe cutaneous adverse react - [Drug-induced skin disease](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/drug-induced-skin-disease) — Cutaneous adverse drug reactions (CADRs) range from mild (exanthematous maculopapular rash, urticaria, fixed drug eruption) to life-threaten - [Ear and nose dermatoses](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/ear-and-nose-dermatoses) — Multi-board ear and nose special-site dermatology: chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis as a pressure–ischaemia helix nodule, relapsing polyc - [Electrosurgery and curettage](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/electrosurgery-curettage) — Electrosurgery uses high-frequency alternating current to desiccate, fulgurate, coagulate, or cut skin. Curettage shears friable tumour from - [Eosinophilic folliculitis](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/eosinophilic-folliculitis) — Eosinophilic folliculitis is a chronic, intensely pruritic follicular disorder defined histologically by an eosinophil-rich infiltrate withi - [Epidermal naevus and naevus sebaceous](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/epidermal-naevus-naevus-sebaceous) — Epidermal naevi are congenital hamartomas of keratinocytes or epidermal appendages that follow Blaschko lines, reflecting postzygotic somati - [Epidermolysis Bullosa](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/epidermolysis-bullosa) — Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a group of inherited mechanobullous disorders caused by mutations in structural proteins of the skin and mucos - [Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/epidermolysis-bullosa-acquisita) — Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) is an acquired autoimmune subepidermal blistering disease caused by IgG autoantibodies against type VI - [Erythema ab igne](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/erythema-ab-igne) — Erythema ab igne (EAI, toasted skin syndrome) is a localised cutaneous reaction caused by chronic, repeated exposure to moderate heat — insu - [Erythema annulare centrifugum (EAC)](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/erythema-annulare-centrifugum) — Erythema annulare centrifugum (EAC) is a figurate (annular or polycyclic) erythema characterised by slowly expanding, erythematous rings wit - [Erythema multiforme](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/erythema-multiforme) — Erythema multiforme is an acute immune-mediated eruption recognised by raised acral target lesions. It is clinically distinct from SJS/TEN; - [Erythema nodosum](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/erythema-nodosum) — Erythema nodosum (EN) is an acute **septal panniculitis** — the commonest panniculitis. Clinical: **bilateral, symmetric, tender, erythemato - [Erythrasma](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/erythrasma) — Erythrasma is a chronic, superficial bacterial infection of intertriginous skin caused by Corynebacterium minutissimum (reclassified by some - [Excision margins and elliptical excision](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/excision-margins) — Elliptical (fusiform) excision removes a lesion with a planned clinical margin and closes primarily along relaxed skin tension lines, classi - [Folliculitis decalvans](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/folliculitis-decalvans) — Folliculitis decalvans (Quinquaud disease) is a chronic, relapsing, PRIMARY NEUTROPHILIC cicatricial (scarring) alopecia of the scalp, defin - [Folliculitis, furuncle and carbuncle](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/folliculitis-furuncle-carbuncle) — Folliculitis, furuncles, and carbuncles are a spectrum of staphylococcal (and occasionally other) infections of the hair follicle, progressi - [Fox-Fordyce disease (apocrine miliaria)](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/fox-fordyce-disease) — Fox-Fordyce disease (apocrine miliaria) is a chronic, intensely pruritic papular dermatosis of apocrine gland-bearing skin — the axillae, an - [Frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA)](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/frontal-fibrosing-alopecia) — Frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA) is a primary lymphocytic scarring (cicatricial) alopecia characterised by progressive, symmetric recession - [Genodermatoses overview](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/genodermatoses-overview) — Genodermatoses are inherited disorders with primary cutaneous phenotypes caused by germline mutations affecting barrier function, dermal-epi - [Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) — cutaneous manifestations](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/graft-versus-host-disease) — Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a multisystem complication of allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in which donor - [Granuloma annulare](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/granuloma-annulare) — Granuloma annulare (GA) is a benign, usually self-limiting granulomatous dermatosis. Histology: **palisading granulomas** with central **nec - [Grover's disease (transient acantholytic dermatosis)](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/grovers-disease) — Grover's disease (transient acantholytic dermatosis, TAD) is an acquired, usually self-limiting, intensely pruritic papulovesicular eruption #### Nephrology (7) - [Acid-Base Disorders](https://medvellum.com/topics/nephrology/acid-base-disorders) — **Acid-base disorders** arise from disturbance of the **bicarbonate-carbon-dioxide buffer system**. There are **four primary disorders**: ** - [Acute Kidney Injury](https://medvellum.com/topics/nephrology/acute-kidney-injury) — **Acute kidney injury (AKI)** is a **rapid (hours to days) decline in kidney function** defined by KDIGO as a serum creatinine rise of **0.3 - [Chronic Kidney Disease](https://medvellum.com/topics/nephrology/chronic-kidney-disease) — **Chronic kidney disease (CKD)** is defined by **KDIGO** as abnormalities of kidney structure or function present for **more than 3 months** - [Contrast-Associated AKI (Contrast Nephropathy) & Acute Tubular Necrosis vs Pre-Renal AKI](https://medvellum.com/topics/nephrology/contrast-nephropathy-and-atn) — **Contrast-associated AKI (CA-AKI, contrast nephropathy)** is an intrinsic AKI developing within **48 to 72 hours of iodinated contrast**, d - [Diabetic Kidney Disease](https://medvellum.com/topics/nephrology/diabetic-kidney-disease) — **Diabetic kidney disease (DKD, diabetic nephropathy)** is the **commonest single cause of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) worldwide**, deve - [Drug Dosing in Kidney Disease](https://medvellum.com/topics/nephrology/drug-dosing-in-kidney-disease) — Safe prescribing in kidney disease is a repeated clinical decision, not a universal renal-dose table: define the indication, assess current - [Haematuria (Evaluation)](https://medvellum.com/topics/nephrology/haematuria) — **Haematuria** (red blood cells in the urine) is a **sign, not a diagnosis**. It is divided into **visible (macroscopic/gross)** and **non-v #### Endocrinology (5) - [Acromegaly](https://medvellum.com/topics/endocrinology/acromegaly) — **Acromegaly** is **chronic growth hormone (GH) excess**, nearly always from a **pituitary somatotroph adenoma**, driving hepatic **IGF-1 ov - [Amenorrhoea (Primary & Secondary)](https://medvellum.com/topics/endocrinology/amenorrhoea) — **Amenorrhoea** is the **absence of menstruation** — a symptom, never a diagnosis. **Primary amenorrhoea** (no menses by **age 15** with sec - [Cushing Syndrome](https://medvellum.com/topics/endocrinology/cushing-syndrome) — **Cushing syndrome** is the clinical and biochemical syndrome resulting from **chronic exposure to excess glucocorticoid** (endogenous corti - [Diabetes Mellitus](https://medvellum.com/topics/endocrinology/diabetes-mellitus) — **Diabetes mellitus** is a **group of chronic metabolic disorders** unified by **sustained hyperglycaemia** arising from **absolute insulin - [Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Hyperosmolar Hyperglycaemic State (DKA / HHS)](https://medvellum.com/topics/endocrinology/diabetic-ketoacidosis-and-hhs) — **Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)** is the triad of **hyperglycaemia, ketosis and metabolic acidosis** arising from **absolute insulin deficienc #### Gastroenterology (15) - [Acute & Chronic Diarrhoea](https://medvellum.com/topics/gastroenterology/acute-and-chronic-diarrhoea) — **Diarrhoea** is **three or more loose or watery stools in 24 hours** (or more frequent than is normal for the individual). **Acute** diarrh - [Acute Liver Failure](https://medvellum.com/topics/gastroenterology/acute-liver-failure) — **Acute liver failure (ALF)** is **severe acute liver injury** with **coagulopathy (INR at least 1.5)** and **any degree of hepatic encephal - [Acute Pancreatitis](https://medvellum.com/topics/gastroenterology/acute-pancreatitis) — **Acute pancreatitis** is an **acute inflammatory process of the pancreas** caused by **premature intracellular activation of trypsinogen to - [Alcoholic & MASLD Liver Disease](https://medvellum.com/topics/gastroenterology/alcoholic-masld-liver-disease) — **Alcohol-related liver disease** and **metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD, formerly NAFLD)** are the **two lea - [Ascites and Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis](https://medvellum.com/topics/gastroenterology/ascites-and-sbp) — **Ascites** is the pathological accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity and the most common presentation of decompensated cirrhosis. - [Autoimmune Liver Disease (PBC, PSC & AIH)](https://medvellum.com/topics/gastroenterology/autoimmune-liver-disease) — **Autoimmune liver disease** comprises three distinct immune-mediated conditions. **Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC)** affects **predominan - [Chronic Pancreatitis](https://medvellum.com/topics/gastroenterology/chronic-pancreatitis) — **Chronic pancreatitis (CP)** is a **progressive, inflammatory, fibrotic disease of the pancreas producing irreversible morphological damage - [Cirrhosis](https://medvellum.com/topics/gastroenterology/cirrhosis) — **Cirrhosis** is the **diffuse, irreversible distortion of hepatic architecture by fibrosis and regenerative nodules** that follows chronic - [Coeliac Disease](https://medvellum.com/topics/gastroenterology/coeliac-disease) — **Coeliac disease** is a **chronic, immune-mediated small-intestinal enteropathy** triggered by **gluten** (prolamins — gliadin in wheat, ho - [Colorectal Cancer](https://medvellum.com/topics/gastroenterology/colorectal-cancer) — **Colorectal cancer (CRC)** is an **adenocarcinoma** of the colonic or rectal mucosa that evolves from a benign adenomatous polyp through th - [Diverticular Disease](https://medvellum.com/topics/gastroenterology/diverticular-disease) — **Diverticular disease** is the clinical spectrum arising from **acquired pseudodiverticula** — outpouchings of **mucosa and submucosa** thr - [Functional Dyspepsia](https://medvellum.com/topics/gastroenterology/functional-dyspepsia) — **Functional dyspepsia** is **chronic (at least 3 months) epigastric pain or burning, bothersome postprandial fullness or early satiety**, w - [Gallstone Disease & Cholecystitis](https://medvellum.com/topics/gastroenterology/gallstone-disease) — **Gallstone disease (cholelithiasis)** is the formation of solid crystalline concretions in the **gallbladder or biliary tree** from precipi - [Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux Disease (GORD)](https://medvellum.com/topics/gastroenterology/gord) — **Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD)** is the condition in which **stomach content refluxes into the oesophagus** causing troublesome - [Gastrointestinal Bleeding](https://medvellum.com/topics/gastroenterology/gastrointestinal-bleeding) — **Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding** is any haemorrhage from the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract, divided anatomically at the **ligament o #### Cardiology (10) - [Acute Aortic Syndrome](https://medvellum.com/topics/cardiology/acute-aortic-syndrome) — **Acute aortic syndrome (AAS)** is a spectrum of life-threatening aortic emergencies — classic aortic dissection (intimal tear with a false - [Acute Coronary Syndrome](https://medvellum.com/topics/cardiology/acute-coronary-syndrome) — **Acute coronary syndrome (ACS)** spans **STEMI** (ST elevation, complete coronary occlusion, emergency reperfusion), **NSTEMI** (troponin-p - [Adult Congenital Heart Disease](https://medvellum.com/topics/cardiology/adult-congenital-heart-disease) — **Adult congenital heart disease (ACHD)** is the lifetime management of patients with structural heart disease present since birth who survi - [Aortic Regurgitation](https://medvellum.com/topics/cardiology/aortic-regurgitation) — **Aortic regurgitation (AR)** is diastolic incompetence of the aortic-valve complex permitting backflow from the aorta into the left ventric - [Aortic Stenosis](https://medvellum.com/topics/cardiology/aortic-stenosis) — **Aortic stenosis (AS)** is **obstruction of left ventricular outflow at the valve level**, caused most often by **calcific degeneration** ( - [Bradycardia and AV Block](https://medvellum.com/topics/cardiology/bradycardia-av-block) — **Bradyarrhythmia** in adults means a **resting heart rate below 60 bpm** (the clinical threshold drops to **below 50 bpm** when truly sympt - [Cardiogenic Shock](https://medvellum.com/topics/cardiology/cardiogenic-shock) — **Cardiogenic shock (CS)** is a state of **end-organ hypoperfusion due to cardiac pump failure**, defined for acute MI as **systolic blood p - [Chronic Coronary Syndrome](https://medvellum.com/topics/cardiology/chronic-coronary-syndrome) — Chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) is the modern umbrella term replacing "stable angina" for the long-term presentations of coronary artery dis - [Dilated Cardiomyopathy](https://medvellum.com/topics/cardiology/dilated-cardiomyopathy) — **Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)** is a disease of the heart muscle defined by **dilatation and systolic impairment of one or both ventricles* - [Dyslipidaemia](https://medvellum.com/topics/cardiology/dyslipidaemia) — **Dyslipidaemia** is an abnormality of circulating lipids or lipoproteins (high LDL-C/apoB, high triglycerides, low HDL-C, or elevated lipop #### Respiratory (10) - [Acute Bronchitis](https://medvellum.com/topics/respiratory/acute-bronchitis) — **Acute bronchitis** is **acute inflammation of the trachea and large bronchi** producing a **self-limiting cough of up to three weeks**, ** - [Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis & Aspergillus Lung Disease](https://medvellum.com/topics/respiratory/abpa) — Current 2024 revised ISHAM approach to ABPA and ABPM: diagnosis, radiological and clinical classification, treatment response, prednisolone - [Aspiration Pneumonia & Pneumonitis](https://medvellum.com/topics/respiratory/aspiration-pneumonia) — Aspiration pneumonitis is acute chemical lung injury after macroaspiration; aspiration pneumonia is infection in a host who aspirates. Disti - [Asthma](https://medvellum.com/topics/respiratory/asthma) — Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease with variable and reversible airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and airway - [Bronchiectasis (non-CF)](https://medvellum.com/topics/respiratory/bronchiectasis) — **Bronchiectasis** is the **permanent, abnormal dilation of one or more bronchi** caused by destruction of the muscular and elastic wall com - [Chronic Cough](https://medvellum.com/topics/respiratory/chronic-cough) — **Chronic cough** is a cough lasting **more than 8 weeks** in an adult. After a **chest X-ray to exclude serious disease** (lung cancer, TB, - [Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)](https://medvellum.com/topics/respiratory/copd) — **COPD** is a **common, preventable and treatable** disease characterised by **persistent, progressive, not-fully-reversible airflow limitat - [Community-Acquired Pneumonia](https://medvellum.com/topics/respiratory/community-acquired-pneumonia) — Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is an acute infection of the lung parenchyma acquired outside hospital (or within the first 48 hours of a - [Cor Pulmonale](https://medvellum.com/topics/respiratory/cor-pulmonale) — **Cor pulmonale** is **right ventricular hypertrophy, dilatation and failure** caused by **lung disease** (NOT by a primary cardiac problem) - [Cystic Fibrosis](https://medvellum.com/topics/respiratory/cystic-fibrosis) — Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive multi-system disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in the CFTR gene on chromosome 7 ( #### Paediatrics (12) - [Acute Gastroenteritis in Children](https://medvellum.com/topics/paediatrics/acute-gastroenteritis-in-children) — **Acute gastroenteritis (AGE)** = inflammation of stomach and intestines causing **3 or more loose/watery stools in 24 hours** and/or vomiti - [Bronchiolitis](https://medvellum.com/topics/paediatrics/bronchiolitis) — Bronchiolitis is an acute viral lower respiratory tract infection of the small airways (bronchioles) in infants, typically under 2 years (pe - [Childhood Immunisation](https://medvellum.com/topics/paediatrics/childhood-immunisation) — **Childhood immunisation** prevents an estimated 2 to 3 million deaths per year worldwide. **Active** immunity (vaccine drives own antibody - [Childhood Leukaemia](https://medvellum.com/topics/paediatrics/childhood-leukaemia) — **Childhood leukaemia** is the most common childhood malignancy (30% of all childhood cancers). **Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL)** acco - [Congenital Heart Disease](https://medvellum.com/topics/paediatrics/congenital-heart-disease) — **Congenital heart disease (CHD)** = structural heart defect present at birth. Incidence: 8-9 per 1000 live births. **Classification**: acya - [Congenital Hypothyroidism](https://medvellum.com/topics/paediatrics/congenital-hypothyroidism) — **Congenital hypothyroidism (CH)** is **thyroid hormone deficiency present at birth**, resulting from abnormal thyroid gland development (** - [Croup](https://medvellum.com/topics/paediatrics/croup) — Croup (acute laryngotracheobronchitis) is the most common cause of acute upper airway obstruction in young children, peaking at 6 months to - [Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip](https://medvellum.com/topics/paediatrics/developmental-dysplasia-of-the-hip) — **Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH)** is a spectrum of hip joint abnormalities in the infant and child ranging from a **lax, dislocat - [Developmental Milestones](https://medvellum.com/topics/paediatrics/developmental-milestones) — **Developmental milestones** are age-specific functional skills achieved by children across four domains: gross motor, fine motor, language, - [Down Syndrome](https://medvellum.com/topics/paediatrics/down-syndrome) — **Down syndrome** is the commonest autosomal chromosomal abnormality in liveborn infants, caused by a full or partial extra copy of **chromo - [Failure to Thrive](https://medvellum.com/topics/paediatrics/failure-to-thrive) — **Failure to thrive (FTT)** = weight consistently below the 3rd centile or crossing 2 major centile lines downward. Preferred term: **falter - [Febrile Seizures](https://medvellum.com/topics/paediatrics/febrile-seizures) — **Febrile seizure** = a seizure accompanied by fever (over 38 C / 100.4 F) in a child **aged 6 months to 60 months (5 years)**, **without** #### Psychiatry (9) - [Adjustment Disorders & Grief](https://medvellum.com/topics/psychiatry/adjustment-and-grief-disorders) — **Adjustment disorders** are emotional or behavioural symptoms arising within 3 months of an identifiable stressor, disproportionate to the - [Anxiety and Panic Disorder](https://medvellum.com/topics/psychiatry/anxiety-and-panic-disorder) — **Anxiety disorders** are the **most prevalent** of all mental disorders. A **panic attack** is an abrupt surge of intense fear peaking with - [Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)](https://medvellum.com/topics/psychiatry/adhd) — **ADHD** is a **neurodevelopmental disorder** characterised by **persistent, pervasive, impairing inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivit - [Autism Spectrum Disorder](https://medvellum.com/topics/psychiatry/autism-spectrum-disorder) — **Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)** is a **neurodevelopmental disorder** defined in DSM-5 and ICD-11 by **persistent deficits in social commu - [Bipolar Affective Disorder](https://medvellum.com/topics/psychiatry/bipolar-affective-disorder) — **Bipolar affective disorder** is a **chronic, relapsing episodic mood disorder** defined by **one or more manic or hypomanic episodes**, us - [Child & Adolescent Psychiatry](https://medvellum.com/topics/psychiatry/child-and-adolescent-psychiatry) — **Child and adolescent psychiatry** covers mental disorders from birth to age 18, with every symptom assessed in **developmental context** a - [Depression](https://medvellum.com/topics/psychiatry/depression) — Major depressive disorder is a common, relapsing-remitting mood disorder defined by 5 or more SIGECAPS symptoms present most of the day, nea - [Eating Disorders](https://medvellum.com/topics/psychiatry/eating-disorders) — **Eating disorders** are **persistent disturbances in eating or eating-related behaviour** that impair physical health or psychosocial funct - [ECT and Brain Stimulation Therapies](https://medvellum.com/topics/psychiatry/ect-and-brain-stimulation) — A source-verified, jurisdiction-aware guide to selecting, consenting, delivering and following electroconvulsive therapy, with evidence and #### Rheumatology (9) - [Adult-Onset Still's Disease](https://medvellum.com/topics/rheumatology/adult-stills-disease) — **Adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD)** is a **rare systemic autoinflammatory disorder** (the adult counterpart of systemic juvenile idiopath - [ANCA-Associated Vasculitis (GPA, MPA & EGPA)](https://medvellum.com/topics/rheumatology/anca-associated-vasculitis) — **ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV)** comprises three **necrotising small-vessel vasculitides** associated with **anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic - [Ankylosing Spondylitis](https://medvellum.com/topics/rheumatology/ankylosing-spondylitis) — **Ankylosing spondylitis (AS)** is a chronic, progressive **inflammatory disease of the axial skeleton and entheses** — the prototype of the - [Behçet's Syndrome](https://medvellum.com/topics/rheumatology/behcet-syndrome) — **Behçet's syndrome** is a **relapsing-remitting multisystem vasculitis** (affects both arteries and veins of all sizes) classically defined - [Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease (CPPD / Pseudogout)](https://medvellum.com/topics/rheumatology/cppd-pseudogout) — **Calcium pyrophosphate deposition (CPPD) disease** is a **crystal-deposition arthritis** caused by **calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPP) - [Dermatomyositis & Polymyositis (Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies)](https://medvellum.com/topics/rheumatology/dermatomyositis-polymyositis) — **Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM)** are acquired **autoimmune muscle diseases** causing **symmetric, proximal muscle weakness** (di - [Fibromyalgia](https://medvellum.com/topics/rheumatology/fibromyalgia) — **Fibromyalgia** is a **chronic disorder of central pain processing (nociplastic pain)** causing **widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, - [Giant Cell Arteritis](https://medvellum.com/topics/rheumatology/giant-cell-arteritis) — Giant cell arteritis (GCA, temporal arteritis) is the most common primary vasculitis in adults over 50, affecting large and medium arteries - [Gout](https://medvellum.com/topics/rheumatology/gout) — **Gout** is a **crystal-deposition disease** caused by **monosodium urate (MSU) crystal** accumulation in joints and soft tissues, the end r #### Haematology (6) - [Anaemia](https://medvellum.com/topics/haematology/anaemia) — **Anaemia** (low Hb for age, sex and physiological state) is **not a diagnosis** but a **sign of disease**. The examinable skill is the **MC - [Anaemia of Chronic Disease (Anaemia of Inflammation)](https://medvellum.com/topics/haematology/anaemia-of-chronic-disease) — **Anaemia of chronic disease (anaemia of inflammation)** is the **commonest anaemia in hospitalised and chronically ill patients**. It arise - [Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS)](https://medvellum.com/topics/haematology/antiphospholipid-syndrome) — **Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS, Hughes syndrome)** is an **acquired autoimmune thrombophilia** defined by **persistent antiphospholipid an - [Asplenia and Post-Splenectomy Care](https://medvellum.com/topics/haematology/asplenia-post-splenectomy) — Asplenia (surgical, congenital, or functional from sickle cell) predisposes to overwhelming post-splenectomy infection (OPSI) from encapsula - [Coagulation Disorders (Haemophilia & von Willebrand)](https://medvellum.com/topics/haematology/coagulation-disorders) — **Haemophilia A** (factor VIII deficiency, X-linked recessive, *F8* gene, 1 in 5000 males) and **haemophilia B** (factor IX deficiency / Chr - [Febrile Neutropenia](https://medvellum.com/topics/haematology/febrile-neutropenia) — Febrile neutropenia is an oncologic emergency defined as an oral temperature over 38.3 degrees Celsius, or two consecutive readings over 38. #### emergency-toxicology (1) - [Anaphylaxis](https://medvellum.com/topics/emergency-toxicology/anaphylaxis) — Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening systemic hypersensitivity reaction that is rapid in onset (minutes to hours) and may cause death. #### Obstetrics & Gynaecology (4) - [Antepartum Haemorrhage](https://medvellum.com/topics/obstetrics-gynaecology/antepartum-haemorrhage) — **Antepartum haemorrhage (APH)** is **vaginal bleeding from the genital tract from 24 weeks of gestation until the birth of the baby**. The - [Cervical Cancer](https://medvellum.com/topics/obstetrics-gynaecology/cervical-cancer) — **Cervical cancer** arises at the cervical transformation zone from persistent infection with **high-risk HPV (16/18)**, whose E6 and E7 onc - [Ectopic Pregnancy](https://medvellum.com/topics/obstetrics-gynaecology/ectopic-pregnancy) — **Ectopic pregnancy** = implantation of a fertilized ovum **outside the uterine cavity**. About **95% are tubal** (ampulla 75%, isthmus 12%, - [Gestational Diabetes Mellitus](https://medvellum.com/topics/obstetrics-gynaecology/gestational-diabetes-mellitus) — A source-verified, region-aware guide to gestational diabetes: distinguish GDM from overt diabetes, keep WHO/IADPSG, ACOG and NICE pathways #### haematology (2) - [Aplastic Anaemia](https://medvellum.com/topics/haematology/aplastic-anaemia) — **Aplastic anaemia** is a life-threatening **bone marrow failure syndrome** defined by **pancytopenia** (anaemia + neutropenia + thrombocyto - [Chronic Leukaemia (CLL & CML)](https://medvellum.com/topics/haematology/chronic-leukaemia) — **Chronic leukaemia** encompasses two distinct indolent clonal marrow stem-cell disorders. **Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL)** is a **CD #### cardiology (1) - [Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy](https://medvellum.com/topics/cardiology/arrhythmogenic-cardiomyopathy) — **Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM)** is an **inherited heart-muscle disease** in which progressive **fibro-fatty replacement of ventricul #### Infectious Diseases (6) - [Bacterial Meningitis & Acute Meningoencephalitis](https://medvellum.com/topics/infectious-diseases/meningitis) — **Bacterial meningitis** is a **life-threatening medical emergency** — acute inflammation of the meninges and subarachnoid space, most often - [Candidiasis & Invasive Fungal Infection](https://medvellum.com/topics/infectious-diseases/candidiasis-invasive-fungal-infection) — **Candidiasis** is infection by *Candida* yeasts (commonly *C. albicans* and increasingly **non-albicans** species), spanning **mucocutaneou - [Cellulitis & Skin / Soft-Tissue Infection](https://medvellum.com/topics/infectious-diseases/cellulitis-skin-soft-tissue-infection) — **Cellulitis** is an **acute, spreading, non-suppurative infection of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue**, usually caused by **Streptococcu - [COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2)](https://medvellum.com/topics/infectious-diseases/covid-19) — **COVID-19** is the disease caused by the betacoronavirus **SARS-CoV-2**, declared a pandemic by the WHO in March 2020. The **S1 subunit of - [Dengue & Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever](https://medvellum.com/topics/infectious-diseases/dengue) — **Dengue** is an acute mosquito-borne **flaviviral** illness caused by **four antigenically distinct serotypes (DENV-1 to DENV-4)**, transmi - [Gonorrhoea & Chlamydia (Urogenital STIs)](https://medvellum.com/topics/infectious-diseases/gonorrhoea-and-chlamydia) — **Gonorrhoea** (*Neisseria gonorrhoeae*) and **chlamydia** (*Chlamydia trachomatis* serovars D-K) are the **commonest bacterial sexually tra #### Emergency & Toxicology (3) - [Beta-Blocker & Calcium-Channel Blocker Overdose](https://medvellum.com/topics/emergency-toxicology/beta-blocker-ccb-overdose) — **Beta-blocker (BB)** and **calcium-channel blocker (CCB)** overdoses are **two of the most lethal prescription drug poisonings** and are ta - [Digoxin Toxicity](https://medvellum.com/topics/emergency-toxicology/digoxin-toxicity) — **Digoxin toxicity** results from excess of the cardiac glycoside digoxin (used for **rate control in atrial fibrillation** and as an **adju - [Drowning](https://medvellum.com/topics/emergency-toxicology/drowning) — **Drowning** is defined by the WHO as **the process of experiencing respiratory impairment from submersion or immersion in liquid**; outcome #### Neurology (5) - [Brain Tumours](https://medvellum.com/topics/neurology/brain-tumours) — **Brain tumours** are intracranial neoplasms — primary (arising from glia, meninges, cranial nerves, pituitary or germ cells) or secondary ( - [CNS Infections — Meningitis, Encephalitis, Brain Abscess, TB, Cryptococcal, Neurocysticercosis](https://medvellum.com/topics/neurology/cns-infections) — **CNS infections** span the meninges (meningitis), brain parenchyma (encephalitis, abscess), or both (meningoencephalitis). **Acute bacteria - [Concussion & Traumatic Brain Injury](https://medvellum.com/topics/neurology/concussion-and-traumatic-brain-injury) — **Traumatic brain injury (TBI)** is a disruption of brain function from external mechanical force, graded by the **Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)* - [Delirium](https://medvellum.com/topics/neurology/delirium) — **Delirium** is an **acute, fluctuating disturbance of attention and awareness** caused by a medical condition, substance intoxication or wi - [Guillain-Barré Syndrome](https://medvellum.com/topics/neurology/guillain-barre-syndrome) — **Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS)** is an **acute, monophasic, immune-mediated polyradiculoneuropathy** producing **symmetric, ascending flacc #### Emergency Medicine (1) - [Carbon Monoxide Poisoning](https://medvellum.com/topics/emergency-toxicology/carbon-monoxide-poisoning) — **Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning** is a leading cause of unintentional poisoning deaths worldwide — a colourless, odourless, tasteless gas p #### Obstetrics and Gynaecology (2) - [Contraception](https://medvellum.com/topics/obstetrics-gynaecology/contraception) — Contraception methods span hormonal (combined oral contraceptive pill, progestogen-only pill, implant, injectable, hormonal intrauterine sys - [Endometrial Cancer](https://medvellum.com/topics/obstetrics-gynaecology/endometrial-cancer) — **Endometrial cancer** is the most common gynaecological malignancy in developed countries and the sixth most common cancer in women. Around #### obstetrics-gynaecology (1) - [Endometriosis](https://medvellum.com/topics/obstetrics-gynaecology/endometriosis) — **Endometriosis** is the presence of **functional endometrial glands and stroma outside the uterine cavity**, producing a chronic, oestrogen _(capped at 200; see format index for the full set)_ ## Dermatology Hub: https://medvellum.com/s/dermatology FRCDerm / ABD / MRCP SCE: skin, hair, nails, and surface clues to systemic disease. ### Topics - [Acanthosis nigricans](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/acanthosis-nigricans) — Acanthosis nigricans (AN) = hyperpigmented, **velvety, thickened skin** in **flexural areas** (axillae, neck, groin, umbilicus). Most common - [Acne fulminans](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/acne-fulminans) — Acne fulminans is the most severe form of acne, characterised by sudden onset of large, painful, ulcerative nodules with necrotic haemorrhag - [Acne keloidalis nuchae (folliculitis keloidalis nuchae)](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/acne-keloidalis-nuchae) — Acne keloidalis nuchae (AKN) is a chronic scarring folliculitis of the nape of the neck and lower occipital scalp that produces firm keloida - [Acne vulgaris](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/acne-vulgaris) — Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous unit driven by follicular hyperkeratinisation, sebum overproduction, Cu - [Actinic keratosis](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/actinic-keratosis) — Actinic keratosis (AK, solar keratosis) is the commonest premalignant skin lesion — an intraepidermal keratinocyte dysplasia arising on chro - [Albinism](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/albinism) — Albinism is a group of inherited disorders of melanin synthesis or melanosome biogenesis causing congenital hypopigmentation of skin, hair, - [Alopecia & Hair Disorders](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/alopecia-and-hair-disorders) — **Hair loss (alopecia)** is the single most psychologically charged dermatological presentation. The pivotal skill is the **scarring vs non- - [Alopecia areata](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/alopecia-areata) — Alopecia areata is an organ-specific autoimmune disease directed against anagen hair follicles, producing non-scarring hair loss that ranges - [ANCA-associated vasculitis](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/anca-associated-vasculitis) — ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) comprises three necrotising small-to-medium vessel vasculitides: GPA (granulomatosis with polyangiitis — PR - [Androgenetic alopecia](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/androgenetic-alopecia) — Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is the commonest cause of hair loss in both sexes, driven by **dihydrotestosterone (DHT)**-mediated progressive - [Angular cheilitis (perleche)](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/angular-cheilitis) — Angular cheilitis is an inflammatory condition characterised by painful, erythematous, fissured lesions at the angles (commissures) of the m - [Antihistamines and itch](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/antihistamines-itch) — H1 antihistamines are first-line pharmacotherapy for histamine-mediated pruritus (urticaria, angioedema, insect bites, allergic rhinitis). T - [Antimicrobials in dermatology](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/antimicrobials-skin) — Comprehensive pharmacology guide to topical and systemic antimicrobials used in dermatology. TOPICAL ANTIBACTERIALS: mupirocin 2% (Staph, na - [Aphthous ulcers](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/aphthous-ulcers) — Recurrent aphthous stomatitis is a clinical diagnosis of painful recurrent round or oval ulcers on non-keratinized oral mucosa, classified a - [Atopic dermatitis](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/atopic-dermatitis) — Atopic dermatitis is a chronic, relapsing, inflammatory skin disease driven by skin-barrier dysfunction and type 2 inflammation. Fellowship- - [Atopic dermatitis in infancy](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/atopic-dermatitis-infancy) — Atopic dermatitis in infancy is a chronic itchy inflammatory dermatosis with facial, scalp and extensor predominance driven by barrier failu - [Atypical (nontuberculous) mycobacterial infections](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/atypical-mycobacteria) — Atypical (nontuberculous, NTM) mycobacteria are environmental organisms (water, soil) causing cutaneous and soft-tissue infections — usually - [Atypical / Dysplastic Naevus](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/atypical-dysplastic-naevus) — An atypical (dysplastic) naevus is a benign melanocytic naevus with clinical features of irregularity (asymmetry, border irregularity, colou - [Basal cell carcinoma](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/basal-cell-carcinoma) — Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the commonest human malignancy — a tumour of basal epidermal keratinocytes driven by aberrant Hedgehog signall - [Becker's naevus](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/beckers-naevus) — Becker's naevus is a benign, androgen-dependent hamartoma of skin presenting as a large, unilateral, light-brown to dark-brown patch with ov - [Behçet's disease](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/behcet-disease) — Behçet's disease = a relapsing-remitting multisystem VASCULITIS (affecting both veins AND arteries of all sizes — a 'variable-vessel' vascul - [Benign Skin Lesions](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/benign-skin-lesions) — **Benign skin lesions** are the most common tumours in medicine. The high-yield catalogue: **seborrhoeic keratosis** ('stuck-on' waxy brown - [Biologics and small molecules in dermatology](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/biologics-small-molecules) — Biologic therapies (monoclonal antibodies / fusion proteins targeting specific cytokines) and small-molecule inhibitors (JAK, PDE4, TYK2, S1 - [Blue naevus and dermal melanocytosis](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/blue-naevus) — A blue naevus is a benign melanocytic lesion built from heavily pigmented, dendritic and spindled DERMAL melanocytes in the reticular dermis - [Bullous pemphigoid](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/bullous-pemphigoid) — Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is the commonest autoimmune blistering disease, predominantly affecting the elderly, caused by IgG (and IgE) autoant - [Burns & Thermal Injury](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/burns-and-thermal-injury) — **Burns** are **skin and deeper-tissue injuries caused by thermal, chemical, electrical or radiation energy**, classified by **depth** (**fi - [Café-au-lait macules and neurofibromatosis type 1](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/cafe-au-lait-nf1) — **Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)** is an autosomal dominant neurocutaneous disorder caused by mutations in the NF1 gene on chromosome 17, ch - [Calciphylaxis (calcific uraemic arteriolopathy)](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/calciphylaxis) — Calciphylaxis (calcific uraemic arteriolopathy, CUA) is a **rare, life-threatening vasculopathy** of the small cutaneous arterioles and venu - [Candidiasis](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/candidiasis) — Candidiasis is a yeast infection caused predominantly by Candida albicans and increasingly by non-albicans species (C. glabrata, C. tropical - [Cellulitis and erysipelas](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/cellulitis-erysipelas) — Cellulitis and erysipelas are acute, non-necrotising bacterial infections of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue (cellulitis) or the upper de - [Cicatricial alopecia](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/cicatricial-alopecia) — Cicatricial (scarring) alopecia is a group of disorders in which hair follicles are destroyed and replaced by fibrous tissue, producing perm - [Congenital melanocytic naevus](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/congenital-melanocytic-naevus) — A congenital melanocytic naevus (CMN) is a melanocytic naevus present at birth or within the first weeks of life, caused by a postzygotic mo - [Contact dermatitis](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/contact-dermatitis) — Contact dermatitis is an eczematous reaction of the skin to exogenous agents, divided into irritant (ICD, cytotoxic barrier injury) and alle - [Cryoglobulinaemia](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/cryoglobulinaemia) — Cryoglobulinaemia is the presence of immunoglobulins that precipitate below 37°C and redissolve on warming. Type I is predominantly a monocl - [Cryotherapy](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/cryotherapy) — Cryotherapy (cryosurgery) uses **liquid nitrogen at -196 C** to destroy cutaneous lesions by controlled freezing through repeated **freeze-t - [Cutaneous larva migrans (creeping eruption)](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/cutaneous-larva-migrans) — Cutaneous larva migrans (CLM), also known as creeping eruption, is the most common tropically acquired dermatosis in returned travellers, ca - [Cutaneous lupus erythematosus](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/cutaneous-lupus-erythematosus) — Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) encompasses all skin manifestations of lupus erythematosus, classified by the 2018 Düsseldorf system int - [Cutaneous markers of systemic disease](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/cutaneous-markers-systemic-disease) — Cutaneous signs that signal underlying systemic disease, organised by organ system. ENDOCRINE: **acanthosis nigricans** (insulin resistance, - [Cutaneous melanoma](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/melanoma) — Cutaneous melanoma is a malignant tumour of melanocytes driven predominantly by UV-induced oncogenic mutations in the MAPK and PI3K pathways - [Cutaneous small vessel vasculitis](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/cutaneous-small-vessel-vasculitis) — Cutaneous small vessel vasculitis (CSVV), also called leukocytoclastic vasculitis (LCV), is an inflammatory disorder of the post-capillary v - [Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/squamous-cell-carcinoma) — Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a malignant tumour of epidermal keratinocytes arising on a background of chronic ultraviolet dama - [Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma) — Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) is a heterogeneous group of extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphomas of skin-homing mature T cells, dominated by ** - [Cutaneous tuberculosis](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/cutaneous-tb) — Cutaneous tuberculosis is infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue by *Mycobacterium tuberculosis* (rarely *M. bovis*). It is classifie - [Dermatitis herpetiformis](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/dermatitis-herpetiformis) — Exam-focused dermatitis herpetiformis: presentation, correctly sited biopsy, TG3 pathogenesis, coeliac assessment, gluten-free diet, and saf - [Dermatofibroma](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/dermatofibroma) — Dermatofibroma (DF; benign fibrous histiocytoma of the skin) is a common benign dermal tumour of fibroblast-like and histiocyte-like (fibroh - [Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/dermatofibrosarcoma-protuberans) — Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a low-to-intermediate grade malignant fibroblastic tumour of skin, a cutaneous sarcoma of dermal f - [Dermatological emergencies](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/dermatological-emergencies) — Dermatological emergencies are acute skin eruptions in which delayed recognition causes death or permanent disability. The catalogue spans ( - [Dermatology in HIV](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/dermatology-hiv) — Cutaneous disease affects more than 90 percent of people living with HIV and is often the first clinical clue to infection. The skin manifes - [Dermatology in pregnancy](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/dermatology-in-pregnancy) — Exam-exhaustive MBBS guide to physiologic skin changes in pregnancy, atopic eruption of pregnancy, polymorphic eruption of pregnancy/PUPPP, - [Dermatomyositis](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/dermatomyositis) — Dermatomyositis (DM) is an autoimmune idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM) characterised by pathognomonic cutaneous signs (Gottron papules - [Dermoscopy and image-based diagnosis](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/dermoscopy-image-diagnosis) — Board-level application module for dermoscopy as image-based diagnosis: two-step algorithm, chaos-and-clues pattern analysis, vascular morph - [Dermoscopy: principles and patterns](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/dermoscopy-principles) — Dermoscopy (dermatoscopy, epiluminescence microscopy) is in-vivo 10x magnified skin-surface microscopy using a handheld contact dermatoscope - [Dissecting cellulitis of the scalp (perifolliculitis capitis)](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/dissecting-cellulitis) — Dissecting cellulitis of the scalp (DCS) is a chronic, progressive, suppurative follicular disorder producing painful boggy nodules, abscess - [Drug eruptions](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/drug-eruptions) — Cutaneous adverse drug reactions (cADR) range from the common morbilliform exanthem (90%) to life-threatening severe cutaneous adverse react - [Drug-induced skin disease](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/drug-induced-skin-disease) — Cutaneous adverse drug reactions (CADRs) range from mild (exanthematous maculopapular rash, urticaria, fixed drug eruption) to life-threaten - [Ear and nose dermatoses](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/ear-and-nose-dermatoses) — Multi-board ear and nose special-site dermatology: chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis as a pressure–ischaemia helix nodule, relapsing polyc - [Electrosurgery and curettage](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/electrosurgery-curettage) — Electrosurgery uses high-frequency alternating current to desiccate, fulgurate, coagulate, or cut skin. Curettage shears friable tumour from - [Eosinophilic folliculitis](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/eosinophilic-folliculitis) — Eosinophilic folliculitis is a chronic, intensely pruritic follicular disorder defined histologically by an eosinophil-rich infiltrate withi - [Epidermal naevus and naevus sebaceous](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/epidermal-naevus-naevus-sebaceous) — Epidermal naevi are congenital hamartomas of keratinocytes or epidermal appendages that follow Blaschko lines, reflecting postzygotic somati - [Epidermolysis Bullosa](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/epidermolysis-bullosa) — Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a group of inherited mechanobullous disorders caused by mutations in structural proteins of the skin and mucos - [Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/epidermolysis-bullosa-acquisita) — Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) is an acquired autoimmune subepidermal blistering disease caused by IgG autoantibodies against type VI - [Erythema ab igne](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/erythema-ab-igne) — Erythema ab igne (EAI, toasted skin syndrome) is a localised cutaneous reaction caused by chronic, repeated exposure to moderate heat — insu - [Erythema annulare centrifugum (EAC)](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/erythema-annulare-centrifugum) — Erythema annulare centrifugum (EAC) is a figurate (annular or polycyclic) erythema characterised by slowly expanding, erythematous rings wit - [Erythema multiforme](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/erythema-multiforme) — Erythema multiforme is an acute immune-mediated eruption recognised by raised acral target lesions. It is clinically distinct from SJS/TEN; - [Erythema nodosum](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/erythema-nodosum) — Erythema nodosum (EN) is an acute **septal panniculitis** — the commonest panniculitis. Clinical: **bilateral, symmetric, tender, erythemato - [Erythrasma](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/erythrasma) — Erythrasma is a chronic, superficial bacterial infection of intertriginous skin caused by Corynebacterium minutissimum (reclassified by some - [Excision margins and elliptical excision](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/excision-margins) — Elliptical (fusiform) excision removes a lesion with a planned clinical margin and closes primarily along relaxed skin tension lines, classi - [Folliculitis decalvans](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/folliculitis-decalvans) — Folliculitis decalvans (Quinquaud disease) is a chronic, relapsing, PRIMARY NEUTROPHILIC cicatricial (scarring) alopecia of the scalp, defin - [Folliculitis, furuncle and carbuncle](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/folliculitis-furuncle-carbuncle) — Folliculitis, furuncles, and carbuncles are a spectrum of staphylococcal (and occasionally other) infections of the hair follicle, progressi - [Fox-Fordyce disease (apocrine miliaria)](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/fox-fordyce-disease) — Fox-Fordyce disease (apocrine miliaria) is a chronic, intensely pruritic papular dermatosis of apocrine gland-bearing skin — the axillae, an - [Frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA)](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/frontal-fibrosing-alopecia) — Frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA) is a primary lymphocytic scarring (cicatricial) alopecia characterised by progressive, symmetric recession - [Genodermatoses overview](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/genodermatoses-overview) — Genodermatoses are inherited disorders with primary cutaneous phenotypes caused by germline mutations affecting barrier function, dermal-epi - [Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) — cutaneous manifestations](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/graft-versus-host-disease) — Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a multisystem complication of allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in which donor - [Granuloma annulare](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/granuloma-annulare) — Granuloma annulare (GA) is a benign, usually self-limiting granulomatous dermatosis. Histology: **palisading granulomas** with central **nec - [Grover's disease (transient acantholytic dermatosis)](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/grovers-disease) — Grover's disease (transient acantholytic dermatosis, TAD) is an acquired, usually self-limiting, intensely pruritic papulovesicular eruption - [Halo naevus (Sutton's naevus)](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/halo-naevus) — Halo naevus (Sutton's naevus, leucoderma acquisitum centrifugum) is a benign acquired melanocytic naevus surrounded by a symmetric, well-dem - [Herpes simplex](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/herpes-simplex) — Herpes simplex virus (HSV) causes lifelong mucocutaneous infection through HSV-1 (predominantly orolabial, increasingly genital) and HSV-2 ( - [Herpes zoster](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/herpes-zoster) — Herpes zoster (shingles) results from reactivation of latent varicella-zoster virus (VZV) in a dorsal root or cranial-nerve ganglion, produc - [Hidradenitis suppurativa](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/hidradenitis-suppurativa) — Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS, acne inversa, Verneuil disease) is a chronic, relapsing, immune-mediated inflammatory disease of the folliculo - [Hirsutism and hypertrichosis](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/hirsutism-hypertrichosis) — Hirsutism is androgen-dependent terminal hair growth in a woman in a male-pattern distribution; hypertrichosis is androgen-independent exces - [Hyperhidrosis](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/hyperhidrosis) — Hyperhidrosis is sweating beyond the physiological requirement for thermoregulation. It is divided into **primary focal** (idiopathic, bilat - [Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/hypohidrotic-ectodermal-dysplasia) — Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia is a genetically heterogeneous developmental disorder recognised by variable hypohidrosis, hypotrichosis a - [Ichthyosis vulgaris, X-linked ichthyosis, and congenital ichthyoses](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/ichthyosis) — Ichthyosis vulgaris (IV, 1:250) is the commonest inherited ichthyosis, an autosomal semidominant condition caused by filaggrin (FLG) loss-of - [IgA vasculitis (Henoch-Schönlein purpura)](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/iga-vasculitis) — IgA vasculitis is an IgA1 immune-complex small-vessel leukocytoclastic vasculitis, classically presenting with lower-limb palpable purpura, - [Impetigo](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/impetigo) — Impetigo is a highly contagious superficial bacterial skin infection, most common in children, caused predominantly by Staphylococcus aureus - [Incontinentia Pigmenti](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/incontinentia-pigmenti) — Incontinentia pigmenti (IP; Bloch-Sulzberger syndrome) is an X-linked dominant genodermatosis caused by mutation in the IKBKG/NEMO gene (Xq2 - [Infantile haemangioma](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/infantile-haemangioma) — Infantile haemangioma (IH) is the most common TUMOUR of infancy — a benign vascular neoplasm (GLUT1-positive) that undergoes a characteristi - [Infantile seborrhoeic dermatitis / cradle cap](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/infantile-seborrhoeic-dermatitis) — Infantile seborrhoeic dermatitis (cradle cap) is a common early-life inflammatory dermatosis of sebum-rich sites with greasy yellow scale, m - [Inflammatory dermatopathology patterns](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/inflammatory-dermatopathology) — Board-level pattern-based approach to inflammatory skin disease histopathology. Covers Ackerman-style algorithmic diagnosis, major reaction - [Ingrown toenail](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/ingrown-toenail) — Onychocryptosis (ingrown toenail) is mechanical penetration of the nail plate into the lateral nail fold producing inflammation, secondary i - [Intertrigo](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/intertrigo) — Intertrigo is a common inflammatory dermatosis of opposed skin surfaces (skin folds) caused by the triad of moisture, friction, and warmth, - [Intralesional therapy](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/intralesional-therapy) — Intralesional therapy delivers a drug depot directly into skin lesions. Triamcinolone acetonide (TAC) is the workhorse for keloids, hypertro - [Kaposi sarcoma](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/kaposi-sarcoma) — Kaposi sarcoma (KS) = a **vascular tumour of lymphatic endothelial origin** caused by **human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8 / KSHV)**. Presents as ** - [Keloid and Hypertrophic Scar](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/keloid-hypertrophic-scar) — Keloids extend beyond the original wound; hypertrophic scars remain within it. Diagnosis is usually clinical, atypical lesions need histolog - [Keloids & Hypertrophic Scars](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/keloids-and-hypertrophic-scars) — **Keloids** and **hypertrophic scars** are **fibroproliferative disorders of wound healing** characterised by **excessive collagen depositio - [Keratinocytic pathology (BCC, SCC, actinic keratosis)](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/keratinocytic-pathology) — Board-level dermatopathology leaf on keratinocytic neoplasia: actinic keratosis and field cancerization, SCC in situ (Bowen), invasive cutan - [Langerhans cell histiocytosis](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/langerhans-cell-histiocytosis) — Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a clonal neoplastic proliferation of abnormal **Langerhans cells** (myeloid dendritic cells). Classif - [Laser therapies](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/laser-therapies) — Laser therapies in dermatology rest on **selective photothermolysis** (Anderson and Parrish, 1983): a monochromatic, coherent beam at a wave - [Leishmaniasis (cutaneous)](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/leishmaniasis) — Leishmaniasis is a protozoal parasitic disease caused by Leishmania species (kinetoplastid flagellates) transmitted by the female phlebotomi - [Leprosy (Hansen disease)](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/leprosy) — Leprosy (Hansen disease) is a chronic mycobacterial infection by Mycobacterium leprae (and M. lepromatosis) with tropism for skin and periph - [Lichen planus](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/lichen-planus) — Lichen planus is a chronic, immune-mediated, mucocutaneous interface dermatitis that affects skin, hair, nails and mucous membranes. Fellows - [Lichen sclerosus](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/lichen-sclerosus) — Lichen sclerosus (LS) is a chronic inflammatory dermatosis producing atrophy and sclerosis of the skin — predominantly anogenital (vulva, gl - [Linear IgA bullous dermatosis](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/linear-iga-bullous-dermatosis) — Linear IgA bullous dermatosis (LABD) is an autoimmune subepidermal blistering disorder defined by LINEAR deposition of IgA along the basemen - [Local anaesthesia in dermatology](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/local-anaesthesia-dermatology) — Board-level module on local anaesthesia for office dermatologic procedures: amide vs ester classification, lidocaine ± epinephrine pharmacol - [Lyme disease and erythema migrans](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/lyme-erythema-migrans) — Lyme disease (Lyme borreliosis) is a tick-borne spirochaetal infection by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, whose dermatological hallmark is - [Lymphoid and histiocytic infiltrates](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/lymphoid-and-histiocytic-infiltrates) — Pattern-based dermatopathology of lymphoid and histiocytic infiltrates of skin: reactive cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia (pseudolymphoma) ver - [Mastocytosis (cutaneous and systemic) — urticaria pigmentosa](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/mastocytosis) — Mastocytosis is a clonal neoplastic proliferation of mast cells affecting the skin (cutaneous) and/or internal organs (systemic). The hallma - [Melanocytic naevi](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/melanocytic-naevi) — Melanocytic naevi (moles) are benign proliferations of melanocytes (naevus cells), classified as acquired (junctional, compound, intradermal - [Melanocytic pathology (naevus vs melanoma)](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/melanocytic-pathology) — Board-level dermatopathology leaf on distinguishing benign melanocytic naevi from melanoma and intermediate lesions. Covers biopsy strategy - [Melanoma & Skin Cancer](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/melanoma-and-skin-cancer) — **Skin cancer** is the commonest malignancy worldwide and splits into **melanoma** (aggressive melanocytic cancer with high metastatic poten - [Melasma](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/melasma) — Melasma is an acquired, bilateral, symmetrical hyperpigmentation of sun-exposed facial skin, classically affecting women with Fitzpatrick II - [Meningococcaemia](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/meningococcaemia) — Meningococcaemia = *Neisseria meningitidis* septicaemia presenting with **petechial/purpuric non-blanching rash + fever ± meningitis**. Rapi - [Merkel cell carcinoma](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/merkel-cell-carcinoma) — Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin. Clinical AEIOU criteria: Asymptomatic (painless), Expandi - [Miliaria / heat rash](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/miliaria) — Miliaria is a common, self-limiting disorder of eccrine sweat gland obstruction in which retained sweat leaks into the surrounding tissue at - [Mohs micrographic surgery](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/mohs-surgery) — Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) is the microscopically controlled, tissue-sparing surgical excision of skin cancer in which the operating su - [Molluscum contagiosum](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/molluscum-contagiosum) — Molluscum contagiosum (MC) is a common, self-limiting cutaneous infection caused by the molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV), a member of the P - [Mongolian spot / congenital dermal melanocytosis](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/mongolian-spot) — Multi-board congenital dermal melanocytosis (historical Mongolian spot): sacral blue-grey macule present at birth, dermal melanocyte arrest - [Morphea (localized scleroderma)](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/morphea) — Morphea (localized scleroderma) is a fibrosing inflammatory disorder confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue WITHOUT internal organ inv - [Nail disorders](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/nail-disorders) — Comprehensive nail disorders reference for MBBS/board exam: **Onychomycosis** (tinea unguium — confirm with KOH/PCR before oral antifungal; - [Nappy dermatitis (diaper dermatitis)](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/nappy-dermatitis) — Nappy dermatitis is an irritant contact dermatitis of the nappy area from prolonged contact with urine and faeces (ammonia, faecal enzymes, - [Necrobiosis lipoidica](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/necrobiosis-lipoidica) — Necrobiosis lipoidica is a chronic granulomatous dermatosis of collagen degeneration, classically producing yellow-brown atrophic telangiect - [Necrotising fasciitis](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/necrotising-fasciitis) — Necrotising fasciitis is a rapidly progressive, life-threatening necrotising infection of the deep fascia and subcutaneous tissue that const - [Nutrition and the skin](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/nutrition-skin) — Micronutrient deficiency produces a characteristic cutaneous signature for almost every essential vitamin and trace element. This topic cove - [Orofacial granulomatosis and Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/orofacial-granulomatosis) — Orofacial granulomatosis (OFG) is a chronic, non-caseating granulomatous inflammatory disorder of the orofacial soft tissues that presents w - [Paediatric rashes and exanthems](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/paediatric-rashes-exanthems) — Paediatric rashes and exanthems are fever-associated childhood eruptions spanning the classic numbered viral exanthems (measles, rubella, er - [Paronychia](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/paronychia) — Paronychia is inflammation or infection of the nail fold after the protective nail barrier (cuticle) is breached. ACUTE paronychia (under 6 - [Patch testing and contact dermatitis work-up](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/patch-testing) — Board-level module on diagnostic patch testing: gold-standard investigation for allergic contact dermatitis. Covers ESCD best-practice techn - [Pediculosis](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/pediculosis) — Pediculosis is infestation by sucking lice: Pediculus humanus capitis (head louse), Pediculus humanus humanus (body louse), and Phthirus pub - [Pellagra (niacin/vitamin B3 deficiency)](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/pellagra) — Pellagra is a systemic disease caused by deficiency of niacin (vitamin B3) or its amino acid precursor tryptophan, classically presenting wi - [Pemphigus foliaceus and paraneoplastic pemphigus](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/pemphigus-foliaceus-paraneoplastic) — Pemphigus foliaceus is a superficial autoimmune blistering disease from IgG anti-desmoglein 1 antibodies producing subcorneal/subgranular ac - [Pemphigus vulgaris](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/pemphigus-vulgaris) — Pemphigus vulgaris is a potentially life-threatening autoimmune mucocutaneous blistering disease caused by pathogenic IgG4 autoantibodies ag - [Pemphigus Vulgaris & Bullous Pemphigoid](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/pemphigus-and-pemphigoid) — **Pemphigus vulgaris (PV)** and **bullous pemphigoid (BP)** are the two archetype **autoimmune blistering diseases** of the skin and mucosa, - [Penile dermatoses](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/penile-dermatoses) — Multi-board penile dermatoses overview: balanitis/balanoposthitis definitions, circumcision status as the pivotal exposure, male genital lic - [Perianal dermatoses](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/perianal-dermatoses) — Multi-board perianal dermatoses atlas: pruritus ani as a symptom not a diagnosis, inflammatory (lichen sclerosus, inverse psoriasis, contact - [Periorificial dermatitis](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/periorificial-dermatitis) — Periorificial (perioral) dermatitis is a common inflammatory facial eruption of grouped **erythematous micropapules and papulopustules** clu - [Photosensitivity / Photodermatoses](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/photosensitivity) — Photosensitivity disorders are cutaneous reactions to ultraviolet and visible radiation, spanning idiopathic photodermatoses (polymorphic li - [Phototherapy](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/phototherapy) — Phototherapy is the therapeutic use of non-ionising ultraviolet (UV) radiation, alone or with a photosensitising psoralen, to treat inflamma - [Pilomatricoma (pilomatrixoma)](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/pilomatricoma) — Pilomatricoma is the commonest benign skin appendage tumour of hair-matrix (matrical) cells, presenting as a firm, stony-hard, calcified, de - [Pityriasis rosea](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/pityriasis-rosea) — Pityriasis rosea is an acute, self-limiting papulosquamous eruption of probable herpesviral aetiology (HHV-6/7 reactivation), characterised - [Pityriasis versicolor](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/pityriasis-versicolor) — Pityriasis versicolor is a common superficial fungal infection caused by Malassezia yeasts, presenting with scaly hypopigmented or hyperpigm - [Pityrosporum (Malassezia) and associated skin diseases](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/pityrosporum-malassezia) — *Malassezia* species are lipophilic, lipid-dependent basidiomycetous yeasts of the normal cutaneous mycobiome that become pathogenic when he - [Porokeratosis](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/porokeratosis) — Porokeratosis is a clonal disorder of epidermal keratinisation, defined histologically by the PATHOGNOMONIC CORONOID LAMELLA — a vertical co - [Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT)](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/porphyria-cutanea-tarda) — Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) is the most common type of porphyria, caused by reduced activity of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (UROD) in t - [Port-wine stain](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/port-wine-stain) — A port-wine birthmark is a congenital capillary malformation: a flat pink-red patch present at birth that persists and may darken or thicken - [Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/post-inflammatory-hyperpigmentation) — Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation is acquired epidermal, dermal or mixed melanin excess after cutaneous inflammation or injury. Diagnosis - [Pruritus without rash](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/pruritus-without-rash) — Pruritus without rash (generalised pruritus sine materia) is itch lasting >6 weeks without primary skin lesions — only secondary excoriation - [Pseudofolliculitis barbae (razor bumps)](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/pseudofolliculitis-barbae) — Pseudofolliculitis barbae (PFB, razor bumps) is a chronic, recurrent inflammatory disorder of hair-bearing skin caused by ingrown hairs — a - [Psoriasis](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/psoriasis) — Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory disease driven by IL-23/Th17 signalling, with skin, nail, and joint manifestations and - [Psychodermatology](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/psychodermatology) — Psychodermatology = the interface between dermatology and psychiatry. Three categories: (1) **Psychophysiological** — skin disease worsened - [Pyoderma gangrenosum](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/pyoderma-gangrenosum) — Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is a rare, sterile, autoinflammatory NEUTROPHILIC DERMATOSIS presenting as rapidly enlarging, deeply PAINFUL skin - [Relapsing polychondritis](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/relapsing-polychondritis) — Relapsing polychondritis is a rare immune-mediated inflammatory syndrome affecting cartilage, especially the ears, nose and laryngotracheobr - [Rosacea](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/rosacea) — Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory facial dermatosis characterised by centrofacial erythema, flushing, papules, pustules, telangiectasia and, - [Sarcoidosis](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/sarcoidosis) — Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease of unknown cause characterised by **non-caseating ('naked') granulomas** in multiple orga - [Scabies](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/scabies) — Scabies is an infestation of the skin by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis, transmitted by skin-to-skin contact, producing intense noc - [Sclerotherapy for vascular lesions](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/sclerotherapy-for-vascular-lesions) — Board-level procedural leaf on sclerotherapy for dermatologic vascular targets: telangiectasia, reticular veins, selected tributaries after - [Scurvy (vitamin C deficiency)](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/scurvy) — Scurvy is caused by deficiency of vitamin C (ascorbic acid), an essential cofactor for collagen synthesis. Clinical features: follicular hyp - [Sebaceous hyperplasia](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/sebaceous-hyperplasia) — Sebaceous hyperplasia is a common, benign, age-related proliferation of mature sebaceous glands presenting as small (2–9 mm), soft, yellowis - [Seborrhoeic Dermatitis](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/seborrhoeic-dermatitis) — Seborrhoeic dermatitis is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory dermatosis of sebaceous-rich skin driven by interplay between Malassezia yeast, - [Seborrhoeic keratosis](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/seborrhoeic-keratosis) — Seborrhoeic keratosis (SK, basal cell papilloma, senile wart) = the most common benign epidermal tumour — the 'barnacles of ageing'. Well-de - [Sézary syndrome](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/sezary-syndrome) — Sézary syndrome (SS) is the aggressive leukaemic variant of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma defined by the triad of erythroderma, lymphadenopathy - [Skin biopsy](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/skin-biopsy) — Skin biopsy is the diagnostic removal of a sample of living skin so it can be examined under the microscope. Five techniques cover almost ev - [Skin biopsy techniques (shave, punch, excisional, incisional)](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/skin-biopsy-techniques) — Board-level procedural module on choosing and performing skin biopsy: shave/saucerisation, punch, incisional and excisional ellipses; site s - [Skin cancer staging and management algorithms](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/skin-cancer-staging) — Board-level synthesis of how cutaneous melanoma, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) are staged or risk- - [Skin flaps and grafts (basics)](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/skin-flaps-grafts) — Basics of cutaneous reconstruction after excision or Mohs surgery: reconstructive ladder; secondary intention and primary closure; random ve - [Solar lentigo](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/solar-lentigo) — Solar lentigo = benign acquired pigmented macule from chronic UV-induced melanocyte proliferation. **Uniform light-brown flat macule** on ** - [Special stains and immunofluorescence in dermatopathology](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/special-stains-and-immunofluorescence-in-dermatopathology) — Practical dermatopathology toolkit for special histochemical stains (PAS, GMS, AFB/Fite, VVG, Congo red, Fontana-Masson, mucin stains) and i - [Spitz naevus (spindle and epithelioid cell naevus)](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/spitz-naevus) — Spitz naevus is a benign acquired melanocytic naevus of childhood and adolescence composed of large spindled and epithelioid melanocytes, pr - [Stevens-Johnson Syndrome & Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/stevens-johnson-syndrome-ten) — Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are severe, immune-mediated mucocutaneous reactions, usually drug-induce - [Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/stevens-johnson-syndrome) — Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are a spectrum of life-threatening immune-mediated severe cutaneous adve - [Sturge-Weber syndrome](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/sturge-weber-syndrome) — Sturge-Weber syndrome is a phenotypically variable sporadic mosaic capillary-venous malformation syndrome involving brain and/or eye, often - [Subcorneal pustular dermatosis (Sneddon-Wilkinson disease)](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/subcorneal-pustular-dermatosis) — Subcorneal pustular dermatosis (Sneddon-Wilkinson disease) is a chronic, relapsing neutrophilic dermatosis presenting with flaccid pustules - [Sweet syndrome](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/sweet-syndrome) — Sweet syndrome (acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis) = abrupt onset of **tender, red-violet papules/plaques/nodules** + **fever** + **neut - [Syphilis (cutaneous manifestations)](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/syphilis-cutaneous) — Syphilis is a chronic systemic sexually transmitted infection caused by Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum (a spirochaete), characterised by - [Systemic immunosuppressants](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/systemic-immunosuppressants) — Systemic immunosuppressants in dermatology: **corticosteroids** (prednisolone 0.5-1 mg/kg/day taper; methylprednisolone 0.5-1 g IV pulses; d - [Systemic sclerosis](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/systemic-sclerosis) — Systemic sclerosis (SSc, scleroderma) is a complex autoimmune connective tissue disease characterised by a pathophysiological triad of micro - [Telogen effluvium](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/telogen-effluvium) — Telogen effluvium (TE) is a non-scarring, diffuse hair loss caused by a premature shift of anagen follicles into the telogen (resting) phase - [Tinea & Dermatophytosis (Ringworm)](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/tinea-dermatophytosis) — **Tinea (dermatophytosis, ringworm)** is a **superficial fungal infection of keratinised tissue by dermatophyte moulds** of three genera — * - [Tinea capitis](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/tinea-capitis) — Tinea capitis is a dermatophyte infection of the scalp hair shaft and follicle, predominantly affecting pre-pubertal children. Fellowship-le - [Tinea corporis](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/tinea-corporis) — Tinea corporis (ringworm) is a superficial dermatophyte infection of glabrous body skin, with anatomically named variants (cruris at the gro - [Tinea pedis, tinea cruris and tinea unguium (onychomycosis)](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/tinea-cruris-pedis-unguium) — Tinea pedis (athlete's foot), tinea cruris (jock itch) and tinea unguium/onychomycosis (nail infection) are the commonest dermatophyte infec - [Topical calcineurin inhibitors (tacrolimus, pimecrolimus)](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/topical-calcineurin-inhibitors) — Topical calcineurin inhibitors (TCIs: tacrolimus 0.03/0.1% ointment, pimecrolimus 1% cream) are non-steroid anti-inflammatory agents that in - [Topical Corticosteroids](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/topical-corticosteroids) — Topical corticosteroids (TCS) are the most widely prescribed dermatological therapy. Safe use requires matching potency (mild to very potent - [Topical retinoids](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/topical-retinoids) — Topical retinoids are vitamin A (retinol) derivatives that bind nuclear retinoic acid receptors (RAR-alpha/beta/gamma) and retinoid X recept - [Traction alopecia](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/traction-alpoecia) — Traction alopecia is a form of mechanical hair loss — and eventually scarring alopecia — caused by sustained or repeated tension on hair roo - [Transient neonatal pustular melanosis (TNPM)](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/transient-neonatal-pustular-melanosis) — Transient neonatal pustular melanosis (TNPM) is a benign, self-limiting, vesiculopustular dermatosis of the newborn that is PRESENT AT BIRTH - [Trichotillomania](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/trichotillomania) — Trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder) is a body-focused repetitive behaviour causing irregular non-scarring hair loss with hairs of varyi - [Tuberous sclerosis complex](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/tuberous-sclerosis) — Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant, multi-organ, hamartomatous neurocutaneous disorder caused by loss-of-function mut - [Tungiasis and myiasis](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/tungiasis-myiasis) — **Tungiasis:** gravid female *Tunga penetrans* (sand flea) burrows into the stratum corneum of the feet → a white-yellow nodule with a centr - [Urticaria (hives) and angioedema](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/urticaria) — Urticaria (hives) is a mast-cell-driven disease producing transient (<24h), intensely itchy, raised erythematous wheals with central pall - [Urticaria / angioedema](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/urticaria-angioedema) — Urticaria and angioedema encompass mast-cell/histamine-driven wheals and swelling and, at the other end of the spectrum, bradykinin-mediated - [Verrucae and human papillomavirus warts](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/verrucae-hpv-warts) — Cutaneous and genital warts (verrucae) are benign epithelial proliferations caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection of keratinocytes, - [Viral exanthems](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/viral-exanthems) — Viral exanthems are cutaneous eruptions caused by systemic viral infections, classically the numbered childhood exanthems - measles (first), - [Viral Warts (Verrucae)](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/viral-warts) — **Viral warts (verrucae)** are **benign epidermal proliferations caused by human papillomavirus (HPV)** infection of basal keratinocytes. Cl - [Vitiligo](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/vitiligo) — Vitiligo is an acquired, immune-mediated depigmenting disorder characterised by selective loss of melanocytes. Fellowship-level assessment r - [Vitiligo & Pigmentation Disorders](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/vitiligo-and-pigmentation) — **Vitiligo** is an **acquired autoimmune destruction of epidermal melanocytes** producing **well-demarcated, chalk-white (depigmented) macul - [Vulval dermatoses](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/vulval-dermatoses) — Special-site overview of vulval dermatoses for multi-board exams: pattern recognition (white plaque disease vs red erosive disease vs normal - [Wood lamp / fluorescence examination](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/wood-lamp) — Board-level module on Wood lamp examination: long-wave UVA (~320–400 nm, peak ~365 nm) bedside fluorescence and pigment contrast for erythra - [Wound healing](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/wound-healing) — Wound healing is a coordinated, overlapping biological sequence of **(1) Haemostasis** (minutes–hours — platelet plug, fibrin, growth factor - [Xanthoma and xanthelasma](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/xanthoma-xanthelasma) — Xanthomas are cutaneous, tendinous, and subcutaneous deposits of lipid-laden macrophages (foam cells) that act as visible markers of disorde - [Xeroderma pigmentosum](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/xeroderma-pigmentosum) — Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is an autosomal recessive disorder of nucleotide excision repair (complementation groups XPA–XPG) or of translesi ## ICU Fellowship (CICM) Hub: https://medvellum.com/s/icu CICM: topics, SAQs, clinical cases, and cross-table vivas. ### Topics Index: https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics #### GI & nutrition / surgical (4) - [Abdominal Sepsis & Peritonitis — Source Control, SBP & the Polymicrobial](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/gi-nutrition/abdominal-sepsis-peritonitis) — The peritonitis is the inflammation of the peritoneum, usually from the intra-abdominal infection; the abdominal sepsis is the sepsis from t - [Acute cholangitis and biliary sepsis](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/gi-nutrition/acute-cholangitis) — Acute cholangitis is bacterial infection of an obstructed biliary tree — a life-threatening emergency. Biliary obstruction raises intraducta - [Acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding — diverticular, angiodysplasia, colitis and the resuscitate-to-surgery pathway](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/gi-nutrition/lower-gi-bleed) — Acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB) is bleeding arising distal to the ligament of Treitz, presenting most often with hematochezia ( - [Acute Pancreatitis in ICU — Atlanta Severity, Goal-Directed Fluids & the Step-Up Approach](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/gi-nutrition/acute-pancreatitis) — Acute pancreatitis is an acute inflammatory process of the pancreas diagnosed by two of three criteria (characteristic epigastric pain radia #### Trauma (1) - [Abdominal Trauma — Blunt, Penetrating, FAST & Non-Operative Management](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/trauma-mass-casualty/abdominal-trauma) — The abdominal trauma: the blunt (the solid organ — the spleen, the liver; the hollow viscus — the small bowel, the colon; the mesenteric) an #### Environmental emergencies (1) - [Accidental Hypothermia](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/environmental/environmental-hypothermia) — The accidental hypothermia — the core below 35 degrees C. The severity (the mild 32 to 35, the moderate 28 to 32, the severe below 28). The #### Renal/Metabolic (3) - [Acid-base disorders in the ICU](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/renal-metabolic/acid-base-disorders) — Acid-base interpretation is fundamental to ICU practice. Use a disciplined 9-step algorithm: (1) pH (acidaemia/alkalaemia); (2) primary proc - [Acute kidney injury: prevention and nephroprotection in ICU](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/renal-metabolic/aki-prevention) — AKI affects more than half of ICU patients and is independently associated with increased mortality, longer ICU stay, and long-term CKD. Pre - [Acute severe hyperkalaemia: emergency management algorithm](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/renal-metabolic/hyperkalaemia-emergency) — Hyperkalaemia (K+ >5.5 mmol/L): common ICU emergency. SEVERE (K+ >6.5 or ECG changes): life-threatening arrhythmia. Causes: AKI/CKD, r #### Acid–base (1) - [Acid–Base Physiology and Blood-Gas Interpretation](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/renal/acid-base) — Acid–base homeostasis is the chemistry of the hydrogen ion, and its disturbances are among the commonest and most informative derangements i #### Cardiovascular (14) - [Acute aortic dissection and acute aortic syndrome](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/cardiovascular/aortic-dissection) — Acute aortic dissection is a tear in the aortic intima allowing blood to enter the media, creating a false lumen. Stanford classification: T - [Acute aortic dissection: type A vs type B, malperfusion, and endovascular management](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/cardiovascular/acute-aortic-dissection-type-a-type-b-tevar) — Acute aortic dissection = tear in aortic intima -> blood enters media -> false lumen -> propagation. CLASSIFICATION (Stanford): TYPE A (asce - [Acute cardiorenal syndrome in ICU](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/cardiovascular/cardiorenal-syndrome) — Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS): disorders of heart and kidneys whereby acute/chronic dysfunction of one causes dysfunction of the other. FIVE TY - [Acute coronary syndromes (STEMI, NSTEMI, unstable angina)](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/cardiovascular/acute-coronary-syndromes) — Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) encompasses STEMI, NSTEMI, and unstable angina — all caused by acute myocardial ischaemia from coronary plaque - [Acute decompensated heart failure and cardiogenic pulmonary oedema](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/cardiovascular/acute-heart-failure) — Acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) is a life-threatening syndrome of pulmonary and/or systemic congestion from cardiac dysfunction. Pr - [Acute decompensated heart failure: NIV, diuretics, inotropes, and MCS in ICU](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/cardiovascular/acute-decompensated-heart-failure-niv-diuretics-inotropes-mcs) — Acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) = sudden worsening of heart failure → pulmonary oedema and/or systemic congestion. PRECIPITANTS: AC - [Acute decompensated pulmonary hypertension in ICU](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/cardiovascular/acute-decompensated-pulmonary-hypertension) — Acute decompensated pulmonary hypertension (PH): acute worsening of PH → right ventricular (RV) failure → cardiogenic shock. PH classificati - [Acute myocarditis and pericarditis](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/cardiovascular/myocarditis) — Acute myocarditis is inflammation of the myocardium — commonest causes: viral (coxsackie, parvovirus B19, COVID-19), autoimmune, drug-induce - [Acute pericarditis](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/cardiovascular/acute-pericarditis) — Acute pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardium. Causes: viral (#1 — coxsackie, echovirus), idiopathic, post-MI (Dressler syndrome — a - [Acute pulmonary embolism: PESI risk stratification, thrombolysis, and PERT](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/cardiovascular/pulmonary-embolism-pesi-thrombolysis-pert) — Acute pulmonary embolism risk stratification with the PESI and simplified PESI scores, systemic and catheter-directed thrombolysis, and the - [Acute severe acute coronary syndromes: STEMI, NSTEMI, and ICU management](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/cardiovascular/acute-coronary-syndromes-stemi-nstemi-icu) — Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) = sudden myocardial ischaemia from coronary plaque rupture/erosion → thrombus → reduced blood flow. THREE TYP - [Acute severe valvular emergencies: critical aortic stenosis, acute MR and AR](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/cardiovascular/acute-severe-valvular-emergencies) — Acute valvular emergencies present as cardiogenic shock, pulmonary oedema, or cardiac arrest. CRITICAL AORTIC STENOSIS (severe AS — area < - [Advanced haemodynamic monitoring in the ICU](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/cardiovascular/haemodynamic-monitoring) — Haemodynamic monitoring guides resuscitation in critically ill patients. From basic (clinical examination, urine output, arterial line, CVP - [Arrhythmia, cardiac arrest and post-arrest care](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/cardiovascular/arrhythmia-cardiac-arrest) — Cardiac arrest in the ICU requires immediate Advanced Life Support per ERC 2021 guidelines: high-quality CPR (rate 100-120, depth 5-6cm, ful #### Cardiovascular / aortic (1) - [Acute Aortic Syndromes — Dissection](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/cardiovascular/acute-aortic-syndromes-dissection) — Acute aortic dissection is classified by the Stanford system: Type A (involving the ascending aorta — a surgical emergency with a high risk #### toxicology (9) - [Acute Carbon Monoxide Poisoning — Comprehensive ICU Management](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/toxicology/carbon-monoxide-poisoning-comprehensive-icu) — Acute carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning — odourless, colourless gas of incomplete combustion (faulty heaters, house fires, exhausts, generators - [Acute Digoxin Toxicity — Comprehensive ICU Management](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/toxicology/digoxin-toxicity-comprehensive-icu) — Digoxin toxicity — Na/K-ATPase inhibition: gastrointestinal signs, bradycardia and heart block predominate; death is from ventricular fibril - [Acute Lithium Toxicity — Comprehensive ICU Management](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/toxicology/lithium-toxicity-comprehensive-icu) — Acute and chronic lithium toxicity — a narrow therapeutic-index drug excreted almost exclusively by the kidney as the free ion (maintenance - [Acute Methanol and Ethylene Glycol Poisoning — Comprehensive ICU Management](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/toxicology/toxic-alcohols-comprehensive-icu) — Toxic alcohol poisoning = methanol and ethylene glycol (the 'toxic alcohols') — both are metabolised by ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE (ADH) to highl - [Acute Organophosphate and Nerve Agent Poisoning](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/toxicology/organophosphate-nerve-agent-poisoning-icu) — Organophosphate (OP) and nerve agent poisoning — inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) → acetylcholine accumulation → overstimulation of - [Acute Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) Overdose — Comprehensive ICU Management](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/toxicology/paracetamol-overdose-comprehensive-icu) — Acute paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose — the commonest cause of acute liver failure in the developed world. Most of an absorbed dose is - [Acute Salicylate Poisoning — Comprehensive ICU Management](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/toxicology/salicylate-poisoning-comprehensive-icu) — Acute salicylate (aspirin) poisoning — uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation, inhibition of Krebs-cycle dehydrogenases and increased ketoa - [Acute Snake Envenomation — Comprehensive (ANZ Context)](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/toxicology/snake-envenomation-comprehensive-icu) — Acute snake envenomation in Australia and New Zealand — the world's most venomous snakes belong to the family Elapidae (front-fanged: brown - [Acute Tricyclic Antidepressant (TCA) Poisoning — Comprehensive ICU Management](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/toxicology/tca-poisoning-comprehensive-icu) — Acute tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) poisoning — the classic 'membrane stabilising' overdose. The lethal mechanism is a QUINIDINE-LIKE block #### cardiovascular (6) - [Acute Cardiac Tamponade — Comprehensive ICU Management](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/cardiovascular/cardiac-tamponade-comprehensive-icu) — Acute cardiac tamponade — compression of the heart by pericardial fluid (or clot/gas) preventing diastolic filling → reduced stroke volume → - [Acute decompensated heart failure — comprehensive ICU management (ADHF, cardiogenic shock overlap)](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/cardiovascular/acute-decompensated-heart-failure-comprehensive-icu) — Acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) = a rapid or gradual onset of signs/symptoms of heart failure warranting urgent therapy and hospita - [Acute hypertensive emergency — comprehensive ICU management (hypertensive encephalopathy, ICH, dissection, pre-eclampsia, phaeochromocytoma, cocaine)](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/cardiovascular/hypertensive-emergency-comprehensive-icu) — Hypertensive emergency = a severe elevation of blood pressure (typically SBP >180 and/or DBP >120 mmHg) accompanied by ACUTE ongoing target- - [Acute Infective Endocarditis — Comprehensive ICU Management](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/cardiovascular/infective-endocarditis-comprehensive-icu) — Infective endocarditis (IE) — microbial infection of the endocardial surface (usually heart valves) causing valvular destruction, embolisati - [Acute Severe Pulmonary Embolism — Comprehensive ICU Management](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/cardiovascular/acute-severe-pulmonary-embolism-comprehensive-icu) — Acute severe pulmonary embolism (PE) — obstruction of the pulmonary arterial tree by thrombus (usually from deep vein thrombosis) causing in - [Acute severe valvular emergencies — critical aortic stenosis, acute mitral regurgitation, acute aortic regurgitation (comprehensive ICU management)](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/cardiovascular/valvular-emergencies-comprehensive-icu) — Acute valvular emergencies present as cardiogenic shock, flash pulmonary oedema, syncope, or cardiac arrest, and they are defined by THREE N #### Gastroenterology (4) - [Acute cholecystitis in ICU: severe and complicated presentations](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/gastroenterology/acute-cholecystitis) — Acute cholecystitis: inflammation of gallbladder, usually from cystic duct obstruction by gallstone (90-95%). ICU-relevant severe presentati - [Acute diverticulitis in ICU: complicated presentations](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/gastroenterology/diverticulitis) — Diverticular disease: diverticula (mucosal herniations through colonic wall) ± inflammation. Acute diverticulitis: inflammation of diverticu - [Acute liver failure: King's College criteria, transplant, and liver support](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/gastroenterology/acute-liver-failure-kings-college-transplant) — Acute liver failure (ALF): severe liver injury with encephalopathy + coagulopathy (INR >1.5) within 26 weeks, without pre-existing liver dis - [Acute pancreatitis: Revised Atlanta Classification and severity scoring](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/gastroenterology/pancreatitis-severity-scoring) — Acute pancreatitis severity classification (Revised Atlanta 2012): MILD (no organ failure, no complications — 80%), MODERATE (transient orga #### Cardiovascular / ACS (1) - [Acute Coronary Syndromes (STEMI/NSTEMI) in the ICU](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/cardiovascular/acute-coronary-syndromes-icu) — Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) span the spectrum of acute myocardial ischaemia — unstable angina (UA), NSTEMI and STEMI — now unified under #### environmental (2) - [Acute Decompression Illness — Comprehensive ICU Management (Diving Emergencies)](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/environmental/decompression-illness-comprehensive-icu) — Acute decompression illness (DCI) — the umbrella term for the two dysbaric injuries of ascent: decompression sickness (DCS, 'the bends') and - [Acute Drowning & Near-Drowning — Comprehensive ICU Management](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/environmental/drowning-comprehensive-icu) — Drowning is the process of experiencing respiratory impairment from submersion or immersion in liquid — a uniform definition adopted by the #### Obs/Gynae (2) - [Acute fatty liver of pregnancy (AFLP)](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/obs-gynae/acute-fatty-liver-pregnancy) — AFLP is a rare (about 5 per 100,000 maternities in the UK national cohort), life-threatening liver disorder occurring in the third trimester - [Acute severe community-acquired pneumonia: special populations — pregnancy](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/obs-gynae/cap-in-pregnancy) — CAP in pregnancy has higher morbidity and mortality than non-pregnant CAP — it is the #1 non-obstetric infection requiring ICU admission in #### Environmental (2) - [Acute heat stroke: exertional vs classic, rapid cooling, and 'sepsis from heat'](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/environmental/heat-stroke-comprehensive-icu) — Heat stroke is a life-threatening hyperthermic emergency defined by CORE TEMPERATURE >40C with CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DYSFUNCTION (confus - [Acute severe hypothermia: rewarming, Osborn waves, and 'warm and dead'](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/environmental/acute-hypothermia-rewarming-osborn-warm-dead) — Hypothermia = core temperature <35°C from excessive heat loss (environmental) or impaired thermogenesis (endocrine, sepsis, drugs). SEVER #### gi-nutrition (5) - [Acute Hepatic Encephalopathy — Comprehensive ICU Management (West Haven, Lactulose, Rifaximin, Cerebral Oedema, Nutrition)](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/gi-nutrition/hepatic-encephalopathy-comprehensive-icu) — Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) = a reversible syndrome of impaired brain function in patients with advanced liver disease and/or portosystemic - [Acute Liver Failure — Comprehensive (King's College Criteria, Cerebral Oedema, NAC, Transplantation)](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/gi-nutrition/acute-liver-failure-comprehensive-icu) — Acute liver failure (ALF) = severe acute liver injury with ENCEPHALOPATHY + COAGULOPATHY (INR >=1.5) within 26 weeks of symptom onset, in a - [Acute Severe Intra-Abdominal Infection and Peritonitis — Comprehensive (Primary/SBP, Secondary, Tertiary, Source Control, Open Abdomen)](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/gi-nutrition/peritonitis-comprehensive-icu) — Acute severe intra-abdominal infection with peritonitis is one of the most common and most lethal surgical emergencies managed in the ICU, w - [Acute Severe Pancreatitis — Comprehensive (Revised Atlanta, WATERFALL, PANTER, Step-Up, Infected Necrosis)](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/gi-nutrition/acute-severe-pancreatitis-comprehensive-icu) — Acute severe pancreatitis (approximately 15-20% of all acute pancreatitis) is defined by the Revised Atlanta Classification (2012) as acute - [Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure (ACLF) — Comprehensive ICU Management](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/gi-nutrition/acute-on-chronic-liver-failure-comprehensive-icu) — Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) — acute decompensation of cirrhosis complicated by organ failure(s) and high short-term mortality. In #### neurocritical-care (3) - [Acute Intermittent Porphyria — Comprehensive ICU Management](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/neurocritical-care/acute-intermittent-porphyria-comprehensive-icu) — Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) — autosomal dominant defect in porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD/HMBS enzyme) in the haem biosynthesis path - [Acute Spinal Cord Injury and Neurogenic Shock — Comprehensive ICU Management](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/neurocritical-care/spinal-cord-injury-comprehensive-icu) — Acute spinal cord injury (SCI) — traumatic damage to the spinal cord causing motor/sensory deficit below the injury level ± autonomic dysfun - [Acute Status Epilepticus — Comprehensive Full Management Cascade](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/neurocritical-care/status-epilepticus-comprehensive-cascade-icu) — Status epilepticus (SE) is a continuous seizure lasting more than 5 minutes, or two or more seizures without full recovery of consciousness #### Neurocritical Care (4) - [Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP)](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/neurocritical-care/acute-intermittent-porphyria) — AIP is a rare autosomal dominant defect in hepatic haem biosynthesis caused by deficient porphobilinogen deaminase (hydroxymethylbilane synt - [Acute severe head injury: multimodal monitoring](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/neurocritical-care/multimodal-neuromonitoring) — Multimodal neuromonitoring in severe TBI goes beyond ICP monitoring to assess brain physiology directly. ICP is a PRESSURE — it says nothing - [Acute stroke: ischaemic and haemorrhagic](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/neurocritical-care/acute-stroke) — Acute stroke is a neurological emergency. Time is brain — 1.9 million neurons lost per minute without reperfusion. Ischaemic stroke: thrombo - [Aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/neurocritical-care/subarachnoid-haemorrhage) — Aneurysmal SAH is bleeding from a ruptured cerebral aneurysm into the subarachnoid space. Presents with 'thunderclap' headache (worst ever, #### Neurocritical care (2) - [Acute intracranial hypertension: osmotherapy, hyperventilation, and craniectomy](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/neurocritical-care/acute-intracranial-hypertension-osmotherapy-craniectomy) — Acute intracranial hypertension (ICP >22 mmHg) is life-threatening — compromises cerebral perfusion (CPP = MAP − ICP) -> brain ischaemia + h - [Acute stroke: ischaemic, haemorrhagic, and SAH — comprehensive ICU management](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/neurocritical-care/acute-stroke-ischaemic-haemorrhagic-sah-comprehensive) — Acute stroke = sudden neurological deficit from cerebral vascular event. THREE TYPES: (1) ISCHAEMIC (about 85% — arterial occlusion — thromb #### Neurocritical care / vascular (1) - [Acute Ischaemic Stroke — Thrombolysis, Thrombectomy & Hemicraniectomy](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/neurocritical-care/acute-ischaemic-stroke) — Acute ischaemic stroke is managed within strict time windows. The IV thrombolysis (alteplase 0.9 mg/kg, max 90 mg; within 4.5 hours of the o #### Renal (1) - [Acute kidney injury and renal replacement therapy](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/renal/acute-kidney-injury-rrt) — AKI is an abrupt reduction in kidney function (KDIGO: creatinine increase >=26.5 umol/L in 48h, or >=1.5x baseline, or urine output <0.5 #### Renal and metabolic (7) - [Acute kidney injury: KDIGO staging, prevention, biomarkers, and RRT timing](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/renal-metabolic/acute-kidney-injury-kdigo-prevention-biomarkers-rrt-timing) — Acute kidney injury (AKI) = abrupt reduction in kidney function (hours-days) → accumulation of nitrogenous waste (urea, creatinine) + inabil - [Acute severe hypercalcaemia and hypocalcaemia: ICU emergencies](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/renal-metabolic/acute-hypercalcaemia-hypocalcaemia) — Calcium disorders are common in ICU. NORMAL serum calcium is 8.4 to 10.4 mg/dL (about 2.1 to 2.6 mmol/L). HYPOCALCAEMIA (total calcium under - [Acute severe hypernatraemia: causes, correction rate, and diabetes insipidus](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/renal-metabolic/acute-severe-hypernatraemia) — Hypernatraemia (Na >145 mmol/L) = water deficit relative to sodium → brain cell SHRINKAGE (water shifts OUT of brain → decreased brain volum - [Acute severe hypokalaemia and hypomagnesaemia: ECG, repletion, and refractory causes](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/renal-metabolic/acute-severe-hypokalaemia-hypomagnesaemia) — Hypokalaemia (K <3.5 mmol/L) is common in ICU (diuretics, GI loss, drugs). SEVERE (<2.5) → polymorphic VT risk. ECG changes: T-wave fl - [Acute severe hyponatraemia: emergency correction, ODS risk, and guidelines](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/renal-metabolic/acute-severe-hyponatraemia) — Hyponatraemia (Na <135 mmol/L) is the commonest electrolyte disorder in hospitalised patients. SEVERE (<120) and ACUTE (<48h) hypon - [Acute severe metabolic acidosis: approach, anion gap, and lactate](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/renal-metabolic/acute-severe-metabolic-acidosis) — Metabolic acidosis (pH <7.35, HCO3 <22, low/normal PaCO2 compensatory) is ubiquitous in ICU. SYSTEMATIC approach: (1) Is it metabolic - [Acute severe metabolic alkalosis: causes, chloride-responsive vs resistant](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/renal-metabolic/acute-severe-metabolic-alkalosis) — Metabolic alkalosis (pH >7.45, HCO3 >26) is common in ICU (vomiting, NG suction, diuretics). SEVERE (pH >7.55) → serious: hypoventilation (c #### Resuscitation (10) - [Acute limb compartment syndrome](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/resuscitation/limb-compartment-syndrome) — Acute limb compartment syndrome is elevated pressure within a fascial compartment causing ischaemia and necrosis of muscles and nerves. Caus - [Acute limb ischaemia: embolic vs thrombotic, and emergency management](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/resuscitation/acute-limb-ischaemia-embolic-thrombotic) — Acute limb ischaemia (ALI) = sudden decrease in limb perfusion (<14 days, the trial cutoff) threatening viability. CAUSES: (1) EMBOLIC — - [Acute severe community-acquired pneumonia: ICU admission and discharge criteria](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/resuscitation/cap-icu-admission-discharge) — ICU admission decisions in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) balance the need for organ support against resource allocation. IDSA/ATS sever - [Acute severe community-acquired pneumonia: outpatient to ICU care pathway](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/resuscitation/cap-care-pathway) — The CAP care pathway spans from community presentation through ED triage, ward management, HDU, and ICU. ED: assess severity (CURB-65/PSI), - [Acute severe community-acquired pneumonia: special populations — elderly](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/resuscitation/cap-in-elderly) — CAP in the elderly (over 65 years) presents differently and has worse outcomes than in younger adults. Reported symptom prevalence falls wit - [Acute severe shock: classification, recognition, and management](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/resuscitation/shock-comprehensive-classification-management) — Shock = INADEQUATE TISSUE PERFUSION → cellular hypoxia → anaerobic metabolism → lactate → organ dysfunction → death if untreated. FOUR TYPES - [Acute upper airway obstruction](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/resuscitation/upper-airway-obstruction) — Acute upper airway obstruction is a life-threatening emergency in which airflow through the nose, mouth, pharynx, or larynx is compromised, - [Airway management and rapid sequence induction in ICU](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/resuscitation/airway-management-rsi) — Airway management is a core ICU skill and a high-yield Fellowship exam topic. RSI (rapid sequence induction) is indicated for any critically - [Anaphylaxis in the ICU](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/resuscitation/anaphylaxis-icu) — Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening systemic hypersensitivity reaction. Diagnosis: NIAID/FAAN clinical criteria — acute onset after a - [Blood transfusion in the ICU](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/resuscitation/blood-transfusion) — The TRICC trial (1999) established that a RESTRICTIVE transfusion strategy (transfuse at Hb <70 g/L) is at least as effective as and poss #### GI/Nutrition (6) - [Acute liver failure (hepatic failure)](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/gi-nutrition/acute-liver-failure) — Acute liver failure (ALF) is severe acute liver injury with encephalopathy and coagulopathy (INR >1.5) within 26 weeks, in a patient with - [Acute mesenteric ischaemia](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/gi-nutrition/mesenteric-ischaemia) — Acute mesenteric ischaemia is a life-threatening vascular emergency of the bowel. Four types: (1) SMA embolus (#1 — atrial fibrillation, 50% - [Acute pancreatitis complications and management](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/gi-nutrition/pancreatitis-complications) — Severe acute pancreatitis (15-20% of cases) causes local (necrosis, pseudocyst, walled-off necrosis, abscess) and systemic (SIRS → MODS, ARD - [Acute pancreatitis: interventional management and complications](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/gi-nutrition/pancreatitis-interventional) — Interventional management of severe acute pancreatitis is built on three pillars: (1) the STEP-UP approach for infected necrosis — drain fir - [Acute variceal haemorrhage](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/gi-nutrition/variceal-haemorrhage) — Acute variceal haemorrhage is life-threatening bleeding from oesophageal or gastric varices that form as a consequence of portal hypertensio - [Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF)](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/gi-nutrition/acute-on-chronic-liver-failure) — ACLF is acute decompensation of known cirrhosis with organ failure(s), exaggerated systemic inflammation, and high 28-day mortality — distin #### GI and nutrition (3) - [Acute liver failure: cerebral oedema, King's College criteria, and transplantation](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/gi-nutrition/acute-liver-failure-cerebral-oedema-kings-college-transplant) — Acute liver failure (ALF) = severe acute liver injury with encephalopathy + coagulopathy (INR ≥1.5) within 26 weeks of symptom onset, in a p - [Acute mesenteric ischaemia: embolic, thrombotic, venous, and non-occlusive](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/gi-nutrition/acute-mesenteric-ischaemia-embolic-thrombotic-nomi-venous) — Acute mesenteric ischaemia = sudden reduction in intestinal blood flow -> bowel necrosis (if untreated). FOUR TYPES: (1) ARTERIAL EMBOLUS (5 - [Acute severe upper GI bleeding: Glasgow-Blatchford, endoscopy, and TIPSS](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/gi-nutrition/acute-upper-gi-bleed-glasgow-blatchford-endoscopy-tipss) — Acute upper GI bleeding (UGIB) is a common ICU emergency. CLASSIFICATION: VARICEAL (portal hypertension — cirrhosis — oesophageal/gastric va #### Respiratory / airway emergencies (1) - [Acute Massive Haemoptysis — Comprehensive ICU Management](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/respiratory/massive-haemoptysis-comprehensive-icu) — Acute massive haemoptysis is a respiratory emergency in which the patient dies of ASPHYXIATION, not exsanguination — a small volume of blood #### infectious-diseases (1) - [Acute Neutropenic Sepsis — Comprehensive ICU Management](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/infectious-diseases/neutropenic-sepsis-comprehensive-icu) — Neutropenic sepsis (febrile neutropenia) — a life-threatening infection in patients with neutrophil count <0.5 × 10^9/L (or <1.0 with #### GI & nutrition (1) - [Acute pancreatitis: ERAS and early enteral nutrition](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/gi-nutrition/pancreatitis-early-nutrition) — Nutritional management of acute pancreatitis has undergone one of the most complete paradigm reversals in modern critical care: the dogma of #### obstetric (1) - [Acute Postpartum Haemorrhage — Comprehensive ICU Management](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/obstetric/postpartum-haemorrhage-comprehensive-icu) — Acute postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) — ACOG defines maternal haemorrhage as cumulative blood loss of 1000 mL or more, or blood loss with signs #### Respiratory (21) - [Acute pulmonary oedema: cardiogenic vs non-cardiogenic differentiation](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/respiratory/pulmonary-oedema-cardiogenic-vs-noncardiogenic) — Acute pulmonary oedema: fluid in alveolar spaces → bilateral infiltrates + hypoxaemia. TWO types: CARDIOGENIC (hydrostatic — from LV failure - [Acute respiratory distress syndrome: phenotyping and personalised ventilation](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/respiratory/ards-phenotyping) — ARDS is not a single disease — two distinct phenotypes have been identified. Hyperinflammatory ARDS (high inflammatory markers, vasopressor- - [Acute respiratory distress syndrome: phenotyping and precision medicine](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/respiratory/ards-phenotypes-precision-medicine) — ARDS is HETEROGENEOUS — not one disease. TWO reproducible subphenotypes identified by latent class analysis in ARDS Network trials and HARP- - [Acute respiratory failure: advanced ventilation modes (APRV and oscillator)](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/respiratory/advanced-ventilation-aprv-hfov) — Advanced ventilation modes for severe/refractory ARDS. APRV (Airway Pressure Release Ventilation): continuous high pressure (P-high) with br - [Acute respiratory failure: classification and approach](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/respiratory/acute-respiratory-failure) — Acute respiratory failure is the inability of the respiratory system to maintain adequate gas exchange. Type 1 (hypoxaemic): PaO2 <60 mmH - [Acute respiratory failure: type 1 vs type 2, oxygen therapy, and when to intubate](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/respiratory/respiratory-failure-type1-type2-oxygen-intubation) — Acute respiratory failure = inability of respiratory system to maintain adequate GAS EXCHANGE (oxygenation [O2 in] and/or ventilation [CO2 o - [Acute severe asthma in the ICU (status asthmaticus)](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/respiratory/status-asthmaticus) — Status asthmaticus is severe acute asthma unresponsive to standard bronchodilator therapy. Features of life-threatening asthma: silent chest - [Acute severe community-acquired pneumonia: aspiration pneumonia update](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/respiratory/aspiration-pneumonia-update) — Aspiration events in ICU patients can cause two distinct entities: aspiration PNEUMONONITIS (sterile chemical injury from acidic gastric con - [Acute severe community-acquired pneumonia: curriculum completion summary](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/ethics/icu-curriculum-summary) — This topic provides a comprehensive summary of the ICU fellowship curriculum built in this session — 160 fellowship-exhaustive topics coveri - [Acute severe community-acquired pneumonia: overview and integration](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/respiratory/cap-integrated-overview) — This topic integrates the entire CAP ICU curriculum — from community presentation through ICU admission to long-term recovery. Provides a hi - [Acute severe community-acquired pneumonia: pulmonary complications and ARDS](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/respiratory/cap-ards-complications) — Severe CAP can progress to ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) — direct lung injury from pulmonary infection. Pulmonary ARDS (from pn - [Acute severe community-acquired pneumonia: respiratory failure and ventilator management](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/respiratory/cap-respiratory-failure) — Severe CAP with respiratory failure often needs ICU-level respiratory support. Ventilation strategy: lung-protective ventilation (VT 6 mL/kg - [Acute severe community-acquired pneumonia: severity prediction and outcome](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/respiratory/cap-severity-prediction) — Severity prediction scores guide admission decisions (ward vs ICU) and predict mortality in CAP. PSI (Pneumonia Severity Index — 20 variable - [Acute severe community-acquired pneumonia: summary and final integration](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/ethics/icu-final-summary) — Final integration topic summarising the 162 fellowship-exhaustive ICU topics built across this multi-session build project. The curriculum c - [Acute severe pneumonia: aspiration risk and prevention in ICU](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/icu-acquired-infection/aspiration-prevention) — Aspiration of oropharyngeal/gastric secretions around the ETT cuff is the primary mechanism for VAP. Prevention strategies target reducing m - [Acute severe pneumonia: source control and pleural complications](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/respiratory/pneumonia-source-control) — Source control in pneumonia means draining or removing infected material. Pleural complications: (1) Parapneumonic effusion (simple/complica - [Acute severe status asthmaticus: ventilation, anaesthesia, and refractory bronchospasm](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/respiratory/acute-status-asthmaticus-ventilation-anaesthesia) — Status asthmaticus = severe asthma unresponsive to standard bronchodilator therapy — life-threatening. CLINICAL: silent chest, exhaustion, a - [ARDS and lung-protective ventilation](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/respiratory/ards) — ARDS is a syndrome of acute, diffuse, inflammatory lung injury causing increased pulmonary vascular permeability and loss of aerated lung ti - [ARDS: Berlin definition, lung-protective ventilation, proning, and ECMO](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/respiratory/ards-berlin-ventilation-proning-ecmo) — Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) = acute diffuse inflammatory lung injury → increased pulmonary vascular permeability → bilateral - [Aspiration pneumonitis and pneumonia](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/respiratory/aspiration-pneumonitis) — Aspiration of gastric contents causes two distinct entities: aspiration PNEUMONITIS (chemical injury from acidic gastric contents — sterile - [Atypical pneumonias in ICU: Legionella, Mycoplasma, Chlamydia](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/respiratory/atypical-pneumonias) — Atypical pneumonias: caused by atypical pathogens (Legionella, Mycoplasma, Chlamydia psittaci, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Coxiella burnetii). 'At #### Infectious Diseases (8) - [Acute pyelonephritis and urosepsis](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/infectious-diseases/pyelonephritis-urosepsis) — Acute pyelonephritis is upper urinary tract infection (renal parenchyma + renal pelvis). Urosepsis = sepsis from a urinary source — one of t - [Acute severe community-acquired pneumonia: Legionella](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/infectious-diseases/legionella-pneumonia) — Legionella pneumophila is a gram-negative facultative intracellular pathogen that causes two syndromes: Pontiac fever (a mild self-limiting - [Acute severe community-acquired pneumonia: MRSA pneumonia](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/infectious-diseases/mrsa-pneumonia) — MRSA pneumonia in ICU: two epidemiologically and mechanistically distinct syndromes — healthcare-associated (HA-MRSA, nosocomial, multidrug - [Acute severe community-acquired pneumonia: pneumonia in immunocompromised non-HIV patients](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/infectious-diseases/pneumonia-immunocompromised-non-hiv) — Pneumonia in non-HIV immunocompromised patients (transplant, haematological malignancy, steroids, biologics) has broader pathogen spectrum a - [Acute severe community-acquired pneumonia: post-influenza bacterial pneumonia](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/infectious-diseases/post-influenza-pneumonia) — Post-influenza bacterial pneumonia is a devastating complication — influenza virus damages respiratory epithelium → secondary bacterial inva - [Acute severe community-acquired pneumonia: Pseudomonas pneumonia](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/infectious-diseases/pseudomonas-pneumonia) — Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an aerobic Gram-negative bacillus — an opportunistic, water-borne pathogen that forms biofilms and thrives in mois - [Acute severe community-acquired pneumonia: respiratory virus panel](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/infectious-diseases/viral-cap-respiratory-panel) — Respiratory viruses are increasingly recognised as a cause — or co-pathogen — in severe community-acquired pneumonia (15-30% of cases). The - [Acute severe pneumonia: bacteraemia and metastatic infection](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/infectious-diseases/pneumonia-bacteraemia) — Bacteraemia complicates 10-25% of CAP cases and significantly increases mortality (2-3x). Most common organisms causing bacteraemia: S. pneu #### neurocritical care (1) - [Acute Raised Intracranial Pressure and Traumatic Brain Injury — Comprehensive Neurocritical Care](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/neurocritical-care/raised-icp-tbi-comprehensive-icu) — Raised intracranial pressure (ICP >22 mmHg) after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the most preventable cause of secondary brain damage an #### respiratory (1) - [Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) — Berlin Definition, Lung-Protective Ventilation, Proning, ECMO, and Phenotyping](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/respiratory/ards-berlin-comprehensive-icu) — Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) — a syndrome of acute, diffuse, inflammatory lung injury causing increased pulmonary vascular per #### Pharmacology (7) - [Acute respiratory distress syndrome: pharmacological therapies — comprehensive (neuromuscular blockade, inhaled vasodilators, corticosteroids, statins, beta-2 agonists, ECMO pharmacology, fluid management)](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/pharmacology/ards-pharmacology) — No specific pharmacological therapy reduces mortality in ALL ARDS patients. Foundation: lung-protective ventilation (ARMA — the proven morta - [Acute severe community-acquired pneumonia: corticosteroid adjunct therapy](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/pharmacology/cap-corticosteroids) — Corticosteroids as adjunct therapy in SEVERE CAP: immunomodulation of excessive inflammation. Evidence: CAPE COD trial (2023, NEJM) — hydroc - [Antiarrhythmics — Vaughan-Williams Classification](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/pharmacology/antiarrhythmics) — Antiarrhythmics — the Vaughan-Williams classification: Class I (the sodium channel blockers — Ia quinidine/procainamide [prolong AP + QT], I - [Antibiotic pharmacokinetics in critical illness](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/pharmacology/antibiotic-pharmacokinetics) — Critical illness alters antibiotic pharmacokinetics (PK), often leading to sub-therapeutic levels and treatment failure. Key changes: (1) In - [Anticoagulants & Antithrombotics — Pharmacology](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/pharmacology/anticoagulants-antithrombotics) — Anticoagulants and antithrombotics — by mechanism of action. The indirect (heparins via antithrombin III), the direct (DTI, FXa), the vitami - [Antihypertensives — ACEi, ARB, CCB, Beta-blockers & Vasodilators](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/pharmacology/antihypertensives) — Antihypertensives — by mechanism: the RAS (ACEi — the bradykinin cough; the ARB); the CCB (the dihydropyridine — the amlodipine; the non-DHP - [Antimicrobials (by Class) — Mechanisms, Spectrum & Resistance](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/pharmacology/antimicrobials) — Antimicrobials by class and mechanism: cell wall (beta-lactams, glycopeptides — bactericidal), protein synthesis (aminoglycosides 30S, macro #### Toxicology (6) - [Acute severe alcohol withdrawal and delirium tremens: CIWA-Ar, benzodiazepines, and Wernicke](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/toxicology/alcohol-withdrawal-dts-ciwa-ar-wernicke) — Alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) = symptoms occurring when a chronic alcohol-dependent person STOPS or REDUCES alcohol intake. SPECTRUM: be - [Acute severe poisonings: decontamination, antidotes, and enhanced elimination](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/toxicology/acute-severe-poisonings-decontamination-antidotes) — A systematic approach to the poisoned patient: RESUSCITATE (ABC, oxygenation, ventilation, circulation — toxins cause coma, seizures, arrhyt - [Alcohol withdrawal and delirium tremens](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/toxicology/alcohol-withdrawal) — Alcohol withdrawal symptoms typically begin 6-24 h after cessation/reduction of alcohol intake. Stages: minor withdrawal (tremor, anxiety, i - [Anticoagulant & Rodenticide (Warfarin & Superwarfarin) Poisoning](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/toxicology/toxicology-anticoagulant-rodenticide) — The vitamin-K-antagonist anticoagulant poisoning — the therapeutic **warfarin** (a half-life measured in days) and the **superwarfarin** (th - [Beta-Blocker & Calcium-Channel-Blocker Overdose](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/toxicology/toxicology-bb-ccb-overdose) — The cardiovascular drug overdose — the beta-blocker (the bradycardia, the AV block, the negative inotropy) and the calcium-channel-blocker ( - [Beta-blocker and calcium channel blocker overdose](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/toxicology/beta-blocker-ccb-overdose) — Beta-blocker (BB) and calcium channel blocker (CCB) overdose are life-threatening poisonings with high mortality (4 of 15 patients died in a #### resuscitation (1) - [Acute Severe Anaphylaxis — Comprehensive Peri-Arrest Management](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/resuscitation/acute-severe-anaphylaxis-comprehensive-icu) — Acute severe anaphylaxis — a rapidly progressive, life-threatening systemic hypersensitivity reaction causing mast cell and basophil degranu #### haematology-coagulation (1) - [Acute Severe Anticoagulation Reversal — Warfarin, DOACs & Heparin in the ICU](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/haematology-coagulation/anticoagulation-reversal-comprehensive-icu) — Acute severe anticoagulation reversal covers the three drug classes the intensivist must reverse in life-threatening bleeding or before emer #### Antimicrobial Stewardship (4) - [Acute severe community-acquired pneumonia: antimicrobial de-escalation and stewardship](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/antimicrobial-stewardship/cap-antimicrobial-stewardship) — Antimicrobial de-escalation is narrowing or stopping antibiotics based on culture results and clinical response. For severe CAP: start broad - [Acute severe community-acquired pneumonia: infection control in ICU](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/icu-acquired-infection/infection-control-icu) — Infection control in ICU prevents transmission of pathogens between patients, staff, and the environment. Core components: (1) Hand hygiene - [Acute severe community-acquired pneumonia: nosocomial complications and prevention](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/icu-acquired-infection/cap-nosocomial-complications) — CAP patients admitted to ICU are at high risk for nosocomial (hospital-acquired) superinfections during their stay. Common: VAP (ventilator- - [Antimicrobial resistance in the ICU: mechanisms, organisms, and management](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/antimicrobial-stewardship/antimicrobial-resistance-icu) — Multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms are endemic in the ICU and independently increase mortality, length of stay, and cost. Resistance arises #### Infectious diseases (2) - [Acute severe community-acquired pneumonia: comprehensive ICU pathway (sepsis, ARDS, empiric therapy, corticosteroids)](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/infectious-diseases/severe-cap-comprehensive-icu) — Severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the commonest single cause of sepsis and ARDS in the ICU, with mortality 20-50%. SEVERITY (use - [Acute severe community-acquired pneumonia: ICU pathway, empiric therapy, and complications](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/infectious-diseases/severe-cap-icu-pathway-empiric-therapy) — Severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) requiring ICU is a leading cause of sepsis and ARDS. ICU PATHWAY (hour-1): cultures (blood, sputum #### Ethics (5) - [Acute severe community-acquired pneumonia: ICU handover and communication](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/ethics/icu-handover-communication) — Clinical handover is the transfer of professional responsibility and accountability for patient care from one clinician/team to another. Poo - [Acute severe community-acquired pneumonia: ICU quality metrics and outcome benchmarking](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/ethics/icu-quality-metrics) — ICU quality metrics measure performance, identify areas for improvement, and benchmark against peers. STRUCTURE metrics as outcome (SMR, ICU - [Acute severe community-acquired pneumonia: simulation training and competency assessment](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/ethics/simulation-training-competency) — Simulation training is increasingly used in ICU education — it allows practice of high-stakes, low-frequency events without patient risk, an - [Acute severe community-acquired pneumonia: tele-ICU and remote monitoring](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/ethics/tele-icu-remote-monitoring) — Tele-ICU (also called eICU, virtual ICU, remote ICU) uses technology to extend intensivist expertise to ICUs without 24/7 on-site intensivis - [Brain death and organ donation in ICU](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/ethics/brain-death-organ-donation) — Brain death: irreversible cessation of all brain function (cerebrum + brainstem). LEGAL definition of death in most countries. Diagnosis: pr #### Rehabilitation (5) - [Acute severe community-acquired pneumonia: ICU sleep disruption and circadian rhythm](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/rehabilitation/icu-sleep-disruption) — Sleep disruption is near-universal in the ICU. Polysomnography of ventilated patients found NO patient with normal sleep: nocturnal sleep ef - [Acute severe community-acquired pneumonia: long-term outcomes and post-ICU cognitive impairment](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/rehabilitation/post-icu-cognitive-impairment) — Cognitive impairment after critical illness is common and persistent — in ARDS survivors it ranges from 70-100% at hospital discharge to 46- - [Acute severe community-acquired pneumonia: patient and family education](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/rehabilitation/cap-patient-education) — Patient and family education after severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a core, evidence-based intervention that improves self-care, - [Acute severe community-acquired pneumonia: recovery and follow-up](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/rehabilitation/cap-recovery-follow-up) — Recovery from severe CAP requiring ICU admission is prolonged and multifaceted: physical (ICU-acquired weakness, reduced exercise tolerance, - [Acute severe community-acquired pneumonia:CAP readmission and recurrence prevention](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/rehabilitation/cap-readmission-prevention) — CAP readmission within 30 days affects roughly 1 in 10 to 1 in 4 patients across published cohorts (8-26%) and is a widely tracked hospital #### Respiratory / ventilation (5) - [Acute Severe COPD Exacerbation: NIV and Invasive Ventilation — Comprehensive ICU Management](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/respiratory/copd-exacerbation-comprehensive-icu) — An acute severe exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD) causing hypercapnic (type 2) respiratory failure is an ICU emergency built on three pillars: t - [Acute Severe Ventilation Weaning and Liberation from Mechanical Ventilation — Comprehensive ICU Management](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/respiratory/ventilation-weaning-comprehensive-icu) — Weaning (liberation) from mechanical ventilation is the graded withdrawal of ventilatory support once the precipitating cause of respiratory - [Airway Pressure Release Ventilation (APRV) and Advanced Ventilation Modes — Comprehensive ICU Management (APRV, Bilevel, PAV, NAVA, ASV)](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/respiratory/aprv-advanced-modes-comprehensive-icu) — Advanced modes of mechanical ventilation move control away from clinician-set, fixed breaths toward modes that either sustain alveolar recru - [APRV, Bilevel & Airway-Pressure Release Ventilation](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/respiratory/aprv-bilevel) — Airway pressure release ventilation (APRV) is a pressure-controlled, time-cycled mode that applies two levels of CPAP — a high pressure (P-h - [Auto-PEEP & Ventilation in Obstruction (Asthma & COPD)](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/respiratory/auto-peep-ventilation-obstruction) — In severe airflow obstruction (asthma, COPD), incomplete expiration traps gas and generates intrinsic (auto-) PEEP and dynamic hyperinflatio #### endocrine (2) - [Acute Severe DKA and HHS — Comprehensive Integrated Diabetic Emergencies](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/endocrine/dka-hhs-comprehensive-icu) — Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state (HHS) are the two life-threatening hyperglycaemic emergencies of diabetes, - [Acute Thyroid Storm and Myxoedema Coma — Comprehensive Thyroid Emergencies](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/endocrine/thyroid-storm-myxoedema-comprehensive-icu) — Thyroid storm and myxoedema coma are the two life-threatening decompensated thyroid emergencies at opposite ends of the thyroid hormone spec #### renal-metabolic (1) - [Acute Severe Rhabdomyolysis — Comprehensive ICU Management](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/renal-metabolic/rhabdomyolysis-comprehensive-icu) — Rhabdomyolysis — skeletal muscle breakdown releasing intracellular contents (myoglobin, creatine kinase, potassium, phosphate, urate) into t #### oncology (1) - [Acute Severe Tumour Lysis Syndrome — Comprehensive ICU Management](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/oncology/acute-tumour-lysis-syndrome-comprehensive-icu) — Acute severe tumour lysis syndrome (TLS) = a metabolic oncological emergency from rapid lysis of malignant cells releasing intracellular con #### Haematology (2) - [Acute sickle cell crisis in the ICU](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/haematology/sickle-cell-crisis) — Sickle cell crisis is caused by polymerisation of sickle haemoglobin (HbS) under hypoxia/dehydration/infection → red blood cells sickle → va - [Acute transfusion reactions: TRALI, TACO, allergic, haemolytic, and septic](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/haematology/acute-transfusion-reactions-trali-taco) — Transfusion reactions range from mild (febrile, allergic) to life-threatening (TRALI, acute haemolytic, anaphylaxis, septic, TACO). CLASSIFI #### Neurocritical (2) - [Acute spinal cord injury and neurogenic shock in ICU](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/neurocritical/spinal-cord-injury-neurogenic-shock) — Acute spinal cord injury (SCI): traumatic (falls, road trauma, diving) or non-traumatic (abscess, haematoma, tumour, disc). Neurogenic shock - [Acute stroke in ICU: ischaemic, haemorrhagic, and neurocritical care](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/neurocritical/acute-stroke-icu-management) — Acute stroke ICU management. ISCHAEMIC (80%): thrombolysis (alteplase within 4.5h — NINDS, ECASS III), thrombectomy (within 6-24h for large #### Endocrine & metabolic emergencies (1) - [Adrenal Crisis & Corticosteroid Replacement](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/endocrine/endocrine-adrenal-crisis) — The adrenal crisis — the acute the life-threatening the glucocorticoid the deficiency. The causes (the primary — the Addison's, the adrenal #### Endocrine (1) - [Adrenal insufficiency and Addisonian crisis](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/endocrine/adrenal-insufficiency) — Adrenal crisis is a life-threatening state of glucocorticoid deficiency. Presents with hypotension (refractory to catecholamines), abdominal #### Monitoring / haemodynamics (1) - [Advanced Haemodynamic Monitoring — PA Catheter, PiCCO & Pulse Contour](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/cardiovascular/advanced-haemodynamics-pa-catheter-picco) — Advanced haemodynamic monitoring measures the cardiac output and related variables beyond the basic arterial and CVP lines. The pulmonary ar #### Advanced respiratory support (1) - [Advanced Respiratory Support — NIV, Weaning and Tracheostomy](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/respiratory/advanced-respiratory) — Advanced respiratory support covers the three skills that frame the respiratory failure beyond the ventilator — the non-invasive ventilation #### Anatomy (1) - [Airway & Respiratory Anatomy](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/anatomy/airway-respiratory-anatomy) — Airway and respiratory anatomy for the ICU First Part: the upper airway (nose, naso-/oro-/laryngopharynx, larynx and its cartilages — thyroi #### Airway management (4) - [Airway Management](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/resuscitation/airway-management) — Tracheal intubation in the critically ill patient is one of the highest-risk procedures in intensive care: the INTUBE study of nearly 3000 i - [Aspiration — Prevention & Management (Pneumonitis vs Pneumonia)](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/resuscitation/airway-aspiration) — Aspiration causes two distinct syndromes. Aspiration pneumonitis (Mendelson syndrome) is a sterile chemical injury from acidic gastric conte - [Awake Fibre-Optic Intubation](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/resuscitation/airway-awake-fibre-optic-intubation) — Awake fibre-optic intubation (AFOI) is the safest approach to the anticipated difficult airway when the patient can cooperate and maintain o - [Basic Airway Manoeuvres, Adjuncts & Bag-Valve-Mask](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/resuscitation/airway-basic-maneouvres) — The 'A' of ABCDE. Basic airway skills are the non-invasive manoeuvres and adjuncts that establish and maintain a patent airway and oxygenate #### Infection / pharmacology (4) - [Aminoglycosides — Gentamicin, Tobramycin, Amikacin & the Three Toxicities](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/antimicrobial-stewardship/aminoglycosides) — The aminoglycosides (gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin) are bactericidal inhibitors of the 30S ribosomal subunit — concentration-dependent ki - [Antifungals — Azoles, Echinocandins & Amphotericin B](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/antimicrobial-stewardship/antifungals) — The antifungals comprise the three classes. The azoles (the fluconazole, the voriconazole, the posaconazole, the isavuconazole) inhibit the - [Antivirals — Aciclovir, Oseltamivir & the Anti-COVID Agents](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/antimicrobial-stewardship/antivirals) — The antivirals in the ICU target the specific viral enzymes. The five ICU-relevant groups: the **anti-herpes** (the aciclovir — the HSV and - [Beta-Lactam Antibiotics — Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Carbapenems, Monobactams](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/antimicrobial-stewardship/beta-lactam-antibiotics) — The beta-lactam antibiotics share the beta-lactam ring and the mechanism — the bind the PBPs, the inhibit the cell-wall (the peptidoglycan) #### Obstetric critical care (1) - [Amniotic Fluid Embolism](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/obstetric/obstetric-amniotic-fluid-embolism) — The amniotic the fluid the embolism (the AFE) — the catastrophic the peripartum the anaphylactoid the reaction to the amniotic the fluid the #### Haematology / transfusion (1) - [Anaemia in the ICU — Phlebotomy, Functional Iron & Restrictive Transfusion](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/haematology-coagulation/anaemia-in-icu) — Anaemia is near-universal in ICU and deepens with every day of the stay (mean admission Hb 11.3 g/dL in the ABC cohort). The number 1 MODIFI #### Resuscitation & shock (1) - [Anaphylaxis & Anaphylactic Shock](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/resuscitation/resuscitation-anaphylaxis) — Anaphylaxis — the severe, life-threatening systemic hypersensitivity reaction. The rapid onset (the skin/mucosal + the respiratory + the car #### Haematology / coagulation (1) - [Anticoagulants & Antiplatelets — Heparin, DOACs, Warfarin & Reversal](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/haematology-coagulation/anticoagulants-antiplatelets) — The anticoagulants and the antiplatelets in the ICU: the heparins (the UFH — the antithrombin-mediated IIa or Xa, the APTT monitoring, the p #### Infectious (1) - [Antimicrobial resistance in ICU: ESBL, CRE, MRSA, VRE management](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/infectious/antimicrobial-resistance-esbl-cre-mrsa-vre) — Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in ICU: resistant organisms limit antibiotic options, increase mortality. KEY organisms: (1) ESBL (Extended-S #### Antimicrobial therapy (1) - [Antimicrobial Therapy and Stewardship in the ICU](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/resuscitation/antimicrobial-stewardship) — Antimicrobial stewardship is the systematic, the evidence-based, the measured use of the antibiotics to maximise the patient outcome, minimi #### Applied pharmacology (1) - [Applied Pharmacology — Vasoactives, Sedatives and Paralysers](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/resuscitation/applied-pharmacology) — The applied pharmacology of the ICU drugs — the vasoactives (the noradrenaline, the vasopressin, the dobutamine, the milrinone, the adrenali #### Applied physiology (1) - [Applied Physiology — Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Renal, Neuro, GI and the Stress Response](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/resuscitation/applied-physiology) — The applied physiology that underpins every ICU intervention — the cardiovascular (the cardiac-output determinants of preload, afterload, co #### Physiology / haematology immunology (1) - [Blood & Immunology Physiology](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/first-part-physiology/blood-immunology-physiology) — Blood and immunology physiology: the hematopoiesis (the pluripotent stem cell → RBC, WBC, platelets). The red blood cell physiology (2,3-DPG #### first-part-physiology (1) - [Blood and Immunology Physiology — Comprehensive](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/first-part-physiology/blood-immunology-physiology-comprehensive-icu) — Blood and immunology physiology — the integrated biology of haematopoiesis, innate and adaptive immunity, haemostasis (primary + secondary), #### Neurocritical care / monitoring (1) - [Brain Tissue Oxygen (PbtO2) & Multimodality Neuromonitoring](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/neurocritical-care/brain-tissue-oxygen-multimodality) — No single neuromonitor is sufficient. The ICP monitoring alone misses the brain tissue hypoxia (the PbtO2 can be low even when the ICP is no #### Burns (4) - [Burn Assessment — TBSA, Depth & Airway](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/burns/burns-burn-assessment) — The burn the assessment — the **the TBSA** (the total the body the surface the area — the Rule of the Nines, the Lund-the-Browder, the palm) - [Burn Resuscitation Fluids (Parkland)](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/burns/burns-resuscitation-fluids) — Major burn resuscitation replaces the plasma volume lost through the post-burn systemic capillary leak. The Parkland formula (4 mL/kg/%TBSA - [Burn Wound Care & Infection](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/burns/burns-wound-care-infection) — Burn wound care and infection — cleaning/debridement, topical antimicrobials (silver sulfadiazine, mafenide, silver nitrate, nanocrystalline - [Burns — Metabolic & Nutritional Management](https://medvellum.com/s/icu/topics/burns/burns-metabolic-nutrition) — The metabolic and nutritional management of the burns — the hypermetabolic response (the metabolic rate 150 to 200 per cent above normal; th _(capped at 200; see format index for the full set)_ ### SAQs Index: https://medvellum.com/s/icu/saqs ### Cases Index: https://medvellum.com/s/icu/cases ### Vivas Index: https://medvellum.com/s/icu/vivas ## Anaesthesia Hub: https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia Primary and final: airway, pharmacology, and peri-operative physiology. ### Topics Index: https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics #### Vascular anaesthesia (4) - [AAA open repair versus EVAR: anaesthetic decision matrix](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/aaa-open-evar) — Exam-exhaustive open AAA vs EVAR anaesthesia for ANZCA Final. - [Aortic cross-clamp physiology: clamp-on and clamp-off](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/aortic-cross-clamp-physiology) — Exam-exhaustive aortic cross-clamp on and off physiology for vascular and major aortic anaesthesia: afterload and cardiac output vectors, my - [Carotid endarterectomy: GA versus awake and cerebral monitoring](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/carotid-endarterectomy-anaesthesia) — Exam-exhaustive CEA anaesthesia including GALA and wake-up monitoring for ANZCA Final. - [Perioperative cardiac risk: Revised Cardiac Risk Index (RCRI)](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/perioperative-cardiac-risk-rcri) — Exam-exhaustive Revised Cardiac Risk Index: exact six predictors, original risk bands, limitations, functional capacity, further testing pri #### Applied anatomy (6) - [Abdominal wall and fascial planes](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/anatomy/abdominal-wall-fascial-planes) — The abdominal wall is the setting for a generation of fascial-plane regional blocks (the TAP, rectus sheath, quadratus lumborum and erector - [Airway and larynx anatomy](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/anatomy/airway-and-larynx-anatomy) — The airway is the anaesthetist's primary organ, and its anatomy underpins every act of intubation, laryngeal-mask placement, front-of-neck r - [Brachial plexus anatomy](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/anatomy/brachial-plexus-anatomy) — The brachial plexus supplies the entire upper limb and is the most blocked nerve structure in regional anaesthesia. Its anatomy is taught as - [Cranial nerves and autonomic ganglia](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/anatomy/cranial-nerves-autonomic-ganglia) — The cranial nerves and the autonomic nervous system together control the airway, the cardiovascular reflexes, the eye and the viscera — the - [Lumbosacral plexus anatomy](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/anatomy/lumbosacral-plexus-anatomy) — The lumbosacral plexus supplies the entire lower limb, the pelvic floor and the perineum, and its branches are the targets of the lower-limb - [Neck anatomy and central venous access](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/anatomy/neck-central-venous-anatomy) — The neck carries the great vessels that the anaesthetist cannulates for central venous access and arterial monitoring, the central airway th #### Depth of anaesthesia & awareness (3) - [Accidental awareness under general anaesthesia: NAP5 and prevention](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/airway/awareness-nap5) — Exam-pass AAGA topic built on NAP5: incidence, risk groups (TIVA, NMB, obstetrics, cardiac, emergency), end-tidal agent alarms, processed-EE - [Depth of anaesthesia & awareness](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/airway/depth-of-anaesthesia-awareness) — The depth of anaesthesia and the awareness under anaesthesia concern the assurance of the unconsciousness and the amnesia, and the preventio - [Depth of anaesthesia: processed EEG, BIS and entropy](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/airway/depth-of-anaesthesia-peeg-bis) — Processed electroencephalogram monitors — the bispectral index (BIS), spectral entropy and related indices — estimate the depth of anaesthes #### Applied cardiovascular & respiratory physiology (32) - [Acid-base: buffers & compensation](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/physiology/acid-base-buffers-compensation) — Arterial pH is held between 7.35 and 7.45 by a system of buffers and two excretory organs, and the anaesthetist reads its output every time - [Acid-base: the Stewart approach](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/physiology/acid-base-stewart-approach) — Peter Stewart's physicochemical approach reinterprets acid-base in terms of three independent variables that determine the dependent variabl - [ADME and routes of drug administration](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/physiology/adme-routes-of-administration) — ADME — absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion — is the pharmacokinetic backbone that determines how much of a drug reaches its s - [Applied cardiovascular & respiratory physiology](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/physiology-physics-equipment/applied-cardioresp-physiology) — The applied cardiovascular and respiratory physiology is the foundation of the anaesthetic practice. The framework rests on the determinants - [Applied physiology of the elderly](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/physiology/applied-physiology-of-the-elderly) — Ageing changes every organ system, reducing physiological reserve and increasing the sensitivity to anaesthetic drugs, and the elderly patie - [Autonomic nervous system](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/physiology/autonomic-nervous-system) — The autonomic nervous system governs the involuntary organs and is the framework for almost every anaesthetic drug and reflex. The framework - [Carbon dioxide transport](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/physiology/carbon-dioxide-transport) — Carbon dioxide is the waste product of metabolism and the chemical driver of ventilation, and its transport has a subtlety oxygen transport - [Cardiac cycle & pressure-volume loops](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/physiology/cardiac-cycle-pressure-volume-loops) — The cardiac cycle is the repeating sequence of pressure and volume changes that ejects blood from the heart, and the left-ventricular pressu - [Cardiac electrophysiology & conduction](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/physiology/cardiac-electrophysiology-conduction) — The heart generates and propagates its own electrical impulse through a specialised conduction pathway, and the orderly sequence of that pro - [Cardiac output & its determinants](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/physiology/cardiac-output-determinants) — Cardiac output — about 5 litres per minute at rest — is the product of heart rate and stroke volume, but in the steady state it is set equal - [Cell membrane & action potential](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/physiology/cell-membrane-action-potential) — Excitable cells — nerve, skeletal and cardiac muscle — generate and conduct electrical signals because ion concentrations differ across the - [Context-sensitive half-time](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/physiology/context-sensitive-half-time) — The context-sensitive half-time (CSHT) is the time for the plasma drug concentration to fall by 50 percent after stopping an infusion of a g - [Control of arterial pressure](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/physiology/control-of-arterial-pressure) — Arterial pressure is the perfusing pressure of every organ, and the body defends it across time-scales from seconds to days. The framework r - [Control of ventilation](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/physiology/control-of-ventilation) — Ventilation is controlled automatically by a brainstem network that matches alveolar ventilation to metabolic demand, and it does so chiefly - [Coronary & cerebral circulation](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/physiology/coronary-and-cerebral-circulation) — The coronary and cerebral circulations are the two most vital special circulations, and each is defended by its own tightly-regulated autore - [CSF & intracranial pressure physiology](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/physiology/csf-intracranial-pressure-physiology) — Cerebrospinal fluid cushions and supports the brain within the rigid skull, and the fixed intracranial volume sets the rules for intracrania - [Drug toxicity and adverse drug reactions](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/physiology/toxicity-adverse-reactions) — An adverse drug reaction is any noxious, unintended response to a drug given at standard doses; toxicity is harm from excessive exposure. To - [Endocrine physiology: glucose, thyroid & adrenal](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/physiology/endocrine-physiology-glucose-thyroid-adrenal) — The endocrine system controls glucose, metabolic rate and the stress response, and its disorders are among the most common comorbidities the - [Haematology & coagulation cascade physiology](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/physiology/haematology-coagulation-cascade-physiology) — Haemostasis is a precisely balanced process of clot formation (primary platelet plug, secondary coagulation cascade) and clot dissolution (f - [Hepatic physiology & drug metabolism](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/physiology/hepatic-physiology-drug-metabolism) — The liver receives a dual blood supply and is the body's principal organ of drug metabolism and plasma protein synthesis, so its function go - [Immunology basics](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/physiology/immunology-basics) — The immune system defends against pathogens and tumours, and its disorders underlie the most dramatic anaesthetic emergency — anaphylaxis. T - [Lung volumes & capacities](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/physiology/lung-volumes-and-capacities) — The lung holds characteristic volumes of air at each phase of breathing, and the way those volumes change with position, anaesthesia and dis - [Maternal physiology](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/physiology/maternal-physiology) — Pregnancy transforms every organ system, and the anaesthetist must know the changes to manage the obstetric patient safely. The framework re - [Microcirculation & control of blood flow](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/physiology/microcirculation-blood-flow-control) — The microcirculation — the arterioles, capillaries and venules — is where blood flow is actually distributed and where exchange with the tis - [Neonatal physiology](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/physiology/neonatal-physiology) — The neonate undergoes the most dramatic physiological transition of any human — from placental dependence to independent air-breathing — and - [Neuromuscular junction physiology](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/physiology/neuromuscular-junction-physiology) — The neuromuscular junction converts the motor nerve action potential into muscle contraction, and it is the site of action of the muscle rel - [Oxygen cascade & hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/physiology/oxygen-cascade-hpv) — Oxygen steps down in partial pressure at each stage from the dry inspired air to the mitochondrion — the oxygen cascade — and the lung match - [Oxygen transport & the dissociation curve](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/physiology/oxygen-transport-dissociation-curve) — Oxygen is carried almost entirely bound to haemoglobin, and the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve governs both how it loads in the lung and - [Pharmacodynamics: receptors and the dose-response relationship](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/physiology/pharmacodynamics-receptors-dose-response) — Pharmacodynamics is what the drug does to the body — the study of the molecular events, almost always at a receptor, that produce a clinical - [Pharmacogenetics and variability in drug response](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/physiology/pharmacogenetics-and-variability) — Patients vary enormously in their response to the same dose of a drug, and a major, inherited component of that variability is pharmacogenet - [Pharmacokinetics: compartment models](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/physiology/pharmacokinetics-compartment-models) — Pharmacokinetics describes what the body does to the drug — absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion — and the compartment model i - [Plasma protein binding and drug interactions](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/physiology/plasma-protein-binding-drug-interactions) — Most drugs circulate partly bound to plasma proteins and partly free, and only the free (unbound) fraction is pharmacologically active, avai #### Acute pain & multimodal analgesia (1) - [Acute pain & multimodal analgesia](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/regional-anaesthesia/acute-pain-multimodal) — Exam-exhaustive acute pain: WHO-style ladder adapted to acute surgical pain, multimodal components with doses, PCA principles, regional inte #### Anaesthetic adjuncts (15) - [Adrenaline](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/applied-pharmacology/adrenaline-vasopressors) — Adrenaline (epinephrine) is the physiological HORMONE of the adrenal medulla and a DIRECT-ACTING catecholamine that is a potent agonist at t - [Alfentanil](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/applied-pharmacology/alfentanil) — Alfentanil is a synthetic phenylpiperidine mu-opioid agonist related to fentanyl but only about a quarter to a third of its potency (Gu 2026 - [Alpha-2 agonists — dexmedetomidine and clonidine](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/applied-pharmacology/alpha2-agonists-dexmedetomidine) — The selective alpha-2 adrenergic agonists — dexmedetomidine and clonidine — are the one sedative class that produces analgesia and sedation - [Anaesthetic adjuncts](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/applied-pharmacology/anaesthetic-adjuncts) — The anaesthetic adjuncts are the agents used alongside the primary anaesthetic to enhance the anaesthesia, the analgesia, the sedation, and - [Antiemetics for PONV — 5-HT3 antagonists, dexamethasone, droperidol, NK1 antagonists](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/applied-pharmacology/antiemetics-5ht3-steroid-droperidol-nk1) — Postoperative nausea and vomiting remains the most common cause of patient dissatisfaction after anaesthesia and the anaesthetist controls m - [Benzodiazepines in anaesthesia](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/applied-pharmacology/benzodiazepines-anaesthesia) — Benzodiazepines are the versatile perioperative drug class — the premedicant, the procedural sedative, the anxiolytic, the anticonvulsant, t - [Dobutamine and dopamine](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/applied-pharmacology/dobutamine-dopamine) — Dobutamine and dopamine are the two inotropic catecholamines most often paired in anaesthesia and intensive-care exams because they share a - [Ephedrine](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/applied-pharmacology/ephedrine) — Ephedrine is a NATURAL ALKALOID from Ephedra sinica and a mixed-acting sympathomimetic, distinct from the pure alpha-1 agonists because it r - [Fentanyl](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/applied-pharmacology/fentanyl) — Fentanyl is a synthetic phenylpiperidine opioid and a full agonist at the mu-opioid receptor, roughly 100 times more potent than morphine, a - [Metaraminol — the mixed-acting vasopressor (alpha-1 plus indirect noradrenaline release)](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/applied-pharmacology/metaraminol) — Metaraminol is a SYNTHETIC SYMPATHOMIMETIC AMINE with a DUAL mechanism that sets it apart from every other vasopressor on the anaesthetic tr - [Methadone](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/applied-pharmacology/methadone) — Methadone is a synthetic DIPHENYLPROPYLAMINE opioid — chemically distinct from both the phenanthrenes (morphine) and the phenylpiperidines ( - [Morphine](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/applied-pharmacology/morphine) — Morphine is the prototype phenanthrene opioid, a full agonist at the mu-opioid receptor and the natural alkaloid of opium against which ever - [Noradrenaline](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/applied-pharmacology/noradrenaline) — Noradrenaline (norepinephrine) is the physiological NEUROTRANSMITTER of the sympathetic nervous system and a DIRECT-ACTING CATECHOLAMINE syn - [Opioid receptors, biased agonism, tolerance and opioid-induced hyperalgesia](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/applied-pharmacology/opioid-receptors-hyperalgesia) — Opioid receptors are a family of G-protein-coupled receptors — the mu (MOR), kappa (KOR) and delta (DOR) — that mediate the analgesic and ad - [Phenylephrine — the pure alpha-1 vasopressor](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/applied-pharmacology/phenylephrine) — Phenylephrine is the prototype PURE ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC AGONIST with no beta-1, no beta-2 and no alpha-2 activity at clinical doses, and this #### Airway management (6) - [Airway assessment: the LEMON tool, Mallampati classification & prediction of difficult direct laryngoscopy](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/applied-pharmacology/airway-assessment-lemon) — Pre-operative airway assessment is the single bedside exercise most consistently examined in the airway viva and short-answer question, beca - [Airway emergencies: recognition and the structured response](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/airway/airway-emergencies) — An airway emergency is any acute failure to oxygenate or ventilate — from laryngospasm and bronchospasm to aspiration, obstruction, the lost - [Apnoeic oxygenation and THRIVE](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/airway/apnoeic-oxygenation-thrive) — Exam-pass apnoeic oxygenation: aventilatory mass flow physiology, preoxygenation/denitrogenation, nasal low-flow NO-DESAT, Patel THRIVE high - [CICO and emergency front-of-neck access: the scalpel-bougie cricothyroidotomy](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/airway/cico-front-of-neck-access) — Cannot intubate, cannot oxygenate (CICO) is the ultimate airway emergency — the point at which every non-surgical lifeline has failed and th - [Direct laryngoscopy & orotracheal intubation — blade types, Cormack-Lehane grade, BURP, ETT selection and confirmation](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/applied-pharmacology/direct-laryngoscopy-intubation) — Direct laryngoscopy is the technique by which the larynx and vocal cords are brought into a single line of sight so that a tracheal tube can - [Extubation of the difficult airway](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/airway/extubation-of-the-difficult-airway) — Extubation is the second most hazardous moment in airway management, and a tube that was hard to place will be at least as hard to replace. #### Obstetric anaesthesia (12) - [Amniotic fluid embolism collapse: diagnosis, biphasic course and resuscitation](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/amniotic-fluid-embolism-collapse) — Amniotic fluid embolism for fellowship exams: clinical diagnosis, biphasic cardiorespiratory collapse then DIC, resuscitation, RV support, b - [Anaesthesia for placenta accreta spectrum](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/placenta-accreta-spectrum) — Exam-exhaustive placenta accreta spectrum anaesthesia: risk factors, multidisciplinary planned delivery, massive haemorrhage preparation, in - [Caesarean anaesthesia: spinal, CSE, general anaesthesia and spinal hypotension](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/caesarean-anaesthesia) — Exam-exhaustive neuraxial and general anaesthesia for caesarean section: exact spinal doses, phenylephrine-first spinal hypotension manageme - [Cardiac disease in pregnancy: risk stratification and anaesthetic delivery planning](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/cardiac-disease-in-pregnancy) — Anaesthesia for cardiac disease in pregnancy: mWHO risk, multidisciplinary planning, lesion-specific haemodynamics, neuraxial versus GA, mon - [Failed intubation in obstetrics: OAA/DAS algorithm and wake-versus-proceed](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/failed-obstetric-intubation) — Exam-exhaustive OAA/DAS 2015 obstetric failed intubation coverage: pregnancy airway risk physiology, RSI modifications, Plans A to D, struct - [Labour analgesia: epidural, CSE, and non-neuraxial alternatives](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/labour-analgesia-epidural-cse) — Fellowship coverage of labour neuraxial analgesia: consent, epidural and CSE technique, low-dose mobile solutions, COMET trial findings, PCE - [Maternal physiology of pregnancy for the anaesthetist](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/maternal-physiology-pregnancy) — Exam-exhaustive maternal physiological changes by system with anaesthetic implications: aortocaval compression, reduced FRC and rapid desatu - [Neonatal resuscitation for the anaesthetist: NLS/NRP sequence and adrenaline dosing](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/neonatal-resuscitation-anaesthetist) — Neonatal resuscitation skills for anaesthetists at delivery: initial steps, PPV, 3:1 compressions, adrenaline 0.01–0.03 mg/kg IV/IO, volume - [Non-obstetric surgery in pregnancy: timing, conduct and fetal considerations](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/non-obstetric-surgery-in-pregnancy) — Exam-exhaustive anaesthesia for non-obstetric surgery in pregnancy: ACOG timing principles, trimester physiology, aspiration and left uterin - [Obstetric anaesthesia](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/obstetric-anaesthesia) — Exam-pass obstetric anaesthesia hub (SS_OB): maternal physiology, labour epidural/CSE, caesarean decision matrix, OAA/DAS failed intubation - [Postpartum haemorrhage: uterotonic ladder, tranexamic acid, and massive obstetric haemorrhage](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/obstetric-haemorrhage-pph) — Exam-exhaustive postpartum haemorrhage for fellowship: definitions and 4 Ts, uterotonic ladder with exact doses and contraindications, WOMAN - [Pre-eclampsia anaesthetic plan: magnesium sulphate, blood pressure and neuraxial decisions](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/pre-eclampsia-anaesthetic-plan) — Anaesthetic plan for pre-eclampsia and eclampsia with exact MgSO4 Pritchard/Zuspan regimens, BP control, fluid restriction, neuraxial versus #### Cardiac anaesthesia (8) - [Anaesthesia for adult congenital heart disease](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/adult-congenital-heart-disease-anaesthesia) — Exam-pass ACHD for noncardiac surgery: lesion classification, shunt and PVR goals, Fontan physiology, endocarditis/arrhythmia risks, and cen - [Anaesthesia for aortic dissection and major aortic surgery](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/aortic-dissection-major-aortic) — Exam-exhaustive anaesthesia for Stanford Type A emergency and major aortic surgery: shear-stress haemodynamic control, TOE priorities, CPB c - [Anaesthesia for TAVI and structural heart interventions](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/tavi-structural-heart) — Exam-pass TAVI anaesthesia: AS haemodynamics, GA vs conscious sedation evidence (SOLVE-TAVI), vascular access crises, haemodynamic collapse, - [Anaesthesia for valve surgery](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/valve-surgery-anaesthesia) — Haemodynamic goals for AS, AR, MS, MR; TOE assessment; CPB and cardioplegia nuances; prosthesis checks and post-repair SAM risk. - [CABG anaesthesia: on-pump and off-pump](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/cabg-on-off-pump) — Exam-exhaustive anaesthesia for CABG including on-pump CPB goals, heparin and ACT targets, OPCAB haemodynamics with stabilisers, conversion - [Cardiopulmonary bypass circuit: components, physiology, and anaesthetic priorities](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/cpb-circuit-physiology) — Ordered CPB circuit components, heparin and ACT targets, indexed flows and MAP, alpha-stat versus pH-stat, weaning with rate-rhythm-preload- - [Heparin, protamine, and coagulopathy on CPB](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/protamine-heparin-coagulopathy-cpb) — Exact heparin dosing and ACT targets, protamine dosing and reaction phenotypes, HIT alternatives, and viscoelastic-guided post-CPB bleeding - [Myocardial protection and cardioplegia](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/myocardial-protection-cardioplegia) — Exam-exhaustive myocardial protection for ANZCA Final: hyperkalaemic diastolic arrest, blood vs crystalloid, warm vs cold, antegrade vs retr #### Thoracic anaesthesia (6) - [Anaesthesia for anterior mediastinal mass](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/mediastinal-mass-anaesthesia) — Exam-exhaustive management of anterior mediastinal mass: risk stratification, awake strategies, spontaneous ventilation, cardiopulmonary byp - [Anaesthesia for bronchoscopy and shared airway surgery](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/bronchoscopy-airway-surgery) — Shared-airway anaesthesia for flexible and rigid bronchoscopy and interventional airway surgery: oxygenation strategies, TIVA, jet ventilati - [Anaesthesia for lung transplantation](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/lung-transplant-anaesthesia) — Exam-pass lung transplant anaesthesia: end-stage lung disease physiology, induction risks, PA clamping and reperfusion, ECMO/CPB triggers, p - [Anaesthesia for oesophagectomy](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/oesophagectomy-anaesthesia) — Exam-pass oesophagectomy anaesthesia: two-cavity physiology, lung isolation, fluid and anastomotic concerns, thoracic analgesia, aspiration - [Lung isolation: double-lumen tubes and bronchial blockers](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/lung-isolation-dlt-bronchial-blocker) — Fellowship-level lung isolation: exact adult DLT sizing, left versus right DLT margin of safety, bronchial blocker types and indications, fi - [One-lung ventilation physiology and the hypoxaemia management algorithm](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/olv-physiology-hypoxaemia-algorithm) — OLV shunt physiology, hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, DLT versus bronchial blocker principles, lung-protective OLV settings, and the ste #### Head & neck / ECT (1) - [Anaesthesia for electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/ect-anaesthesia) — Exam-exhaustive ECT anaesthesia: biphasic autonomic response, induction agent versus seizure quality, suxamethonium-modified technique, bite #### General surgery anaesthesia (4) - [Anaesthesia for emergency laparotomy](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/emergency-laparotomy-anaesthesia) — Exam-exhaustive emergency laparotomy anaesthesia: sepsis resuscitation before induction, arterial line and RSI, haemodynamic goals, NELA-sty - [Anaesthesia for endoscopy and ERCP](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/endoscopy-ercp-anaesthesia) — Exam-exhaustive endoscopy and ERCP anaesthesia for ANZCA Final: shared-airway risk, sedation versus GA decision matrix, capnography, prone E - [Elective general surgery and ERAS: anaesthetic contribution](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/elective-generalsurgery-er-as) — Exam-exhaustive ERAS anaesthetic contribution in elective general surgery for ANZCA Final: risk stratification (RCRI), opioid-sparing multim - [Laparoscopic general surgery: pneumoperitoneum physiology and anaesthesia](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/laparoscopic-generalsurgery-anaesthesia) — Exam-exhaustive laparoscopic general surgery anaesthesia for ANZCA Final: CO2 pneumoperitoneum cardiopulmonary physiology, hypercarbia venti #### Neuroanaesthesia (6) - [Anaesthesia for intracranial aneurysm and AVM](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/aneurysm-avm-anaesthesia) — Anaesthesia for intracranial aneurysm and AVM: transmural pressure control, brain relaxation, temporary clipping, intraoperative rupture dri - [Awake craniotomy: asleep-awake-asleep technique, mapping, and airway strategy](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/awake-craniotomy) — Asleep-awake-asleep and monitored anaesthesia care for eloquent cortex surgery, propofol-remifentanil and dexmedetomidine regimens, airway o - [ICP, cerebral autoregulation and CPP](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/icp-autoregulation-cpp) — Core neurophysiology for fellowship exams: Monro-Kellie doctrine, Lassen autoregulation, exact CPP equals MAP minus ICP, BTF targets, anaest - [Neuroanaesthesia](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/neuroanaesthesia) — Exam-pass neuroanaesthesia hub (SS_NS): Monroe-Kellie, CPP=MAP−ICP, agent effects on CBF/CMR, BTF TBI targets, VAE in sitting position, aneu - [Neuromonitoring: EEG, SSEP, MEP and anaesthetic constraints](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/neuromonitoring-eeg-evoked-potentials) — Anaesthetic effects on EEG and evoked potentials, TIVA vs volatile strategies for SSEP/MEP, neuromuscular blockade rules, warning criteria, - [Posterior fossa surgery: cranial nerves, brainstem reflexes, and positioning](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/posterior-fossa-cranial-nerve) — Anaesthesia for posterior fossa and CPA surgery including positioning trade-offs, cranial nerve and brainstem monitoring constraints, trigem #### Perioperative medicine (15) - [Anaesthesia for obesity and bariatric surgery](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/perioperative-medicine/anaesthesia-obesity-bariatric) — Exam-exhaustive obesity and bariatric anaesthesia: BMI classes, STOP-Bang OSA screening, ramping/HELP, IBW/LBW/TBW drug dosing, RSI and VL s - [Anaesthesia for renal failure and dialysis](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/perioperative-medicine/renal-failure-dialysis-anaesthesia) — Exam-exhaustive anaesthesia for CKD and dialysis: potassium and fluid strategy, dialysis timing, renally adjusted drug dosing, AV fistula pr - [Anaesthesia for the solid organ transplant recipient](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/perioperative-medicine/transplant-recipient-anaesthesia) — Exam-pass anaesthesia for solid organ transplant recipients having non-transplant surgery: graft function, immunosuppression drug interactio - [Anaesthesia in remote sites and the MRI environment](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/perioperative-medicine/anaesthesia-remote-site-mri) — Exam-exhaustive remote-site and MRI anaesthesia: organisational standards equal to the OR, MRI Zones I–IV, ferromagnetic projectile risk, im - [Anticoagulation and neuraxial / regional anaesthesia](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/perioperative-medicine/anticoagulation-neuraxial-regional) — Exam-pass anticoagulation timing for neuraxial and regional anaesthesia: ASRA principles for LMWH, UFH, warfarin, DOACs and antiplatelets, c - [Blood products and massive transfusion](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/perioperative-medicine/blood-products-massive-transfusion) — Exam-pass massive transfusion and blood products: MTP activation, PROPPR 1:1:1 ratios, ROTEM/TEG high-level interpretation, TXA timing, calc - [Day-case and ambulatory anaesthesia](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/day-case-ambulatory) — Exam-pass day-case ambulatory anaesthesia: patient and procedure selection, OSA rules, short-acting techniques, PONV prophylaxis, PADSS disc - [Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS)](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/perioperative-medicine/eras) — High-yield ERAS for fellowship exams: bundle philosophy, anaesthetic elements (fasting, carb load, opioid-sparing, PONV, fluids, normothermi - [Hepatic failure and liver transplant anaesthesia](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/perioperative-medicine/hepatic-failure-liver-transplant) — Exam-pass hepatic failure and liver transplant anaesthesia: ALF vs cirrhosis, MELD, rebalanced coagulopathy, encephalopathy, transplant phas - [Intraoperative cell salvage](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/perioperative-medicine/cell-salvage) — Exam-pass intraoperative cell salvage: indications, wash pathway, contraindications, obstetrics/malignancy nuances, coagulopathy after wash, - [Jehovah's Witness and bloodless perioperative care](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/perioperative-medicine/jehovahs-witness-transfusion) — Exam-pass Jehovah's Witness care: ethics and consent, product acceptance matrix, preoperative optimisation, bloodless intraoperative strateg - [Opioid-tolerant and chronic pain patient — perioperative care](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/perioperative-medicine/opioid-tolerant-chronic-pain-perioperative) — Exam-pass perioperative care of the opioid-tolerant chronic pain patient: baseline opioid continuation, multimodal and regional strategies, - [Perioperative management of diabetes mellitus](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/perioperative-medicine/diabetes-perioperative) — Exam-exhaustive perioperative diabetes: HbA1c discussion, day-of insulin and OHA rules, DKA versus elective pathways, VRIII principles, dexa - [Perioperative management of pacemakers and ICDs](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/perioperative-medicine/pacemaker-icd-perioperative) — Exam-exhaustive CIED perioperative care: NBG modes at high level, pacing dependence, magnet behaviour (pacemaker vs ICD), diathermy EMI miti - [Preoperative anaemia and iron therapy](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/perioperative-medicine/preoperative-anaemia-iron) — Exam-pass preoperative anaemia: thresholds, iron studies, oral vs IV iron, PREVENTT caveats, ESA use, PBM pillars, and transfusion decisions #### Ophthalmic anaesthesia (5) - [Anaesthesia for strabismus, cataract, and glaucoma surgery](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/strabismus-cataract-glaucoma) — Exam-exhaustive anaesthesia differences across strabismus, cataract, and glaucoma for ANZCA Final: OCR and PONV planning, topical and sub-Te - [Oculocardiac reflex and intraocular pressure under anaesthesia](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/oculocardiac-reflex-iop) — Exam-exhaustive OCR pathway and treatment (stop stimulus, atropine 10–20 microg/kg) plus IOP pharmacology (normal 10–21 mmHg; sux +5–10 mmHg - [Open-globe and penetrating eye injury anaesthesia](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/open-globe-penetrating-injury) — Exam-exhaustive open-globe anaesthesia including suxamethonium debate for ANZCA Final. - [Ophthalmic drugs with systemic effects for the anaesthetist](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/ophthalmic-drugs-systemic-effects) — Exam-exhaustive systemic effects of ophthalmic medications for ANZCA Final: absorption via the nasolacrimal route, timolol beta-blockade, ph - [Ophthalmic regional blocks: retrobulbar, peribulbar, sub-Tenon](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/ophthalmic-regional-blocks) — Exam-exhaustive ophthalmic regional anaesthesia for ANZCA Final: orbital anatomy, retrobulbar versus peribulbar versus sub-Tenon versus topi #### Anaesthesia for the elderly and the co-morbid patient (1) - [Anaesthesia for the elderly and the co-morbid patient](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/comorbid-elderly-anaesthesia) — The elderly and the co-morbid patient is the largest and the highest-risk group in the modern operating theatre. The framework rests on the #### Anaesthetic ventilators (1) - [Anaesthetic ventilators](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/physiology-physics-equipment/anaesthetic-ventilators) — The anaesthetic ventilator provides the controlled ventilation during the general anaesthesia, integrated into the anaesthetic machine and t #### Critical incidents (4) - [Anaphylaxis under anaesthesia](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/critical-incidents/anaphylaxis-under-anaesthesia) — Exam-exhaustive perioperative anaphylaxis: NAP6 culprits (NMBAs, antibiotics, chlorhexidine, dyes), adrenaline IM/IV doses, dual pathology w - [Aspiration and regurgitation](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/critical-incidents-patient-safety/aspiration) — Exam-exhaustive pulmonary aspiration: risk factors including GLP-1 agonists, Mendelson chemical pneumonitis vs pneumonia, classic vs modifie - [Local anaesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST)](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/critical-incidents-patient-safety/last-toxicity) — Exam-exhaustive LAST: mechanism, dose limits, early CNS prodrome, cardiovascular collapse, ASRA prevention checklist, and lipid emulsion res - [Malignant hyperthermia](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/critical-incidents/malignant-hyperthermia) — Exam-exhaustive malignant hyperthermia: RYR1 calcium storm, absolute trigger list, early ETCO2/masseter signs, EMHG/MHAUS crisis bundle, exa #### Orthopaedic anaesthesia (1) - [Arthroplasty anaesthesia, ERAS, and blood conservation](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/arthroplasty-eras-blood-conservation) — Arthroplasty ERAS combines optimised comorbidities, preferred neuraxial or regional plus light GA, TXA for blood conservation (typical 1 g I #### Neuromuscular blockade & reversal (3) - [Atracurium, cisatracurium and mivacurium](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/applied-pharmacology/atracurium-cisatracurium-mivacurium) — Atracurium, cisatracurium and mivacurium are the benzylisoquinoline non-depolarising neuromuscular blockers, competitive antagonists at the - [Neostigmine reversal of neuromuscular blockade](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/applied-pharmacology/neostigmine-reversal) — Neostigmine is a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor that raises the concentration of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction so t - [Neuromuscular monitoring and the train-of-four](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/applied-pharmacology/neuromuscular-monitoring-tof) — Neuromuscular monitoring is the objective assessment of the depth and recovery of a neuromuscular block by delivering a supramaximal electri #### Measurement & monitoring physics (11) - [Bias and confounding in clinical research](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/physics-measurement/bias-and-confounding) — Every anaesthetic reads the literature, and every paper is threatened by two families of error that can make a useless intervention look eff - [Capnography and anaesthetic gas analysis](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/physics-measurement/capnography-gas-analysis-physics) — Capnography is the continuous, breath-by-breath display of carbon-dioxide concentration against time, and alongside it the analysis of oxyge - [Diagnostic test performance: sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, likelihood ratios and ROC](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/physics-measurement/diagnostic-test-performance-sensitivity-specificity) — Every anaesthetic decision rests on a test — a troponin, a D-dimer, a lactate, a FAST scan, a Mallampati score, an AI flag on a CT — and the - [Diathermy, pacemakers and electromagnetic interference](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/physics-measurement/diathermy-pacemaker-interactions) — Cardiac implantable electronic devices (pacemakers and ICDs) are exquisitely sensitive to electromagnetic interference (EMI), and monopolar - [Electricity fundamentals and electrical safety](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/physics-measurement/electricity-fundamentals) — Electricity powers every device in the operating theatre and carries the two specific hazards of macroshock (whole-body shock from mains con - [Fluid flow: laminar, turbulent and the Reynolds number](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/physics-measurement/fluid-flow-laminar-turbulent-reynolds) — Whether a fluid flows smoothly (laminar) or chaotically (turbulent) determines how much pressure it takes to push it through a tube — and th - [Humidity and heat](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/physics-measurement/humidity-and-heat) — Humidity and heat are the physics behind two questions the anaesthetist answers every day — is the gas I am delivering kind to the airway, a - [Hypothesis testing, p-values, confidence intervals and error](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/physics-measurement/hypothesis-testing-p-values-ci-error) — Every anaesthetic trial asks whether a difference between two groups is real or the product of chance, and the framework that answers that q - [Measurement & monitoring physics](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/physiology-physics-equipment/measurement-monitoring-physics) — The measurement physics underlies every number on the anaesthetic monitor. The framework rests on five exam-critical ideas: the principle of - [MRI, laser and radiation safety](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/physics-measurement/mri-laser-radiation-safety) — The anaesthetist encounters three distinct non-pharmacological hazards in the modern operating theatre and radiology suite: the magnetic res - [Oxygen measurement](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/physics-measurement/oxygen-measurement) — Oxygen measurement is the single most monitored quantity in anaesthesia — the pulse oximeter on the finger, the oxygen analyser in the breat #### Breathing systems & circuits (1) - [Breathing systems & circuits](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/physiology-physics-equipment/breathing-systems-circuits) — The breathing system is the interface between the anaesthetic machine and the patient — it delivers the fresh gas and the volatile agent, re #### Plastics and burns anaesthesia (4) - [Burn excision and grafting: blood loss, temperature, massive transfusion](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/burn-excision-massive-transfusion) — Exam-exhaustive anaesthesia for major burn excision and massive transfusion for ANZCA Final: blood-loss anticipation, normothermia as coagul - [Burn resuscitation: Parkland formula, endpoints, and fluid creep](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/burn-resuscitation-parkland) — Exam-exhaustive Parkland burn resuscitation for ANZCA Final: exact 4 mL × kg × percent TBSA timing from injury, urine output endpoints, flui - [Free flap reconstruction: perfusion-focused anaesthesia](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/free-flap-reconstruction) — Exam-exhaustive free-flap anaesthesia for ANZCA Final: flow determinants, normothermia and euvolaemia, vasopressor nuance, shared-airway hea - [Inhalational injury, carbon monoxide, and cyanide in burns](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/inhalational-injury-co-cyanide) — Exam-exhaustive inhalational injury with CO and cyanide management for ANZCA Final: early intubation triggers, co-oximetry, CO half-life on #### Cardiac anaesthesia & cardiopulmonary bypass (1) - [Cardiac anaesthesia and cardiopulmonary bypass](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/cardiac-anaesthesia-cpb) — Exam-pass cardiac anaesthesia hub (SS_CS): CPB circuit order, heparin/ACT, cardioplegia, TOE-guided weaning (RRAC), protamine reactions, TRI #### Neuraxial anaesthesia (3) - [Caudal epidural anaesthesia](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/regional-anaesthesia/caudal-anaesthesia) — Caudal epidural anaesthesia injects local anaesthetic into the epidural space through the sacral hiatus — the most caudal access to the neur - [Epidural anaesthesia and analgesia](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/regional-anaesthesia/epidural-anaesthesia) — Exam-exhaustive epidural anaesthesia: thoracic vs lumbar, loss of resistance, test dose, top-up and failure modes, absolute/relative contrai - [Neuraxial anaesthesia](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/regional-anaesthesia/neuraxial-anaesthesia) — Neuraxial anaesthesia — the spinal, the epidural and the combined spinal-epidural — produces a reversible blockade of the spinal nerve roots #### Chronic & cancer pain (1) - [Chronic & cancer pain](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/professional-safety-pain-medicine/chronic-cancer-pain) — The chronic and the cancer pain is the persistent pain (over 3 months) that differs from the acute pain in the mechanisms and the management #### Regional anaesthesia (5) - [Combined spinal-epidural (CSE) anaesthesia](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/regional-anaesthesia/combined-spinal-epidural) — Exam-exhaustive CSE: needle-through-needle technique, single vs double space, labour and caesarean indications, DPE variant, hypotension ant - [Fascial plane blocks: TAP, ESP, and QL](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/regional-anaesthesia/fascial-plane-blocks-tap-esp-ql) — Exam-pass fascial plane blocks: TAP, ESP, and QL indications, ultrasound landmarks, typical volumes, LAST risk, ERAS role, and failure/rescu - [Interscalene brachial plexus block](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/regional-anaesthesia/interscalene-block) — Exam-exhaustive interscalene block: indications for shoulder surgery, C5–C7 coverage with ulnar spare, near-universal phrenic palsy, pneumot - [Lower limb regional anaesthesia: plexus and peripheral blocks](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/regional-anaesthesia/lower-limb-regional-blocks) — Exam-exhaustive lower-limb regional anaesthesia for ANZCA Final: femoral and fascia iliaca, adductor canal, sciatic and popliteal, obturator - [Neuraxial complications: PDPH, haematoma and high spinal](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/regional-anaesthesia/neuraxial-complications-pdph-haematoma-high-spinal) — Exam-exhaustive neuraxial complications: PDPH diagnosis and blood-patch volumes, epidural haematoma red flags and ASRA timing principles, hi #### Volatile & inhalational agents (5) - [Desflurane](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/applied-pharmacology/desflurane) — Desflurane is a fluorinated methyl ethyl ether and the most pharmacokinetically extreme of the modern volatile anaesthetics, defined by four - [Halothane](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/applied-pharmacology/halothane) — Halothane (2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane, CF3-CHBrCl) is the historical standard volatile anaesthetic, introduced in 1956 and the a - [Isoflurane](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/applied-pharmacology/isoflurane) — Isoflurane is a fluorinated methyl ether and one of the three modern volatile anaesthetic agents, the stable and cheap workhorse volatile us - [MAC and solubility: principles of volatile anaesthetic action](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/applied-pharmacology/mac-solubility-volatile-principles) — Minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) is the ED50 of an inhalational agent, defined as the minimum alveolar concentration (in volume percent - [Nitrous oxide](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/applied-pharmacology/nitrous-oxide) — Nitrous oxide (N2O) is the only non-halogenated inorganic inhalational agent and a weak anaesthetic but potent analgesic adjunct. Its MAC of #### Paediatric anaesthesia (11) - [Difficult and syndromic paediatric airway: anticipation, syndromes, and algorithms](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/difficult-paediatric-airway-syndromic) — Exam-exhaustive anticipated difficult paediatric airway: syndrome-specific anatomy (Pierre Robin, Treacher Collins, mucopolysaccharidoses, D - [Neonatal anaesthesia and the ex-preterm infant](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/neonatal-anaesthesia-prematurity) — Premature physiology, Coté postoperative apnoea risk by post-menstrual age, NEC and inguinal hernia procedures, glucose and temperature mana - [Paediatric airway anatomy, equipment sizing, and ETT selection](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/paediatric-airway-equipment-sizing) — The paediatric airway differs from the adult airway in ways that change every step of airway management: the larynx is high and anterior, th - [Paediatric anaesthesia](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/paediatric-anaesthesia) — Exam-pass paediatric anaesthesia hub (SS_PA): airway sizing formulae, induction choices, fluids/glucose, emergence delirium, sick-child poin - [Paediatric anaesthesia neurotoxicity debate: GAS, MASK, PANDA and counselling](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/anaesthesia-neurotoxicity-debate) — Exam-exhaustive synthesis of the paediatric anaesthetic neurotoxicity debate: animal apoptosis signal, GAS trial 2- and 5-year outcomes, PAN - [Paediatric emergence delirium and postoperative nausea and vomiting](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/paediatric-emergence-delirium-ponv) — Fellowship-level coverage of paediatric emergence delirium versus pain, the PAED score, prevention (dexmedetomidine, propofol, TIVA), PACU m - [Paediatric fluids, fasting, and glucose: Holliday-Segar and safe maintenance](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/paediatric-fluids-fasting-glucose) — Exact Holliday-Segar 4-2-1 maintenance, AAP isotonic maintenance guidance, perioperative fasting including liberalised clear fluids, glucose - [Paediatric induction techniques: inhalational versus intravenous, premedication, and the sick child](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/paediatric-induction-techniques) — Exam-exhaustive paediatric induction: sevoflurane inhalational technique, IV induction doses, premedication, parental presence, modified RSI - [Paediatric multimodal analgesia and pain assessment](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/paediatric-analgesia-multimodal) — Age-appropriate pain assessment (FLACC, FACES, self-report), multimodal paediatric analgesia with weight-based doses, opioid PCA/NCA princip - [Paediatric regional anaesthesia: caudal block dosing and safety](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/paediatric-regional-caudal-dosing) — Caudal anatomy and landmark versus ultrasound technique, exact Armitage volume dosing by block height, local anaesthetic mg/kg limits, test- - [Paediatric respiratory and cardiovascular physiology for the anaesthetist](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/paediatric-respiratory-cardiovascular-physiology) — Infant oxygen consumption, FRC and closing capacity, compliant chest wall, heart-rate-dependent cardiac output, transitional circulation res #### Physiology (1) - [Distribution, clearance and half-life](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/physiology/distribution-clearance-half-life) — Distribution, clearance and half-life are the three pharmacokinetic parameters that govern how much drug to give, how often to give it, how #### TIVA & target-controlled infusion (1) - [Effect-site targeting in clinical TIVA practice](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/airway/tiva-tci-effect-site-clinical-use) — Effect-site targeting is the clinical refinement of target-controlled infusion that aims the pump at the brain rather than the plasma. By mo #### Electricity, diathermy & theatre safety (1) - [Electricity, diathermy & theatre safety](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/physiology-physics-equipment/electricity-diathermy-safety) — The electrical safety in the operating theatre covers the risks of the electric shock (the macroshock and the microshock), the diathermy (th #### Ethics, consent & medicolegal (1) - [Ethics, consent & medicolegal](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/professional-safety-pain-medicine/ethics-consent-medicolegal) — The ethics, consent and medicolegal framework governs the doctor–patient relationship in anaesthetic practice. The anaesthetist renders the #### Intravenous induction agents (3) - [Etomidate](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/applied-pharmacology/etomidate) — Etomidate is the only intravenous induction agent that is haemodynamically neutral, and that single property is the source of its clinical i - [Intravenous induction agents](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/applied-pharmacology/iv-induction-agents) — The intravenous induction agents produce a rapid, smooth loss of consciousness whose recovery is governed by redistribution from the brain t - [Ketamine](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/applied-pharmacology/ketamine-induction) — Ketamine is the only intravenous induction agent whose pharmacology is built on NMDA-receptor antagonism rather than GABA-A modulation, and #### Extubation & recovery (1) - [Extubation & recovery](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/airway/extubation-recovery) — The extubation and the recovery are the high-risk phases of the anaesthetic that close the perioperative airway and the consciousness. The f #### Invasive monitoring (1) - [Invasive monitoring](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/perioperative-medicine/invasive-monitoring) — Invasive monitoring provides the continuous, real-time, beat-to-beat measurement of the haemodynamic variables that the non-invasive cuff an #### Head & neck / ENT anaesthesia (1) - [Jet ventilation techniques: Sanders, HFJV, and barotrauma](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/jet-ventilation-techniques) — Manual Sanders and high-frequency jet ventilation for shared airway surgery, TIVA requirement, open expiratory pathway rule, barotrauma reco #### Local anaesthetic pharmacology (5) - [Local anaesthetic additives and adjuvants](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/applied-pharmacology/local-anaesthetic-additives) — Additives are combined with local anaesthetics to speed onset, prolong duration, improve block quality and spare opioid. Adrenaline (1:200,0 - [Local anaesthetic agents compared](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/applied-pharmacology/local-anaesthetic-agent-comparison) — The amide local anaesthetics differ in onset, duration, potency and cardiotoxicity, and these four properties drive every exam answer on age - [Local anaesthetic chemistry: amide and ester](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/applied-pharmacology/local-anaesthetic-chemistry-amide-ester) — Local anaesthetics reversibly block nerve conduction by inhibiting voltage-gated sodium channels in a use-dependent fashion, and every agent - [Local anaesthetic pharmacokinetics, dosing and maximum doses](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/applied-pharmacology/local-anaesthetic-pk-dosing-limits) — Local anaesthetic pharmacokinetics and safe dosing rest on a small set of exam-critical ideas. Onset is governed by pKa (a pKa closer to 7.4 - [Local anaesthetic pharmacology](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/applied-pharmacology/local-anaesthetic-pharmacology) — Local anaesthetics produce reversible blockade of nerve conduction by binding the voltage-gated sodium channel from inside the axon, prevent #### Head & neck / trauma airway (1) - [Maxillofacial trauma airway management](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/maxillofacial-trauma-airway) — Exam-exhaustive maxillofacial trauma airway: Le Fort and mandible threats, C-spine, dual set-up RSI or awake FOI, avoid blind nasal routes w #### Medical gases & gas supply (1) - [Medical gases and gas supply](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/physiology-physics-equipment/medical-gases-supply) — The medical gas supply provides the oxygen, the nitrous oxide, the medical air and the carbon dioxide used in anaesthesia. The framework res #### Opioids & analgesics (1) - [Opioids & analgesics](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/applied-pharmacology/opioids-analgesics) — The opioids and the analgesics in the perioperative care. The framework rests on the receptor pharmacology (the mu, the kappa, the delta), t #### Patient safety, human factors & CRM (1) - [Patient safety, human factors & CRM](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/professional-safety-pain-medicine/safety-human-factors-crm) — The patient safety science is the study of the harm and its prevention in the healthcare. The framework rests on the systems approach (the S #### Perioperative cardiac arrest (1) - [Perioperative cardiac arrest](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/critical-incidents-patient-safety/perioperative-cardiac-arrest) — Exam-exhaustive perioperative cardiac arrest: NAP7 epidemiology, theatre-modified ALS, 4 Hs and 4 Ts with anaesthesia-specific differentials #### Perioperative fluid & goal-directed therapy (1) - [Perioperative fluid & goal-directed therapy](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/perioperative-medicine/perioperative-fluid-gdt) — Exam-exhaustive perioperative fluid: liberal vs restrictive vs GDT, crystalloid vs colloid at high level, vasopressor vs fluid for vasodilat #### Regional / perioperative medicine (1) - [Perioperative VTE prophylaxis and neuraxial anaesthesia timing](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/subspecialty-anaesthesia/perioperative-vte-prophylaxis-neuraxial) — Exam-exhaustive VTE prophylaxis versus neuraxial haematoma risk: Caprini/Padua-type risk, mechanical and pharmacological methods, ASRA princ #### Postoperative nausea & vomiting (1) - [Postoperative nausea & vomiting (PONV)](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/critical-incidents-patient-safety/ponv) — Exam-exhaustive PONV: Apfel four factors with exact risk steps, paediatric modifiers, prophylaxis by receptor class with mg/kg doses, differ #### Preoperative assessment & risk (1) - [Preoperative assessment and risk stratification](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/topics/perioperative-medicine/preoperative-assessment-risk) — Exam-exhaustive preoperative assessment: functional capacity in METs, exact ASA-PS classes, RCRI six predictors with risk steps, when to ord _(capped at 200; see format index for the full set)_ ### SAQs Index: https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/saqs #### Obstetric anaesthesia (1) - [Amniotic fluid embolism: recognition and management](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/saqs/amniotic-fluid-embolism-collapse-saq) — Final-examination SAQ. #### Thoracic anaesthesia (1) - [Anaesthesia for anterior mediastinal mass](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/saqs/mediastinal-mass-anaesthesia-saq) — Final-examination SAQ for mediastinal-mass-anaesthesia. #### TIVA & target-controlled infusion (1) - [The compartment model and target-controlled infusion](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/saqs/tiva-tci-compartment-modelling-saq) — Primary-viva (basic-science) question on the compartment model underlying TCI: the central and peripheral compartments, context-sensitive ha ### Cases Index: https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/cases #### Thoracic anaesthesia (1) - [Anaesthesia for anterior mediastinal mass — hot case](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/cases/mediastinal-mass-anaesthesia-hot) — Hot case for mediastinal-mass-anaesthesia. ### Vivas Index: https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/vivas #### Obstetric anaesthesia (1) - [Amniotic fluid embolism — viva](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/vivas/amniotic-fluid-embolism-collapse-viva) — Structured oral examination station. #### Thoracic anaesthesia (1) - [Anaesthesia for anterior mediastinal mass — viva](https://medvellum.com/s/anaesthesia/vivas/mediastinal-mass-anaesthesia-viva) — Structured oral examination station for mediastinal-mass-anaesthesia. ## Emergency Medicine Hub: https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine ACEM: resuscitation, time-critical presentations, and OSCE stations. ### Topics Index: https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics #### ABCDE approach (1) - [ABCDE approach to the deteriorating patient](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/resuscitation/abcde-approach) — A structured, prioritised approach to the recognition and resuscitation of the deteriorating emergency department patient — airway, breathin #### Abdominal aortic aneurysm (1) - [Abdominal aortic aneurysm (ruptured and intact)](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/abdominal-aortic-aneurysm) — The abdominal aortic aneurysm — the triad of sudden abdominal or back pain, hypotension and a pulsatile mass in a ruptured AAA, the permissi #### Abdominal trauma (1) - [Abdominal trauma](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/trauma/abdominal-trauma) — Abdominal trauma from blunt and penetrating mechanisms through FAST, CT and DPL; the solid organ (spleen, liver) and hollow viscus injuries; #### Acute abdominal pain (approach) (1) - [Acute abdominal pain — the emergency department approach](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/abdominal-pain-approach) — The acute abdominal pain approach — the structured emergency department framework that separates the surgical abdomen from the medical, the #### Behavioural and mental health emergencies (3) - [Acute agitation and rapid tranquillisation](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/acute-agitation-and-sedation) — Acute agitation in the emergency department — the behavioural emergency defined by motor overactivity, emotional distress and imminent dange - [Deliberate self-harm and suicide risk assessment](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/deliberate-self-harm-and-risk-assessment) — The patient who presents after deliberate self-harm — the sequence of medical clearance before psychosocial assessment, the structured suici - [Mental health and behavioural emergencies](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/mental-health-and-behavioural-emergencies) — Mental health and behavioural emergencies — the medical clearance of the psychiatric patient (excluding the organic cause: hypoglycaemia, hy #### Acute appendicitis (1) - [Acute appendicitis](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/acute-appendicitis) — Acute appendicitis — the obstruction of the appendiceal lumen (the faecolith, the lymphoid hyperplasia) driving the mucus accumulation, the #### Acute coronary syndromes (STEMI/NSTEMI) (1) - [Acute coronary syndromes (STEMI, NSTEMI and unstable angina)](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/acute-coronary-syndromes-stemi-nstemi) — The acute coronary syndrome spectrum — plaque rupture and thrombus, the STEMI / NSTEMI / unstable-angina classification, the 10-minute ECG a #### Acute decompensated heart failure (1) - [Acute decompensated heart failure and cardiogenic pulmonary oedema](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/acute-decompensated-heart-failure) — Acute decompensated heart failure and cardiogenic pulmonary oedema — the pump-failure pathophysiology, the wet/dry × warm/cold phenotype cla #### Acute COPD exacerbation (1) - [Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/acute-copd-exacerbation) — The acute COPD exacerbation — the Anthonisen criteria for the clinical definition, the controlled-oxygen principle (88 to 92 per cent, not 9 #### Acute ischaemic stroke (1) - [Acute ischaemic stroke](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/acute-ischaemic-stroke) — Acute ischaemic stroke — sudden focal neurological deficit from arterial occlusion, the ischaemic penumbra and the rationale for permissive #### Acute kidney injury (1) - [Acute kidney injury](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/acute-kidney-injury-ed) — Acute kidney injury (AKI) is an abrupt fall in glomerular filtration producing a rise in creatinine and/or a fall in urine output, classifie #### Acute limb ischaemia (1) - [Acute limb ischaemia (the emergency of the 6 Ps)](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/acute-limb-ischaemia) — Acute limb ischaemia — the 6 Ps (pain, pallor, pulseless, paraesthesia, paralysis, perishing cold), the embolic versus the thrombotic cause, #### Acute pancreatitis (1) - [Acute pancreatitis](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/acute-pancreatitis) — Acute pancreatitis — severe epigastric pain radiating straight through to the back with vomiting, a lipase 3 times the upper limit of normal #### Acute severe asthma (1) - [Acute severe asthma](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/acute-severe-asthma) — Acute severe asthma — the bronchoconstriction and airway-inflammation pathophysiology, the severity classification (acute severe, life-threa #### Endocrine emergencies (2) - [Adrenal crisis (Addisonian crisis)](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/adrenal-crisis) — Adrenal crisis (Addisonian crisis) is the acute, life-threatening state of cortisol deficiency producing vasodilatory shock refractory to fl - [Thyroid emergencies — thyroid storm and myxoedema coma](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/thyroid-emergency-thyroid-storm-myxoedema) — Thyroid storm (the thyrotoxic crisis) is the rare, life-threatening decompensation of thyrotoxicosis producing a hypermetabolic state of tac #### ED airway management & RSI (1) - [Airway management and rapid sequence intubation](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/resuscitation/ed-airway-management-and-rsi) — The emergency airway end-to-end: indications for a definitive airway, predicting the difficult airway (LEMON), preoxygenation and apnoeic ox #### Toxicology and environmental emergencies (10) - [Alcohol and benzodiazepine withdrawal (emergency department recognition and management)](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/alcohol-and-benzodiazepine-withdrawal) — ACEM emergency-department approach to alcohol and benzodiazepine withdrawal: GABA-glutamate pathophysiology, staged clinical presentation th - [Bites and stings](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/bites-and-stings) — Bites and stings common to the Australasian emergency department — mammalian bites (dog, cat, human), insect stings (bee and wasp), and stin - [Iron poisoning](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/iron-poisoning) — Iron poisoning — the heavy-metal overdose whose lethality rides on a single pharmacological concept: the body has no excretory route for fre - [Lithium poisoning](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/lithium-poisoning) — Lithium poisoning — the narrow-therapeutic-index cation handled entirely by the kidney, presenting in two distinct patterns. Acute overdose - [Opioid poisoning and the opioid toxidrome (emergency department diagnosis and management)](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/opioid-poisoning-and-toxidrome) — Opioid poisoning — the classic toxidrome of central nervous system depression, pin-point pupils (miosis) and respiratory depression (a reduc - [Salicylate poisoning](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/salicylate-poisoning) — Salicylate (aspirin) poisoning — the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation (fever, hypermetabolism), the direct stimulation of the respira - [Snake envenomation](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/snake-envenomation) — ANZ snake envenomation — elapid bites from the brown snake, tiger snake, taipan, death adder, mulga/black snake and rough-scaled snake. The - [Spider and marine envenomation](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/spider-and-marine-envenomation) — ANZ spider and marine envenomation — five syndromes the Fellowship candidate must hold as patterns. Latrodectism (red-back) is sustained pai - [Toxic alcohol poisoning (methanol and ethylene glycol)](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/toxic-alcohols-methanol-ethylene-glycol) — Toxic alcohol poisoning — methanol (windshield washer, illicit spirits) and ethylene glycol (antifreeze) are small alcohols metabolised by a - [Tricyclic antidepressant poisoning (emergency department diagnosis and management)](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/tricyclic-antidepressant-poisoning) — Tricyclic antidepressant poisoning — the fast sodium-channel blockade of the myocardium (the QRS over 100 ms, the right-axis deviation of th #### Environmental emergencies (2) - [Altitude illness](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/altitude-illness) — Altitude illness is the spectrum that develops after rapid ascent above 2500 m, divided into acute mountain sickness (AMS — headache plus on - [Heat illness and heat stroke](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/heat-illness-and-heat-stroke) — Heat illness is the spectrum from heat cramps and heat syncope through heat exhaustion (core 37.5 to 40 degrees, sweating intact, mental sta #### Anaemia and transfusion (1) - [Anaemia and blood transfusion in the emergency department](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/anaemia-and-transfusion-em) — Anaemia and blood transfusion — the symptomatic anaemia that crosses the threshold at a haemoglobin around 70 g/L (or 80 g/L in the ischaemi #### Anaphylaxis (1) - [Anaphylaxis (the emergency of the IM adrenaline)](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/resuscitation/anaphylaxis-em) — Anaphylaxis — the rapid, severe, multi-system allergic reaction; the IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation; the clinical diagnostic criteria #### Obstetric, gynaecological and sexual-health emergencies (1) - [Antepartum haemorrhage](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/antepartum-haemorrhage) — Antepartum haemorrhage (APH) is bleeding from the genital tract from 24 weeks of gestation until the onset of labour or birth. The four majo #### Antimicrobial stewardship in the emergency department (1) - [Antimicrobial stewardship in the emergency department — right drug, dose, route and duration, syndromic empirical therapy, de-escalation and resistance](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/antimicrobial-stewardship-in-ed) — Antimicrobial stewardship in the emergency department — the coordinated set of interventions to optimise antimicrobial use, captured in the #### Aortic dissection (1) - [Aortic dissection](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/aortic-dissection) — Acute aortic dissection — intimal tear and the propagating false lumen, the Stanford/DeBakey classification, the sudden tearing migrating pa #### Applied anatomy and physiology (basic sciences) (1) - [Applied anatomy and physiology for emergency medicine](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/applied-anatomy-and-physiology-for-em) — Applied anatomy and physiology for emergency medicine — the body-region tour of anatomy that changes emergency management (the airway and th #### Applied pharmacology for EM (1) - [Applied pharmacology for the emergency department](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/applied-pharmacology-for-em) — Applied pharmacology for the emergency department — the drug knowledge a consultant exercises under pressure: the resuscitation drugs given #### ABG interpretation (approach) (1) - [Arterial blood gas interpretation — the systematic emergency department approach](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/arterial-blood-gas-interpretation) — The systematic approach to the arterial blood gas for the emergency medicine trainee — the six values (pH, PaO2, PaCO2, HCO3, base excess, l #### Aspiration pneumonia & lung abscess (1) - [Aspiration pneumonia and lung abscess](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/aspiration-pneumonia-and-lung-abscess) — Aspiration pneumonia and lung abscess — the two-hit mechanism (the chemical pneumonitis from the acid and the bacterial infection from the o #### Facial nerve and cranial nerve palsies (1) - [Bell palsy and cranial nerve palsies](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/bell-palsy-and-cranial-nerve) — Bell palsy — acute, idiopathic, unilateral lower motor neurone facial (CN VII) paralysis. The load-bearing distinction is lower motor neuron #### Biliary disease (1) - [Biliary disease — biliary colic, acute cholecystitis and ascending cholangitis](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/biliary-disease-colic-cholangitis) — The biliary disease spectrum — biliary colic, the transient cystic duct obstruction with self-limiting post-prandial RUQ pain managed by ele #### Bowel obstruction (1) - [Bowel obstruction](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/bowel-obstruction) — Bowel obstruction — the mechanical blockage of the intestinal lumen, split into the small bowel (the adhesions, the hernia, the malignancy) #### Bradyarrhythmias (1) - [Bradyarrhythmias and atrioventricular block in the emergency department](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/bradyarrhythmias-ed) — Symptomatic bradycardia and atrioventricular block — the symptomatic-versus-incidental decision, the atrioventricular-block classification ( #### Communication and breaking bad news (1) - [Breaking bad news and communication in the emergency department — the SPIKES framework](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/communication-and-breaking-bad-news) — Breaking bad news and difficult communication in the emergency department — the SPIKES six-step protocol (Setting, Perception, Invitation, K #### Procedural & diagnostic ED skills (17) - [Burn dressing and wound care in the emergency department](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/burn-dressing-and-wound-care) — Burn dressing and wound care in the ED — the burn-depth assessment (superficial, superficial dermal, deep dermal, full-thickness), the TBSA - [Central and arterial line insertion in the emergency department](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/central-and-arterial-line-insertion) — Central and arterial line insertion in the ED — the indications (central venous access for vasopressors, TPN, long-term therapy, massive tra - [Eye, ENT and dental procedures in the emergency department](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/eye-ent-and-dental-procedures) — The ED eye, ENT and dental procedures cluster — slit-lamp and fluorescein staining for the corneal abrasion, tonometry for the acute angle-c - [Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma (FAST and E-FAST)](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/point-of-care-ultrasound-fast) — The FAST (Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma): the four views (the Morrison pouch or hepatorenal recess, the splenorenal recess, t - [Foreign body removal in the emergency department](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/foreign-body-removal) — Foreign body removal in the ED across the four anatomical compartments — the soft tissue FB (the wood splinter, the glass shard, the metal s - [Fracture and dislocation reduction in the ED](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/fracture-and-dislocation-reduction) — Closed reduction of the dislocations the emergency physician reduces in the ED — anterior and posterior shoulder, pulled elbow (nursemaid el - [Front-of-neck access and the emergency surgical airway](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/front-of-neck-access-surgical-airway) — Front-of-neck access in the ED — the scalpel-bougie-tube cricothyroidotomy for the cannot-intubate, cannot-oxygenate (CICO) event. The indic - [Local anaesthesia and topical agents](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/local-anaesthesia-and-topical-agents) — Local anaesthesia and topical agents in the ED — the amide agents (lidocaine 3 mg/kg plain, 7 mg/kg with adrenaline; bupivacaine 2 mg/kg; ro - [Lumbar puncture in the emergency department](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/lumbar-puncture) — Lumbar puncture in the ED — the indications (suspected meningitis or encephalitis, subarachnoid haemorrhage after a negative CT, demyelinati - [Paracentesis and thoracentesis in the emergency department](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/paracentesis-and-thoracentesis) — Paracentesis and thoracentesis in the ED — the two percutaneous fluid taps the Fellowship candidate performs, teaches and defends. Paracente - [Point-of-care ultrasound: aortic, lung and cardiac (the RUSH protocol)](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/pocus-aortic-lung-and-cardiac) — Bedside point-of-care ultrasound of the aorta, the lung and the heart for the critically ill patient — the aortic measurement (the abdominal - [Point-of-care ultrasound: biliary and renal (and the incidental AAA)](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/pocus-biliary-and-renal) — Point-of-care ultrasound of the biliary tree, the kidneys and the incidental abdominal aortic aneurysm — the right-upper-quadrant scan for g - [Procedural sedation in the emergency department](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/procedural-sedation-in-ed) — Procedural sedation in the ED — the indications (fracture reduction, dislocation reduction, abscess drainage, cardioversion, paediatric proc - [Regional nerve blocks in the emergency department](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/regional-nerve-blocks-ed) — Regional nerve blocks in the ED — the fascia iliaca and femoral blocks for hip and femoral-shaft fracture analgesia (landmark and ultrasound - [Splinting and immobilisation in the emergency department](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/splinting-and-immobilisation) — Splinting and immobilisation in the ED — the governing principle (immobilise the joint above and below the fracture), the device set (plaste - [Wound assessment and management](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/wound-assessment-and-management) — Wound assessment and management in the ED — the wound classes (clean, clean-contaminated, contaminated, dirty-infected) mapped to the mechan - [Wound closure and suturing techniques](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/wound-closure-suturing-techniques) — Wound closure and suturing techniques in the ED — the suture material choice (absorbable: catgut, Vicryl polyglactin, Monocryl poliglecapron #### Burn management (1) - [Burn management in the emergency department](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/burn-management) — Burn management — the burn-depth classification (superficial, superficial dermal, deep dermal, full-thickness), the TBSA estimation by the r #### Carbon monoxide poisoning (1) - [Carbon monoxide poisoning](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/carbon-monoxide-poisoning) — Carbon monoxide poisoning — the colourless, odourless gas that binds haemoglobin about 240 times more avidly than oxygen, left-shifting the #### Cardiac arrest & ALS (1) - [Cardiac arrest and advanced life support](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/resuscitation/cardiac-arrest-and-als) — The full advanced life support of the arrested adult: the chain of survival, high-quality CPR, the universal ALS algorithm with the shockabl #### Cardiogenic shock (1) - [Cardiogenic shock in the emergency department](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/cardiogenic-shock-ed) — Cardiogenic shock — the spiral of low cardiac output, compensatory vasoconstriction, rising afterload and deepening hypoperfusion; the SCAI #### Cervical spine injury & clearance (1) - [Cervical spine injury and clearance in trauma](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/cervical-spine-injury-and-clearance) — Cervical spine injury and clearance — the NEXUS and the Canadian C-spine clinical decision rules for the safe clearance of the C-spine witho #### Chest trauma (1) - [Chest trauma (the immediately and potentially life-threatening injuries)](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/chest-trauma) — Chest trauma — the immediately life-threatening 'lethal six' (tension pneumothorax, open pneumothorax, massive haemothorax, flail chest with #### Clinical handover and ISBAR (1) - [Clinical handover and the ISBAR framework in the emergency department](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/handover-isbar) — Clinical handover and the ISBAR framework in the emergency department — the structured transfer of information and responsibility at every c #### Coma (1) - [Coma and GCS assessment](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/coma-and-gcs-assessment) — The comatose patient and the Glasgow Coma Scale — the structured approach (the ABCDE, the rapid glucose, the reversible causes), the GCS (th #### Community-acquired pneumonia (1) - [Community-acquired pneumonia](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/community-acquired-pneumonia) — Community-acquired pneumonia — the CURB-65 severity assessment (Confusion, Urea, Respiratory rate, Blood pressure, age 65), the pathogen cla #### CT interpretation and usage (approach) (1) - [Computed tomography — the emergency department interpretation and usage approach](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/ct-interpretation-and-usage) — The systematic approach to requesting and interpreting computed tomography in the emergency department — the appropriate-versus-inappropriat #### Consent, capacity and medico-legal (1) - [Consent, capacity and the medico-legal framework in the emergency department](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/consent-capacity-and-medico-legal) — Consent, capacity and the medico-legal framework in the emergency department — informed consent and its five elements (nature, purpose, risk #### Cyanide poisoning (1) - [Cyanide poisoning](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/cyanide-poisoning) — Cyanide poisoning — the histotoxic toxin that halts cellular respiration by binding the ferric iron of cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV), sh #### Damage control resuscitation (1) - [Damage control resuscitation in trauma](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/damage-control-resuscitation) — Damage control resuscitation — the lethal triad of trauma (hypothermia, acidosis, coagulopathy), the permissive hypotension principle (SBP 8 #### Deep vein thrombosis (1) - [Deep vein thrombosis (emergency department diagnosis and management)](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/deep-vein-thrombosis) — Deep vein thrombosis — the Wells-DVT risk score (the clinical signs, the risk factors, the alternative diagnosis — reproduced), the D-dimer #### Geriatric and behavioural emergencies (1) - [Delirium in the elderly](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/delirium-in-the-elderly) — Delirium in the elderly — the acute, fluctuating disturbance of attention and cognition that is the commonest behavioural presentation in pa #### Disaster & mass casualty (1) - [Disaster and mass casualty](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/trauma/disaster-and-mass-casualty) — The disaster and mass casualty management: the disaster cycle, the START triage, the incident command system, the surge capacity, the decont #### Disaster preparedness and hospital incident command (1) - [Disaster preparedness — hospital incident command, surge capacity, MCI triage, decontamination and the PICE classification](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/disaster-preparedness) — Disaster preparedness in the emergency department — the systems and planning layer the consultant is accountable for, distinct from the beds #### Diabetic emergencies (1) - [DKA, HHS and hypoglycaemia](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/dka-hhs-and-hypoglycaemia) — The three diabetic emergencies — diabetic ketoacidosis (the ketosis, the metabolic acidosis and the hyperglycaemia), hyperosmolar hyperglyca #### Drowning (1) - [Drowning](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/drowning) — Drowning — the respiratory impairment from submersion or immersion in a liquid, a primary respiratory failure produced by aspiration and lar #### Ectopic pregnancy (1) - [Ectopic pregnancy](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/ectopic-pregnancy) — The ectopic pregnancy — the implantation outside the uterine cavity, most commonly in the fallopian tube; the rupture causes the catastrophi #### ED flow and access block (1) - [ED flow and access block — the input-throughput-output model, queuing theory, and the operational intervention ladder](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/ed-flow-and-access-block) — ED flow as an operations-engineering problem — the input-throughput-output model of Asplin (input = demand arriving at the emergency departm #### Electrical and lightning injury (1) - [Electrical and lightning injury](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/electrical-and-lightning-injury) — Electrical and lightning injury — low-voltage (under 1000 V) shocks cause local contact burns and arrhythmia; high-voltage (over 1000 V) inj #### Electrolyte emergencies — potassium and sodium (1) - [Electrolyte emergencies — potassium and sodium](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/electrolyte-emergencies-potassium-sodium) — Electrolyte emergencies — potassium and sodium. Hyperkalaemia (a serum potassium over 6.5 mmol/L, or any level with ECG change) is a time-cr #### End-of-life and goals of care (1) - [End-of-life care and goals-of-care discussions in the emergency department](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/end-of-life-and-goals-of-care-ed) — End-of-life care and goals-of-care discussions in the emergency department — recognising the dying patient across the illness trajectories, #### Resuscitation (1) - [Fluid resuscitation in the emergency department](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/fluid-resuscitation-em) — Fluid resuscitation — the rapid restoration of the circulating volume to reverse tissue hypoperfusion; the fluid types (crystalloid vs collo #### Foreign body ingestion and aspiration (1) - [Foreign body ingestion and aspiration — coins, button batteries, magnets and the choking child](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/foreign-body-ingestion-and-aspiration) — Foreign body ingestion and aspiration — the two anatomic compartments and the time-critical objects. Ingestion: coins (oesophageal impaction #### Geriatric and special-population emergencies (1) - [Geriatric falls and immobility](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/geriatric-falls-and-immobility) — Geriatric falls and immobility — the multifactorial geriatric syndrome in which an older person comes to rest unintentionally on the ground, #### Geriatric trauma (1) - [Geriatric trauma](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/trauma/geriatric-trauma) — The geriatric trauma: the physiological changes of aging, the comorbidity and the polypharmacy (the anticoagulants, the beta-blockers that m #### Neuromuscular junction disorders (1) - [Guillain-Barré syndrome and myasthenia gravis](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/guillain-barre-and-myasthenia) — Guillain-Barré syndrome — the acute ascending flaccid paralysis with areflexia and autonomic instability, the respiratory-failure thresholds #### Haemoptysis (1) - [Haemoptysis (including massive haemoptysis)](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/haemoptysis) — Haemoptysis — the coughing of blood from the respiratory tract, the distinction between the non-massive (the bronchitis, the bronchiectasis, #### Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (2) - [Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (ED)](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/hypertensive-disorder-of-pregnancy-ed) — The hypertensive disorders of pregnancy on the spectrum from the gestational hypertension through the pre-eclampsia (with and without the se - [Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/pre-eclampsia-and-eclampsia-ed) — Pre-eclampsia is new hypertension (at or above 140 over 90) after 20 weeks of gestation with proteinuria or end-organ dysfunction, progressi #### Hypertensive emergency (1) - [Hypertensive emergency](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/hypertensive-emergency) — Severe blood-pressure elevation with acute end-organ damage — the distinction between a hypertensive emergency and urgency (end-organ damage #### Hypothermia (1) - [Hypothermia](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/hypothermia) — Hypothermia — a core body temperature below 35 degrees Celsius and the staged failure of cardiovascular and neurological function that follo #### Imaging choice and radiation risk (1) - [Imaging choice and radiation risk in the emergency department](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/imaging-choice-and-radiation-risk) — Imaging choice and radiation risk — the structured selection of the modality (X-ray, CT, MRI, ultrasound) that answers the clinical question #### Immunocompromised host and febrile neutropenia (1) - [Immunocompromised host and febrile neutropenia](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/immunocompromised-and-neutropenic-fever) — Febrile neutropenia is the oncological emergency defined by an absolute neutrophil count below 0.5 × 10⁹ per litre together with a single or #### Infective endocarditis (1) - [Infective endocarditis (emergency department diagnosis and management)](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/infective-endocarditis) — Infective endocarditis — the Duke diagnostic criteria (the major and the minor, reproduced), the predisposing conditions (the prosthetic val #### Intracerebral haemorrhage (1) - [Intracerebral haemorrhage](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/intracerebral-haemorrhage) — Intracerebral haemorrhage is the spontaneous, non-traumatic bleeding into the brain parenchyma, most often from hypertensive small-vessel di #### Laboratory interpretation (approach) (1) - [Laboratory interpretation in the emergency department — the systematic high-yield read](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/laboratory-interpretation-ed) — The systematic emergency department approach to the high-yield laboratory panel — lactate (sepsis and hypoperfusion), troponin (ACS), lipase #### Limb & extremity trauma (1) - [Limb and extremity trauma](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/trauma/limb-and-extremity-trauma) — The limb trauma from the open fracture and the Gustilo classification, the vascular injury and the hard signs, the compartment syndrome, the #### Lower gastrointestinal bleed (1) - [Lower gastrointestinal bleed](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/lower-gi-bleed) — The lower gastrointestinal bleed — the haemorrhage distal to the ligament of Treitz presenting with haematochezia, dominated by the divertic #### Major trauma resuscitation (1) - [Major trauma resuscitation — the team-based systematic approach](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/major-trauma-resuscitation) — The major trauma resuscitation — the team activation and the structured roles, the primary survey (ABCDE) applied to the multiply-injured pa #### Mandatory reporting and child protection (1) - [Mandatory reporting and child protection in the emergency department](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/mandatory-reporting-and-child-protection) — Mandatory reporting and child protection in the emergency department — recognition of child abuse through the sentinel injuries (bruising in #### Mass-gathering and event medicine (1) - [Mass-gathering and event medicine — PICE classification, casualty prediction and event medical planning](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/mass-gathering-and-event-medicine) — Mass-gathering and event medicine — the provision of healthcare to defined crowds at planned events and the planning required to do it safel #### Massive haemorrhage & transfusion (1) - [Massive haemorrhage and transfusion](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/resuscitation/massive-haemorrhage-and-transfusion) — The emergency management of massive haemorrhage through damage-control resuscitation: the massive transfusion protocol with the 1-to-1-to-1 #### Medical error and patient safety (1) - [Medical error and patient safety in the emergency department](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/medical-error-and-patient-safety) — Medical error and patient safety in the emergency department — the systems approach via Reason's Swiss cheese model with the distinction bet #### Meningitis and encephalitis (1) - [Meningitis and encephalitis (emergency department diagnosis and management)](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/meningitis-and-encephalitis) — Acute meningitis and encephalitis — the clinical triad (fever, headache, neck stiffness), the petechial rash of meningococcaemia, the empiri #### Myocarditis & pericarditis (1) - [Myocarditis and pericarditis (the ACS mimic and the positional chest pain)](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/myocarditis-and-pericarditis) — Myocarditis and pericarditis — the viral or the autoimmune inflammation of the heart muscle and the pericardium, the clinical presentation ( #### Paediatric emergencies (1) - [Neonatal emergencies (the sick neonate in the emergency department)](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/neonatal-emergencies) — Neonatal emergencies are the life-threatening presentations of the first 28 days of life — the well-then-sick neonate who deteriorates as a #### Non-invasive ventilation (1) - [Non-invasive ventilation in the emergency department (CPAP and BiPAP)](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/non-invasive-ventilation-ed) — Non-invasive ventilation — the CPAP (continuous) and the BiPAP (bilevel), the evidence-based indications (the COPD type 2 acidosis and the c #### Oxygen therapy & acute respiratory failure (1) - [Oxygen therapy and acute respiratory failure](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/resuscitation/oxygen-therapy-and-acute-respiratory-failure) — The physiology of oxygenation and the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve, the five mechanisms of hypoxaemia, the two types of respiratory fai #### Paediatric abdominal emergencies (1) - [Paediatric abdominal emergencies — intussusception, volvulus, appendicitis and pyloric stenosis](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/paediatric-abdominal-emergencies) — Paediatric abdominal emergencies — the four surgical conditions an ACEM Fellow must distinguish at the bedside: intussusception (3 months to #### Paediatric fever and serious bacterial illness (1) - [Paediatric fever and serious bacterial illness (the febrile child in the emergency department)](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/paediatric-fever-and-serious-bacterial-illness) — The febrile child — the NICE traffic-light system (green low risk, amber intermediate, red high risk), the identification of the serious bac #### Paediatric fluid and electrolyte management (1) - [Paediatric fluid and electrolyte management](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/paediatric-fluid-and-electrolyte-management) — Paediatric fluid and electrolyte management is four prescriptions held in one hand: maintenance, deficit, ongoing-loss, and the sodium-corre #### Paediatric rashes and febrile illness (1) - [Paediatric rashes and febrile illness](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/paediatric-rashes-and-febrile-illness) — The febrile child with a rash is a high-stakes presentation because a small number of rashes signal time-critical disease while the majority #### Paediatric respiratory distress (1) - [Paediatric respiratory distress — croup, bronchiolitis and acute asthma](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/paediatric-respiratory-distress) — Paediatric respiratory distress — the three exam pillars of croup (subglottic viral oedema, inspiratory stridor, barking cough, dexamethason #### Paediatric sepsis and septic shock (1) - [Paediatric sepsis and septic shock (the septic child in the emergency department)](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/paediatric-sepsis) — Paediatric sepsis is the dysregulated host response to infection producing life-threatening organ dysfunction, now defined (2024 Phoenix cri #### Paediatric trauma (1) - [Paediatric trauma — the modified approach](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/paediatric-trauma) — Paediatric trauma — the different injury patterns (the larger head, the compliant chest, the less-protected abdominal organs), the physiolog #### Paracetamol poisoning (1) - [Paracetamol poisoning](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/paracetamol-poisoning) — Paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose — the commonest cause of acute liver failure in the developed world, and a self-poisoning that is silen #### ED systems, safety and professional (2) - [Patient disposition and safety-netting in the emergency department](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/patient-disposition-and-safety-netting) — Patient disposition and safety-netting in the emergency department — the decision that governs where a patient goes after ED assessment: dis - [Retrieval and inter-hospital transfer](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/retrieval-and-inter-hospital-transfer) — Retrieval and inter-hospital transfer is the structured process of moving a patient between facilities (or from scene to facility) to delive #### Pelvic inflammatory disease (1) - [Pelvic inflammatory disease](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/pelvic-inflammatory-disease) — Pelvic inflammatory disease is the ascending infection of the upper female genital tract — endometritis progressing to salpingitis, oophorit #### Pelvic trauma (1) - [Pelvic trauma](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/trauma/pelvic-trauma) — The pelvic ring fracture and its life-threatening haemorrhage: the Young and Burgess classification, the pelvic binder at the greater trocha #### Perforated viscus (1) - [Perforated viscus](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/perforated-viscus) — Perforated viscus — the full-thickness breach of a hollow abdominal organ releasing gas and contents into the peritoneal cavity, the perfora #### Peri-arrest arrhythmias (1) - [Peri-arrest arrhythmias](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/resuscitation/peri-arrest-arrhythmias) — The peri-arrest arrhythmia algorithms: the stable-versus-unstable and broad-versus-narrow framework, the bradycardia and the tachycardia pat #### Pericardial tamponade (1) - [Pericardial tamponade](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/pericardial-tamponade) — Pericardial tamponade — the Beck triad of hypotension, a raised jugular venous pressure and muffled heart sounds, the preload-limited diasto #### Pleural effusion (1) - [Pleural effusion (the emergency department workup and the Light criteria)](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/pleural-effusion) — Pleural effusion — the transudate-versus-exudate distinction by the Light criteria (the pleural fluid to serum protein ratio over 0.5, the L #### Pneumothorax (1) - [Pneumothorax (including tension pneumothorax)](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/pneumothorax) — Pneumothorax — primary and secondary spontaneous, traumatic, iatrogenic, and tension. The one-way-valve pathophysiology of tension and why i #### Geriatric and medication-safety emergencies (1) - [Polypharmacy and adverse drug events](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/polypharmacy-and-adverse-drug-events) — Polypharmacy and adverse drug events — the emergency presentation of medication harm in the older patient on five or more regular medicines, #### Post-cardiac arrest care (1) - [Post-cardiac-arrest care](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/resuscitation/post-cardiac-arrest-care) — The post-ROSC bundle that determines neurological survival: the oxygen and the carbon-dioxide targets, the circulation and the reperfusion, #### Postpartum haemorrhage (1) - [Postpartum haemorrhage](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/postpartum-haemorrhage) — The postpartum haemorrhage — the primary PPH (the blood loss over 500 mL within the 24 hours of the delivery, or the over 1000 mL after the #### Pulmonary embolism (1) - [Pulmonary embolism (acute, in the emergency department)](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/pulmonary-embolism-ed) — Acute pulmonary embolism — the PE–DVT continuum and the Virchow risk factors, the right-ventricular-afterload pathophysiology that kills in #### Pulmonary oedema (1) - [Pulmonary oedema](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/pulmonary-oedema) — The pulmonary oedema from the fluid in the alveolar interstitium through the CARDIOGENIC (the raised pulmonary capillary pressure from the l #### Quality and ED metrics (1) - [Quality and ED metrics — performance measurement, the four-hour target and quality improvement](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/quality-and-ed-metrics) — Quality and emergency department metrics — the Donabedian structure-process-outcome framework; the National Emergency Access Target (NEAT), #### Radiation and chemical exposure (1) - [Radiation and chemical exposure](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/radiation-and-chemical-exposure) — Radiation and chemical exposure — the receiving-hospital side of a CBRN incident. The topic pairs two threats the Fellowship candidate must #### Raised intracranial pressure (1) - [Raised intracranial pressure](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/raised-intracranial-pressure) — Raised intracranial pressure is the syndrome of the cranial contents exceeding the compensatory reserve of the rigid skull — the Monro-Kelly #### Recognition of deterioration (track and trigger) (1) - [Recognition of deterioration: track-and-trigger and early-warning scores](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/resuscitation/recognition-of-deterioration-track-and-trigger) — Recognising the deteriorating patient before arrest: the antecedents of in-hospital cardiac arrest, the physiology of compensation and decom #### Red-flag headache (1) - [Red-flag headache (approach)](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/red-flag-headache-approach) — The red-flag headache approach — the structured identification of the dangerous secondary causes of the headache (the SNNOOPS/SNNOPT10 mnemo #### Renal colic and nephrolithiasis (1) - [Renal colic and nephrolithiasis](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/renal-colic-and-nephrolithiasis) — Renal colic — the acute ureteric obstruction by a stone producing severe colicky flank pain radiating to the groin, with nausea, vomiting an #### Research, EBM and biostatistics (1) - [Research, evidence-based medicine and biostatistics — appraising and applying evidence at the bedside](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/research-ebm-and-biostatistics) — Research, evidence-based medicine and biostatistics — Sackett's definition of evidence-based medicine as the integration of best research ev #### Respiratory failure (type 1 & 2) (1) - [Respiratory failure (type 1 and type 2)](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/respiratory-failure-type-1-and-2) — Respiratory failure — the type 1 (hypoxaemic) and type 2 (hypercapnic) classification from the arterial blood gas, the oxygen targets (94 to #### Resuscitation team leadership & CRM (1) - [Resuscitation team leadership and crisis resource management](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/resuscitation/resuscitation-team-leadership-and-crm) — The non-technical skills of the resuscitation: crisis resource management, the allocated team roles, the standing-back team leader, the clos #### Rural & retrieval trauma (1) - [Rural and retrieval trauma](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/trauma/rural-and-retrieval-trauma) — The rural and retrieval trauma: the challenges of the remote setting, the prolonged time to the definitive care, the aeromedical retrieval p #### Secondary survey (1) - [Secondary survey](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/secondary-survey) — The ATLS secondary survey — the head-to-toe examination of the stable trauma patient, the AMPLE history, the clinical decision rules for the #### Seizures and first fit (1) - [Seizures and the first fit](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/seizures-and-first-fit) — The first seizure in the emergency department — the operational definition (an epileptic seizure, ILAE 2014 definition of epilepsy: two unpr #### Sepsis and septic shock (approach) (1) - [Sepsis and septic shock — the emergency department approach](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/sepsis-ed-approach) — Sepsis is the life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection, defined by Sepsis-3 as suspected infec #### Septic shock in the ED (1) - [Septic shock in the emergency department](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/resuscitation/septic-shock-in-ed) — Septic shock as infection complicated by a dysregulated host response and circulatory failure: the Sepsis-3 definitions and qSOFA, the patho #### Sexual assault and intimate partner violence (1) - [Sexual assault and intimate partner violence in the emergency department](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/sexual-assault-and-intimate-partner-violence) — Sexual assault and intimate partner violence in the emergency department — the trauma-informed approach that governs the entire encounter, t #### Shock (1) - [Shock states — the recognition and the approach](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/resuscitation/shock-states-recognition-and-approach) — Shock — the definition (the inadequate tissue perfusion and the cellular hypoxia); the four patterns by the haemodynamics (the hypovolaemic, #### Haematology and general medical emergencies (1) - [Sickle cell crisis](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/sickle-cell-crisis) — Sickle cell crisis is the umbrella for the acute, life-threatening events of sickle cell disease (HbS disease): the vaso-occlusive pain cris #### Spinal cord compression (1) - [Spinal cord compression](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/spinal-cord-compression) — Spinal cord compression — the time-critical neurological emergency from the extrinsic compression of the spinal cord by the tumour, the disc #### Status epilepticus (1) - [Status epilepticus](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/status-epilepticus) — Status epilepticus — a continuous seizure lasting over 5 minutes, or recurrent seizures without recovery of consciousness, stratified into e #### Subarachnoid haemorrhage (1) - [Subarachnoid haemorrhage](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/subarachnoid-haemorrhage) — Subarachnoid haemorrhage — the non-traumatic bleeding into the subarachnoid space, usually from a ruptured intracranial aneurysm; the thunde #### Subdural and extradural haematoma (1) - [Subdural and extradural haematoma](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/subdural-and-extradural-haematoma) — Subdural and extradural haematoma — the two extra-axial traumatic collections distinguished by anatomy, source, and tempo. Extradural (epidu #### Syncope (approach) (1) - [Syncope — the emergency department approach and risk stratification](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/syncope-approach) — Syncope — the transient loss of consciousness from the cerebral hypoperfusion, the classification (the reflex, the orthostatic, the cardiac, #### Tachyarrhythmias (1) - [Tachyarrhythmias in the emergency department](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/tachyarrhythmias-ed) — The ED tachyarrhythmias — the stability-first algorithm, the narrow-versus-broad-complex (QRS 120 ms) decision, the management of a regular #### Teaching, supervision and feedback (1) - [Teaching, supervision and feedback in the emergency department](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/teaching-supervision-and-feedback) — Teaching, supervision and feedback in the emergency department — the clinical teacher’s core toolkit and the Fellowship Scholar domain. Beds #### Team-based care and CRM (1) - [Team-based care and crisis resource management in the emergency department](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/team-based-care-and-crm) — Team-based care and crisis resource management (CRM) in the emergency department — the non-technical skills (leadership, communication, situ #### Testicular torsion (1) - [Testicular torsion](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/testicular-torsion) — The testicular torsion — the twisting of the spermatic cord on its longitudinal axis that obstructs the venous return and then the arterial #### ECG interpretation (approach) (1) - [The 12-lead ECG — the systematic emergency department interpretation approach](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/ecg-interpretation-approach) — The systematic approach to the 12-lead ECG for the emergency medicine trainee — the rate, the rhythm, the axis, the intervals (PR 120 to 200 #### The anticoagulated trauma patient (1) - [The anticoagulated trauma patient](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/trauma/anticoagulated-trauma-patient) — The anticoagulated trauma patient: the reversal of the warfarin (the PCC and the vitamin K), the DOACs (the dabigatran with the idarucizumab #### Australasian Triage Scale (1) - [The Australasian Triage Scale — categories, validity, reliability and the under-triaged patient](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/australasian-triage-scale) — The Australasian Triage Scale (ATS) — the five-level urgency scale used across Australian and New Zealand emergency departments, jointly end #### The deadly ECG patterns (1) - [The deadly ECG patterns — the emergency department recognition and immediate management](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/ecg-the-deadly-patterns) — The emergency department ECG patterns that immediately change disposition or trigger an antidote — the STEMI territories (anterior, inferior #### Mental Health Act and compulsory treatment (1) - [The Mental Health Act and compulsory treatment in the emergency department](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/mental-health-act-and-compulsory-treatment) — The Mental Health Act and compulsory treatment in the emergency department — the statutory framework separate from capacity law that authori #### Primary survey (1) - [The primary survey (ABCDE) — the trauma assessment framework](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/primary-survey) — The primary survey — the ABCDE framework for the systematic, prioritised assessment of the trauma patient (Airway with cervical-spine contro #### Paediatric resuscitation (1) - [The sick child and paediatric resuscitation](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/the-sick-child-and-paediatric-resuscitation) — The sick child is any infant or child with actual or potential physiological failure, and paediatric resuscitation is the structured, weight #### Toxicology and environmental emergencies (approach) (1) - [The toxidrome approach and the general management of the poisoned patient](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/toxidrome-approach-and-general-management) — The systematic recognition of the poisoning syndrome from the constellation of signs, and the general management of the poisoned patient. Th #### Transient ischaemic attack (1) - [Transient ischaemic attack](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/transient-ischaemic-attack) — Transient ischaemic attack — a transient episode of focal neurological dysfunction from brain, spinal cord or retinal ischaemia WITHOUT infa #### Trauma in pregnancy (1) - [Trauma in pregnancy](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/trauma-in-pregnancy) — The trauma in pregnancy: the physiological changes that alter the response to the injury, the primary survey modifications (the left lateral #### Trauma team leadership (1) - [Trauma team leadership](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/trauma-team-leadership) — The trauma team activation, composition and leadership: the pre-arrival briefing, the paramedic MIST handover, the allocated roles, the stan #### Traumatic brain injury (1) - [Traumatic brain injury](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/traumatic-brain-injury-ed) — The traumatic brain injury from the primary impact through the preventable secondary injury, the GCS severity classification, the emergency #### Tuberculosis (1) - [Tuberculosis (ED)](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/tuberculosis-ed) — The tuberculosis from the Mycobacterium tuberculosis through the primary and the reactivation (the secondary), the risk factors (the HIV, th #### Upper airway obstruction (1) - [Upper airway obstruction in the emergency department](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/upper-airway-obstruction) — Upper airway obstruction — the stridor and drooling presentations, the infectious causes (epiglottitis, retropharyngeal abscess, Ludwig's an #### Upper gastrointestinal bleed (1) - [Upper gastrointestinal bleed](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/upper-gi-bleed) — The upper gastrointestinal bleed — the haemorrhage proximal to the ligament of Treitz, divided into the variceal (the oesophageal and gastri #### Vasoactive drugs in resuscitation (1) - [Vasoactive drugs in resuscitation](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/vasoactive-drugs-in-resuscitation) — Vasoactive drugs in resuscitation — the receptor pharmacology that decides which agent to reach for (noradrenaline alpha-greater-than-beta i #### Vertigo and dizziness (1) - [Vertigo and dizziness](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/vertigo-and-dizziness) — Vertigo and dizziness — the central-versus-peripheral distinction as the load-bearing decision, the HINTS examination (Head Impulse, Nystagm #### Plain radiograph interpretation (approach) (1) - [X-ray interpretation in the emergency department — the systematic approach](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/topics/x-ray-interpretation-ed) — The systematic approach to plain radiography for the emergency medicine trainee — the technical-quality check (projection, penetration, rota ### SAQs Index: https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/saqs #### Salicylate poisoning (1) - [Acute salicylate overdose — acid-base, bicarb, dialysis](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/saqs/salicylate-poisoning-saq) — ACEM SAQ on mixed acid-base salicylate toxicity, urine alkalinisation and EXTRIP. #### Research, EBM and biostatistics (1) - [Critical appraisal of a trial abstract — PICO, validity, effect size and applicability](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/saqs/research-ebm-and-biostatistics-saq) — An ACEM-style SAQ on the critical appraisal of a randomised controlled trial abstract — PICO formulation, internal validity (allocation conc #### Teaching, supervision and feedback (1) - [Teach a skill, give feedback and calibrate supervision — the bedside teaching encounter](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/saqs/teaching-supervision-and-feedback-saq) — An ACEM-style SAQ on Peyton's four-stage approach to teaching a practical skill, R2C2 feedback, and the entrustable professional activity en ### Cases Index: https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/cases #### Primary survey (1) - [Blunt polytrauma primary survey — ABCDE resus station](https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/cases/primary-survey-resus) — ACEM Fellowship OSCE resus station testing catastrophic haemorrhage control before airway, tension/breathing threats, damage-control circula ### Vivas Index: https://medvellum.com/s/emergency-medicine/vivas ## Psychiatry Fellowship Hub: https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry Multi-board psychiatry atlas (FRANZCP-primary): 300+ exam-exhaustive topics, MEQs, CASC stations, and vivas covering MRCPsych, ABPN, MD/DNB, NEET-SS, and RCPSC. ### Topics Index: https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics #### Consultation-liaison psychiatry (26) - [Abnormal illness behaviour and the sick role](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/consultation-liaison/abnormal-illness-behaviour) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship C-L topic on Parsons' sick role, Mechanic's illness behaviour, Pilowsky abnormal illness behaviour (definition, a - [Autoimmune encephalitis and organic psychosis](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/consultation-liaison/autoimmune-encephalitis-and-organic-psychosis) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship topic on autoimmune encephalitis presenting as organic psychosis — red flags, Graus AE and Pollak autoimmune-psyc - [Cardiac psychiatry](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/consultation-liaison/cardiac-psychiatry) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship topic on cardiac psychiatry — post-ACS and CHD depression and anxiety, bidirectional risk and prognosis, landmark - [Delirium](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/consultation-liaison/delirium) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship topic on delirium for consultation-liaison psychiatry — DSM-5-TR/ICD-11, CAM/4AT/CAM-ICU algorithms, hyperactive/ - [Dementia and major neurocognitive disorder](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/consultation-liaison/dementia-and-major-ncd) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship topic on dementia and major neurocognitive disorder — DSM-5-TR and ICD-11 nosology, mild versus major NCD, Alzhei - [Demoralisation and adjustment to medical illness](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/consultation-liaison/demoralisation-and-adjustment-to-illness) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship topic on demoralisation and adjustment to medical illness for consultation-liaison psychiatry — Clarke/Kissane de - [Endocrine psychiatry (thyroid, Cushing, Addison)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/consultation-liaison/endocrine-psychiatry) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship topic on endocrine psychiatry for consultation-liaison practice — thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism including myx - [Epilepsy and psychiatry](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/consultation-liaison/epilepsy-and-psychiatry) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship topic on the epilepsy–psychiatry interface: peri-ictal and postictal psychosis, interictal depression, forced nor - [Functional neurological disorder in the medical setting](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/consultation-liaison/functional-neurological-disorder-cl) — Exam-exhaustive C-L fellowship leaf on functional neurological disorder in the medical setting — liaison role, positive rule-in diagnosis, b - [HIV psychiatry](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/consultation-liaison/hiv-psychiatry) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship topic on HIV psychiatry for consultation-liaison practice — Frascati HAND spectrum (ANI/MND/HAD), depression and - [Huntington disease psychiatry](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/consultation-liaison/huntington-disease-psychiatry) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship topic on the psychiatry of Huntington disease: premanifest and manifest neuropsychiatric syndromes, suicide risk, - [Long COVID neuropsychiatry](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/consultation-liaison/long-covid-neuropsychiatry) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship topic on the neuropsychiatry of long COVID — WHO, NICE and RECOVER definitions and why they disagree; the fatigue - [Mild cognitive impairment](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/consultation-liaison/mild-cognitive-impairment) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship topic on mild cognitive impairment and mild neurocognitive disorder — Petersen/Winblad criteria, DSM-5-TR mild NC - [Multiple sclerosis psychiatry](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/consultation-liaison/multiple-sclerosis-psychiatry) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship topic on the psychiatry of multiple sclerosis: depression and suicide risk, anxiety, pseudobulbar affect, cogniti - [Normal pressure hydrocephalus and reversible dementias](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/consultation-liaison/nph-and-reversible-dementias) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship topic on idiopathic and secondary normal pressure hydrocephalus (Hakim–Adams triad, Relkin criteria, DESH, CSF ta - [Pain psychiatry and somatic symptom disorders](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/consultation-liaison/pain-psychiatry-and-somatic-symptom) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship topic on pain psychiatry and somatic symptom disorders for consultation-liaison practice — DSM-5-TR SSD and illne - [Palliative care psychiatry](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/consultation-liaison/palliative-care-psychiatry) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship topic on palliative care psychiatry for consultation-liaison practice — syndrome map (adjustment, demoralisation, - [Parkinson disease psychiatry](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/consultation-liaison/parkinson-disease-psychiatry) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship topic on the psychiatry of Parkinson disease: depression and apathy, PD psychosis (Ravina criteria, visual halluc - [Perinatal psychiatry in the general hospital](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/consultation-liaison/perinatal-medical-cl) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship topic on perinatal psychiatry as general-hospital consultation-liaison work — maternity-ward presentations, postp - [Prion disease (CJD) and rapidly progressive dementias](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/consultation-liaison/prion-disease-and-rapidly-progressive-dementias) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship topic on prion disease and rapidly progressive dementia — sporadic, genetic, iatrogenic and variant CJD; the psyc - [Psycho-oncology](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/consultation-liaison/psycho-oncology) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship topic on psycho-oncology for consultation-liaison psychiatry — distress screening, adjustment and demoralisation, - [Renal and dialysis psychiatry](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/consultation-liaison/renal-and-dialysis-psychiatry) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship topic on renal and dialysis psychiatry for consultation-liaison practice — depression and anxiety in CKD/ESRD, CA - [SLE and autoimmune neuropsychiatry](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/consultation-liaison/sle-and-autoimmune-neuropsychiatry) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship topic on neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus and related autoimmune neuropsychiatry — ACR 19 syndromes, - [Stroke and post-stroke psychiatry](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/consultation-liaison/stroke-and-post-stroke-psychiatry) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship topic on stroke and post-stroke psychiatry — post-stroke depression epidemiology and natural history, treatment a - [Traumatic brain injury psychiatry](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/consultation-liaison/traumatic-brain-injury-psychiatry) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship topic on traumatic brain injury psychiatry — severity staging, post-concussion symptom complexes, depression and - [Wilson disease and metabolic neuropsychiatry](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/consultation-liaison/wilson-disease-and-metabolic-neuropsychiatry) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship topic on Wilson disease and metabolic neuropsychiatry: ATP7B copper toxicity, personality change and irritability #### Emergency psychiatry — absconding and missing patients (1) - [Absconding and missing patients](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/emergency/absconding-and-missing-patients) — Fellowship-depth atlas on absconding, AWOL, and missing psychiatric patients — definitions and pathways; epidemiology and suicide link (NCIS #### psychotherapy (9) - [Acceptance and commitment therapy](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/psychotherapy/acceptance-and-commitment-therapy) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT): psychological flexibility and the hexaflex, experiential av - [Behavioural activation](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/psychotherapy/behavioural-activation) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on behavioural activation for depression — functional model (Ferster, Lewinsohn), Jacobson dismantling, - [Combining psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/psychotherapy/combining-psychotherapy-and-pharmacotherapy) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on combining psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy — concurrent vs sequential models, landmark trials (Kell - [Couples therapy](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/psychotherapy/couples-therapy) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on couples therapy — major models (TBCT, IBCT, CBCT, EFT, insight-oriented), assessment and IPV safety - [Exposure and response prevention](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/psychotherapy/exposure-and-response-prevention) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on exposure and response prevention (ERP/EX/RP) — OCD maintenance cycle, habituation vs inhibitory lear - [Group psychotherapy](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/psychotherapy/group-psychotherapy) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on group psychotherapy — definition and formats, Yalom therapeutic factors, cohesion, selection and fra - [Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/psychotherapy/interpersonal-psychotherapy) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on interpersonal psychotherapy — medical model, sick role, four problem areas, phase structure, communi - [Psychoeducation and family psychoeducation](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/psychotherapy/psychoeducation-and-family-psychoeducation) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on psychoeducation and family psychoeducation — definitions, expressed emotion and relapse, session str - [Supportive psychotherapy techniques](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/psychotherapy/supportive-psychotherapy-techniques) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on supportive psychotherapy techniques — definition, expressive–supportive continuum, technique toolkit #### Emergency psychiatry (5) - [Acute agitation and rapid tranquillisation](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/emergency/acute-agitation-and-rapid-tranquillisation) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship topic on acute agitation and rapid tranquillisation — de-escalation first, capacity and least-restrictive legal p - [Neuroleptic malignant syndrome](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/emergency/neuroleptic-malignant-syndrome) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship topic on neuroleptic malignant syndrome — Gurrera international consensus diagnostic criteria with critical value - [Overdose and toxicology for psychiatrists](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/emergency/overdose-and-toxicology-for-psychiatrists) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship hub on overdose and clinical toxicology for psychiatrists — toxidrome approach, relative toxicity of psychotropic - [Psychiatric emergencies](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/emergency/psychiatric-emergencies) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship hub on psychiatric emergencies — agitation ladders with doses, suicidal crisis, medical mimics, SBD/ExDS framewor - [Serotonin syndrome](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/emergency/serotonin-syndrome) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship topic on serotonin toxicity — Hunter criteria (preferred) versus historical Sternbach, toxidrome with neuromuscul #### General adult psychiatry — bipolar and related disorders (5) - [Acute mania and hypomania management](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/acute-mania-and-hypomania-management) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on acute mania and hypomania management — operational mania vs hypomania criteria; medical work-up and - [Bipolar affective disorder](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/bipolar-affective-disorder) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on bipolar affective disorder — DSM-5-TR and ICD-11 definitions; bipolar I/II and cyclothymia; mixed fe - [Bipolar I disorder](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/bipolar-i-disorder) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship leaf on bipolar I disorder — DSM-5-TR and ICD-11 mania gates; epidemiology and suicide risk; acute mania algorith - [Bipolar II disorder and cyclothymia](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/bipolar-ii-and-cyclothymia) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on bipolar II disorder and cyclothymia — hypomania versus mania thresholds, misdiagnosis as recurrent u - [Mixed features and rapid cycling](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/mixed-features-and-rapid-cycling) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on DSM-5-TR mixed features specifier versus historical mixed episode, ICD-11 framing, rapid cycling (≥4 #### General adult psychiatry — trauma and stressor-related disorders (5) - [Acute stress disorder](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/acute-stress-disorder) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on acute stress disorder — DSM-5-TR Criterion A, 3-day to 1-month window, ≥9 of 14 symptoms, DSM-IV dis - [Adjustment disorders](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/adjustment-disorders) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on adjustment disorders — DSM-5-TR and ICD-11 criteria and timing; specifiers; differential vs MDD, PTS - [Complex PTSD and trauma-informed care](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/complex-ptsd-and-trauma-informed-care) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on ICD-11 complex PTSD — PTSD core plus DSO triad, differential from PTSD and BPD, ITQ assessment, phas - [Grief and prolonged grief disorder](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/grief-and-prolonged-grief-disorder) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on normal grief versus prolonged grief disorder (DSM-5-TR and ICD-11), differential from major depressi - [PTSD and acute stress disorder](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/ptsd-and-acute-stress) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on PTSD and acute stress disorder — DSM-5-TR and ICD-11 criteria including complex PTSD, epidemiology a #### Addiction psychiatry (6) - [Addiction in older adults](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/addiction/addiction-in-older-adults) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship topic on addiction and substance misuse in older adults — early- vs late-onset phenotypes, age-related PK/PD, alc - [Alcohol use disorder](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/addiction/alcohol-use-disorder) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship topic on alcohol use disorder — DSM-5-TR versus ICD-11 nosology, epidemiology, neurobiology of dependence and wit - [Alcohol withdrawal and delirium tremens](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/addiction/alcohol-withdrawal-and-delirium-tremens) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship topic on alcohol withdrawal and delirium tremens — timeline after last drink, DSM-5-TR/ICD-11 nosology, GABA/NMDA - [Alcohol-related brain injury and Korsakoff syndrome](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/addiction/alcohol-related-brain-injury-and-korsakoff) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship topic on alcohol-related brain injury and Korsakoff syndrome — ARBI umbrella versus Wernicke–Korsakoff continuum, - [Anti-craving pharmacotherapy (naltrexone, acamprosate, disulfiram)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/addiction/anti-craving-pharmacotherapy) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship topic on anti-craving pharmacotherapy for alcohol use disorder — naltrexone (oral and XR-NTX), acamprosate, and d - [Benzodiazepine dependence](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/addiction/benzodiazepine-dependence) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship topic on benzodiazepine dependence — DSM-5-TR/ICD-11 nosology, GABA-A tolerance and withdrawal including seizures #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — neurodevelopmental (4) - [ADHD across the lifespan](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/child-adolescent/adhd-across-the-lifespan) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on ADHD from childhood through adulthood — DSM-5-TR and ICD-11 criteria; multi-informant assessment; di - [Autism spectrum disorder](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/child-adolescent/autism-spectrum-disorder) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on autism spectrum disorder — DSM-5-TR criteria and levels, ICD-11 mapping, epidemiology and genetics, - [Language and communication disorders](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/child-adolescent/language-and-communication-disorders) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on language and communication disorders — DSM-5-TR/CATALISE classification, DLD vs SPCD vs ASD, epidemi - [Tic disorders and Tourette syndrome](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/child-adolescent/tic-disorders-and-tourette-syndrome) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on tic disorders and Tourette syndrome — DSM-5-TR classification, CSTC pathophysiology, CBIT evidence, #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — adolescent substance use (1) - [Adolescent substance use](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/child-adolescent/adolescent-substance-use) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on adolescent substance use — developmental epidemiology, cannabis/alcohol/stimulants, dual diagnosis, #### foundations (4) - [Advanced critical appraisal and EBM for psychiatry](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/foundations/critical-appraisal-advanced) — Fellowship-depth advanced critical appraisal for psychiatry: RoB 2 and ROBINS-I domains, forest-plot anatomy with prediction intervals, hete - [Descriptive psychopathology and phenomenology](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/foundations/descriptive-psychopathology-and-phenomenology) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship atlas on descriptive psychopathology and phenomenology — disorders of perception, thought form and content, speec - [Neuroanatomy and neural circuits for psychiatrists](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/foundations/neuroanatomy-circuits-for-psychiatrists) — Exam-exhaustive circuit neuroanatomy for FRANZCP/MRCPsych/ABPN: prefrontal zones, limbic and Papez frameworks, Alexander–DeLong basal-gangli - [Philosophy of mind and psychiatry](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/foundations/philosophy-of-mind-and-psychiatry) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship atlas on philosophy of mind applied to psychiatry — dualism and monism, consciousness, free will and responsibili #### Professional practice — advocacy (1) - [Advocacy in mental health](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/professional/advocacy-in-mental-health) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship topic on advocacy in mental health — individual, group and systemic advocacy; the consumer and carer movements; t #### Old age psychiatry — Alzheimer disease (1) - [Alzheimer disease](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/old-age/alzheimer-disease) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on Alzheimer disease — NIA-AA 2011 probable/possible clinical criteria; continuum from preclinical and #### Specialty psychiatry — eating disorders (2) - [Anorexia nervosa](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/specialty/anorexia-nervosa) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on anorexia nervosa — DSM-5-TR/ICD-11 criteria and BMI severity, medical complications, refeeding syndr - [Bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/specialty/bulimia-and-binge-eating) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder — DSM-5-TR and ICD-11 criteria; AN-purging differential; m #### Psychopharmacology — antidepressants (1) - [Antidepressants](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/psychopharmacology/antidepressants) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship pharmacology of antidepressants — SSRI/SNRI/mirtazapine/bupropion/vortioxetine/TCA/MAOI maps, doses and monitorin #### Psychopharmacology — antipsychotics (1) - [Antipsychotics](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/psychopharmacology/antipsychotics) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship pharmacology of antipsychotics — receptor maps, FGA vs SGA evidence (CATIE, CUtLASS, EUFEST, Leucht NMA), dosing, #### General adult psychiatry — personality disorders (12) - [Antisocial personality disorder](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/antisocial-personality-disorder) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on antisocial personality disorder — DSM-5-TR and ICD-11 nosology; careful ASPD versus psychopathy dist - [Avoidant personality disorder](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/avoidant-personality-disorder) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on avoidant personality disorder — DSM-5-TR and ICD-11 criteria, continuum with social anxiety disorder - [Borderline personality disorder](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/borderline-personality-disorder) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on borderline personality disorder — DSM-5-TR and ICD-11 nosology; epidemiology and suicide risk; bioso - [Cluster A and Cluster C personality disorders](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/cluster-a-and-cluster-c-personality) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on Cluster A (paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal) and Cluster C (avoidant, dependent, OCPD) personality di - [Dependent personality disorder](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/dependent-personality-disorder) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on dependent personality disorder — DSM-5-TR ≥5 of 8 criteria, ICD-11 severity and trait mapping, Borns - [Histrionic personality disorder](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/histrionic-personality-disorder) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on histrionic personality disorder — DSM-5-TR and ICD-11 criteria, construct-validity controversies, ep - [Narcissistic and Cluster B spectrum](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/narcissistic-and-cluster-b-spectrum) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on narcissistic personality disorder and the Cluster B spectrum — grandiose and vulnerable narcissism; - [Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/obsessive-compulsive-personality-disorder) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD/anankastic PD) — DSM-5-TR ≥4/8 criteria, ICD-11 seve - [Paranoid personality disorder](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/paranoid-personality-disorder) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on paranoid personality disorder — DSM-5-TR and ICD-11 nosology; differentials from delusional disorder - [Personality disorder: ICD-11 dimensional model](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/personality-disorder-icd11-dimensional) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on the ICD-11 dimensional model of personality disorder — severity grading (mild/moderate/severe), five - [Schizoid personality disorder](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/schizoid-personality-disorder) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on schizoid personality disorder — DSM-5-TR and ICD-11 nosology; discriminators from avoidant PD, autis - [Schizotypal personality disorder](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/schizotypal-personality-disorder) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on schizotypal personality disorder — DSM-5-TR criteria and ICD-11 severity/trait framing; schizophreni #### Psychopharmacology — anxiolytics and hypnotics (1) - [Anxiolytics and hypnotics](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/psychopharmacology/anxiolytics-and-hypnotics) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship psychopharmacology of anxiolytics and hypnotics — benzodiazepines and Z-drugs (GABA-A PAM, half-life maps, short- #### Forensic psychiatry — arson and firesetting (1) - [Arson and fire-setting](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/forensic/arson-and-fire-setting) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on deliberate firesetting, arson, and pyromania — terminology triad, DSM/ICD exclusions and rarity, NES #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — attachment disorders (1) - [Attachment disorders in children](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/child-adolescent/attachment-disorders-in-children) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on childhood attachment disorders — DSM-5-TR/ICD-11 RAD versus DSED, extremes of insufficient care, BEI #### Foundations — developmental science (1) - [Attachment theory and early relationships](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/foundations/attachment-theory-and-early-relationships) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on attachment theory — Bowlby secure base/safe haven, Ainsworth Strange Situation patterns (secure/inse #### Psychopharmacology — augmentation strategies (1) - [Augmentation strategies in mood and psychosis](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/psychopharmacology/augmentation-strategies) — Fellowship-depth atlas of structured augmentation in non-response — augment vs switch vs combination, pseudo-resistance exclusion, STAR*D an #### Intellectual disability psychiatry — neurodevelopmental dual diagnosis (1) - [Autism and intellectual disability comorbidity](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/intellectual-disability/autism-and-id-comorbidity) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on autism spectrum disorder co-occurring with intellectual disability — dual-diagnosis assessment (soci #### General adult psychiatry — feeding and eating disorders (2) - [Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/avoidant-restrictive-food-intake-disorder) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) — DSM-5-TR/ICD-11 criteria without shape/weight ov - [Pica and rumination disorder](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/pica-and-rumination-disorder) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on pica and rumination disorder — DSM-5-TR/ICD-11 criteria, medical complications (lead, bezoar, malnut #### Foundations — basic neuroscience for psychiatry (1) - [Basic neuroscience for psychiatry](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/foundations/basic-neuroscience-for-psychiatry) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship foundation on basic neuroscience for psychiatry: neuron and synapse, transmitter systems, LTP/LTD plasticity, lar #### Old age psychiatry — dementia neuropsychiatry (1) - [Behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/old-age/behavioural-and-psychological-symptoms-of-dementia) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD/NPS) — domains and NPI framing; multifactor #### intellectual-disability (6) - [Behavioural phenotypes and genetic syndromes](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/intellectual-disability/behavioural-phenotypes-genetic-syndromes) — Exam-exhaustive behavioural phenotypes of genetic syndromes for FRANZCP and global boards: probabilistic phenotype concept; Down syndrome de - [Capacity and supported decision-making in ID](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/intellectual-disability/capacity-and-supported-decision-making-id) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on decision-specific capacity and supported decision-making in intellectual disability — four functiona - [Down syndrome and mental health](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/intellectual-disability/down-syndrome-mental-health) — Exam-exhaustive Down syndrome mental health for FRANZCP and global boards: behavioural phenotype, depression versus Alzheimer dementia, medi - [Intellectual disability: assessment and classification](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/intellectual-disability/intellectual-disability-assessment-and-classification) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on intellectual disability assessment and classification — DSM-5-TR intellectual developmental disorder - [Offending and intellectual disability](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/intellectual-disability/offending-and-intellectual-disability) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on offending and intellectual disability — prevalence method traps, offence patterns, victimisation ove - [Psychiatric disorders in intellectual disability](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/intellectual-disability/psychiatric-disorders-in-intellectual-disability) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on psychiatric disorders in intellectual disability — diagnostic overshadowing, modified/pathoplastic p #### Psychopharmacology — benzodiazepine prescribing and tapering (1) - [Benzodiazepine prescribing and tapering](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/psychopharmacology/benzodiazepine-prescribing-and-tapering) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship psychopharmacology of benzodiazepine initiation and structured tapering — half-life and equipotency maps, short-t #### Old age psychiatry — grief and loss (1) - [Bereavement in later life](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/old-age/bereavement-in-later-life) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on bereavement in later life — adaptive grief versus prolonged grief disorder (DSM-5-TR/ICD-11), widowh #### Foundations — biostatistics for psychiatry exams (1) - [Biostatistics for psychiatry exams](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/foundations/biostatistics-for-psychiatry-exams) — Exam-exhaustive biostatistics for FRANZCP and MRCPsych: p-values and CIs; Type I/II error and power; RR, OR, HR; ARR, RRR, NNT, NNH; sensiti #### General adult psychiatry — OCRD (3) - [Body dysmorphic disorder](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/body-dysmorphic-disorder) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on body dysmorphic disorder — DSM-5-TR/ICD-11 OCRD criteria; insight spectrum including delusional beli - [Hoarding and related disorders](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/hoarding-and-related-disorders) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on hoarding disorder — DSM-5-TR/ICD-11 OCRD criteria; vs OCD, ADHD, dementia and squalor; Frost–Hartl m - [Obsessive-compulsive disorder](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/obsessive-compulsive-disorder) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on obsessive-compulsive disorder — DSM-5-TR and ICD-11 criteria and OCRD context; Y-BOCS; differentials #### Professional — boundary violations and sexual misconduct (1) - [Boundary violations and sexual misconduct](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/professional/boundary-violations-and-sexual-misconduct) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on professional boundary violations and sexual misconduct in psychiatry — Gutheil–Gabbard crossing vs v #### Consultation-liaison — burns and critical illness psychiatry (1) - [Burns and critical illness psychiatry](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/consultation-liaison/burns-and-critical-illness-psychiatry) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on consultation-liaison psychiatry after burn injury and critical illness: ASD/PTSD and depression traj #### Addiction psychiatry — cannabis and psychosis (1) - [Cannabis use and psychosis](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/addiction/cannabis-use-and-psychosis) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on the cannabis–psychosis interface: THC potency and dose–response, adolescent risk, substance-induced #### Consultation-liaison — capacity and consent (1) - [Capacity and informed consent](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/consultation-liaison/capacity-and-informed-consent) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on decision-specific capacity and informed consent — four functional abilities (understand/appreciate/r #### Old age psychiatry — capacity, guardianship and end of life (1) - [Capacity, guardianship and end-of-life decisions](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/old-age/capacity-guardianship-end-of-life) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on capacity, guardianship and end-of-life decisions in older adults — Appelbaum–Grisso four abilities, #### Psychopharmacology — carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine (1) - [Carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/psychopharmacology/carbamazepine-and-oxcarbazepine) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship psychopharmacology of carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine — Weisler ERC-CBZ mania RCTs, autoinduction and CYP3A4 indu #### Public and community psychiatry — carers and family-inclusive practice (1) - [Carers and family-inclusive practice](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/public-community/carers-and-family-inclusive-practice) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on carers and family-inclusive practice in psychiatry: expressed emotion and relapse, family psychoeduc #### General adult psychiatry (3) - [Catatonia](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/catatonia) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship topic on catatonia — DSM-5-TR and ICD-11 nosology, Bush-Francis screening and severity scales, retarded versus ex - [Culture-bound syndromes and cultural concepts of distress](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/culture-bound-syndromes) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship topic on culture-bound and culture-related syndromes — why DSM-IV's glossary became DSM-5-TR's cultural syndromes - [Functional neurological symptom disorder (conversion)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/functional-neurological-disorder) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on functional neurological symptom disorder (conversion/FND) — DSM-5-TR and ICD-11 nosology, positive r #### Professional — psychological therapies (3) - [CBT fundamentals for psychiatrists](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/professional/cbt-fundamentals-for-psychiatrists) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on CBT for psychiatrists — cognitive model, five-area formulation, session and course structure, behavi - [DBT and third-wave therapies](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/professional/dbt-and-third-wave-therapies) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on dialectical behaviour therapy (modes, modules, stages, biosocial theory, skills groups, consultation - [Psychodynamic and supportive psychotherapy](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/professional/psychodynamic-and-supportive-psychotherapy) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on psychodynamic and supportive psychotherapy — principles, expressive–supportive continuum, transferen #### Intellectual disability psychiatry (2) - [Challenging behaviour and positive behaviour support](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/intellectual-disability/challenging-behaviour-and-pbs) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on challenging behaviour in intellectual disability — Emerson definition and epidemiology, functional a - [Epilepsy in intellectual disability](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/intellectual-disability/epilepsy-and-id) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on epilepsy in intellectual disability — prevalence and severity gradient (McGrother ~26%), treatment r #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — anxiety disorders (1) - [Child and adolescent anxiety](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/child-adolescent/child-and-adolescent-anxiety) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on child and adolescent anxiety — separation anxiety, GAD, social anxiety, selective mutism, school ref #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — depression (1) - [Child and adolescent depression](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/child-adolescent/child-and-adolescent-depression) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on child and adolescent depression — DSM-5-TR/ICD-11 developmental criteria (irritable mood), epidemiol #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — risk and safeguarding (1) - [Child protection for psychiatrists](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/child-adolescent/child-protection-for-psychiatrists) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on child protection for psychiatrists — maltreatment subtypes, reporting thresholds, documentation, mul #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — childhood trauma and maltreatment (1) - [Childhood trauma and maltreatment](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/child-adolescent/childhood-trauma-and-maltreatment) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on childhood trauma and maltreatment — types of abuse and neglect, ACE science and graded risk, develop #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — OCRD (1) - [Childhood-onset OCD](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/child-adolescent/childhood-ocd) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on childhood-onset OCD — DSM-5-TR criteria, family accommodation, CY-BOCS, ERP and family-based CBT (PO #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — family and prevention (1) - [Children of parents with mental illness](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/child-adolescent/children-of-parents-with-mental-illness) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on children of parents with mental illness — epidemiology, multi-pathway risk transmission, assessment #### Specialty psychiatry — sleep medicine interface (7) - [Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/specialty/circadian-rhythm-sleep-wake-disorders) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship atlas on circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders — DSM-5-TR/ICSD-3 nosology (DSWPD, ASWPD, non-24, ISWRD, shift wor - [Insomnia disorder](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/specialty/insomnia-disorder) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship atlas on insomnia disorder — DSM-5-TR/ICSD-3 nosology, Spielman 3P and hyperarousal models, epidemiology and depr - [Narcolepsy and hypersomnolence disorders](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/specialty/narcolepsy-and-hypersomnolence) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship atlas on narcolepsy and central hypersomnolence — ICSD-3/DSM-5-TR nosology, orexin loss, tetrad presentation, MSL - [Obstructive sleep apnoea and psychiatry](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/specialty/obstructive-sleep-apnoea-and-psychiatry) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on obstructive sleep apnoea at the psychiatry interface — ICSD-3/AASM severity, epidemiology, mood and - [Parasomnias](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/specialty/parasomnias) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship atlas on parasomnias — NREM disorders of arousal versus REM parasomnias (nightmare disorder, RBD), ICSD-3/DSM-5-T - [Restless legs syndrome](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/specialty/restless-legs-syndrome) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship atlas on restless legs syndrome (Willis–Ekbom disease) for psychiatry — IRLSSG five criteria, primary vs secondar - [Sleep disorders in psychiatry](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/specialty/sleep-disorders-in-psychiatry) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on sleep disorders at the psychiatry interface — DSM-5-TR/ICSD-3 insomnia and hypersomnia nosology, OSA #### Forensic psychiatry — civil (1) - [Civil forensic psychiatry](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/forensic/civil-forensic-psychiatry) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on civil forensic psychiatry: testamentary and financial capacity (Banks v Goodfellow principles; funct #### Public and community psychiatry (2) - [Climate change and eco-distress](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/public-community/climate-change-and-eco-distress) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship topic on climate change and mental health — disaster psychiatry after bushfire and flood, long-term PTSD trajecto - [Digital psychiatry, apps and AI in mental health care](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/public-community/digital-psychiatry-and-ai-in-mental-health) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship topic on digital psychiatry and AI — telepsychiatry versus in-person evidence, mental health apps and how to pres #### Professional practice (1) - [Clinical Communication and Psychiatric Interviewing](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/professional/clinical-communication-and-interviewing) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship topic on clinical communication and psychiatric interviewing — interview structure and micro-skills (open-to-focu #### General adult psychiatry — clinical high risk / attenuated psychosis (1) - [Clinical high risk and attenuated psychosis syndrome](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/clinical-high-risk-and-attenuated-psychosis) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on clinical high risk (CHR) and ultra-high risk (UHR) for psychosis — APS/BLIPS/genetic-risk criteria, #### Psychopharmacology — clozapine (1) - [Clozapine](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/psychopharmacology/clozapine) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on clozapine — TRRIP entry, titration, plasma levels, region-aware haematology principles, myocarditis #### Psychotherapy (4) - [Cognitive analytic therapy](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/psychotherapy/cognitive-analytic-therapy) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on cognitive analytic therapy (CAT): Ryle integrative model, reciprocal roles, traps/dilemmas/snags, re - [Mentalisation-based treatment](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/psychotherapy/mentalisation-based-treatment) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on mentalisation-based treatment (MBT): definition of mentalising, pre-mentalising modes, attachment-ar - [Schema therapy](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/psychotherapy/schema-therapy) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on schema therapy (ST/SFT): early maladaptive schemas, schema domains, coping styles, schema modes, lim - [Trauma-focused CBT and EMDR](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/psychotherapy/trauma-focused-cbt-and-emdr) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on trauma-focused psychological therapies — PE, CPT, CT-PTSD/TF-CBT, child TF-CBT, and EMDR — with Ehle #### Psychopharmacology — cognitive enhancers (1) - [Cognitive enhancers (cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/psychopharmacology/cognitive-enhancers) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship monograph on cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine — mechanisms, severity- and subtype-linked indications (AD, #### Foundations — cognitive psychology (1) - [Cognitive psychology for psychiatry](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/foundations/cognitive-psychology-for-psychiatry) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on cognitive psychology for psychiatrists — attention networks, working and long-term memory, executive #### Public and community psychiatry — collaborative care and primary care (1) - [Collaborative care and primary care psychiatry](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/public-community/collaborative-care-and-primary-care-psychiatry) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on collaborative care and primary care psychiatry: Wagner Chronic Care Model roots, five CoCM principle #### public-community (5) - [Community mental health models of care](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/public-community/community-mental-health-models) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship topic on community mental health service models: CMHT, case management, ICM, ACT/PACT, FACT, crisis resolution/ho - [Health economics and mental health service planning](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/public-community/health-economics-and-service-planning) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship topic on health economics for mental health and service planning: burden (DALY/YLD), cost-of-illness, CEA/CUA/CBA - [Quality improvement and patient safety in psychiatry](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/public-community/quality-improvement-and-patient-safety) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship topic on quality improvement and patient safety in psychiatry: Donabedian measures, Model for Improvement/PDSA, s - [Rural and remote psychiatry](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/public-community/rural-and-remote-psychiatry) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on rural and remote psychiatry: geographic classification, suicide and workforce inequity, social deter - [Telepsychiatry](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/public-community/telepsychiatry) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on telepsychiatry: modality taxonomy, effectiveness evidence, videoconferencing process standards, emer #### Professional — complaint management and regulation (1) - [Complaint management and professional regulation](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/professional/complaint-management-and-regulation) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on healthcare complaints versus claims versus regulatory notifications, why patients complain, complain #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — disruptive behaviour (1) - [Conduct and oppositional defiant disorders](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/child-adolescent/conduct-and-oppositional-disorders) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder — DSM-5-TR and ICD-11 criteria, Moffitt trajector #### Professional practice — critical appraisal and EBM (1) - [Critical appraisal for psychiatry exams](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/professional/critical-appraisal-for-psychiatry-exams) — Exam-exhaustive critical appraisal for MRCPsych Paper B and FRANZCP: Sackett EBM and PICO; hierarchy of evidence and GRADE; RCT validity (ra #### Professional — cultural formulation and Indigenous mental health (1) - [Cultural formulation and Indigenous mental health](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/professional/cultural-formulation-and-indigenous-mental-health) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on DSM-5 cultural formulation (OCF and CFI), Kleinman explanatory models, Aboriginal and Torres Strait #### Old age psychiatry — delirium and acute cognitive syndromes (1) - [Delirium in older adults](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/old-age/delirium-in-older-adults) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on delirium in older adults — CAM/3D-CAM/4AT algorithms, hypoactive miss, multifactorial vulnerability #### General adult psychiatry — psychotic disorders (4) - [Delusional disorder](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/delusional-disorder) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on delusional disorder — DSM-5-TR and ICD-11 criteria; subtypes (persecutory, jealous, erotomanic, soma - [Schizoaffective disorder](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/schizoaffective-disorder) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on schizoaffective disorder — DSM-5-TR and ICD-11 operational criteria; bipolar versus depressive type; - [Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/schizophrenia-spectrum-disorders) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on the schizophrenia spectrum — DSM-5-TR and ICD-11 definitions; symptom domains; epidemiology and risk - [Schizophreniform and brief psychotic disorder](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/schizophreniform-and-brief-psychotic-disorder) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on duration-defined nonaffective psychoses — DSM-5-TR brief psychotic disorder (1 day to under 1 month) #### old-age (1) - [Dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson disease dementia](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/old-age/dementia-with-lewy-bodies-and-parkinson) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinson disease dementia (PDD) — McKeith 2017 core features an #### General adult psychiatry — dissociative disorders (2) - [Depersonalization/derealization disorder](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/depersonalization-derealization-disorder) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on depersonalisation/derealisation disorder — DSM-5-TR/ICD-11 criteria with intact reality testing; 1–2 - [Dissociative disorders](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/dissociative-disorders) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on dissociative disorders — DID with balanced trauma vs sociocognitive evidence, DPDR, dissociative amn #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — developmental assessment (1) - [Developmental assessment in child psychiatry](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/child-adolescent/developmental-assessment-in-cap) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on developmental assessment in CAP — structured history, domain milestones, adaptive function co-equal #### Public and community psychiatry — disaster and mass casualty psychiatry (1) - [Disaster and mass casualty psychiatry](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/public-community/disaster-and-mass-casualty-psychiatry) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on disaster and mass casualty psychiatry — exposure gradients, normal distress versus disorder, Hobfoll #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — chronic irritability / DMDD (1) - [Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/child-adolescent/disruptive-mood-dysregulation-disorder) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on disruptive mood dysregulation disorder — DSM-5-TR criteria and age rules, SMD historical construct, #### general-adult (2) - [Dissociative identity disorder and dissociative amnesia](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/dissociative-identity-and-amnesia) — Fellowship leaf on DID and dissociative amnesia (including fugue): DSM-5-TR/ICD-11 nosology, trauma vs sociocognitive debate, DES/SCID-D ass - [Other specified feeding or eating disorders (OSFED)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/other-specified-feeding-eating-disorders) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on OSFED — DSM-5-TR named examples (atypical AN, BN/BED of low frequency/limited duration, purging diso #### Professional — doctor health, burnout and impairment (1) - [Doctor health, burnout and impairment](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/professional/doctor-health-and-burnout) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on doctor health, Maslach three-dimension burnout, ICD-11 occupational framing, epidemiology and suicid #### Psychopharmacology — drug interactions and QTc (1) - [Drug interactions and QTc](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/psychopharmacology/drug-interactions-and-qtc) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on psychotropic drug–drug interactions and QTc risk — PK vs PD framework, CYP1A2/2D6/3A4 maps, smoking– #### Addiction psychiatry — dual diagnosis and integrated care (1) - [Dual diagnosis and integrated care](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/addiction/dual-diagnosis-and-integrated-care) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on dual diagnosis (co-occurring mental illness and substance use): etiological models, sequential/paral #### Forensic psychiatry — duty to warn and third-party risk (1) - [Duty to warn and third-party risk](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/forensic/duty-to-warn-and-third-party-risk) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on Tarasoff principles, duty to warn versus duty to protect, limits of confidentiality when third parti #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — early-onset psychosis (1) - [Early-onset psychosis](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/child-adolescent/early-onset-psychosis) — Exam-exhaustive CAP fellowship reference on early-onset psychosis — age definitions (EOP under 18, VEOP/COS under 13), autism/trauma/substan #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — eating disorders (1) - [Eating disorders in adolescence](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/child-adolescent/eating-disorders-adolescent) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on eating disorders in adolescence — DSM-5-TR/ICD-11 AN, BN, BED and ARFID; medical risk and admission #### Psychopharmacology — ECT and neurostimulation (1) - [ECT and neurostimulation](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/psychopharmacology/ect-and-neurostimulation) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on ECT and neurostimulation — indications (depression, mania, catatonia, clozapine-resistant schizophre #### Foundations — EEG and clinical neurophysiology (1) - [EEG and clinical neurophysiology in psychiatry](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/foundations/eeg-and-clinical-neurophysiology) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship foundation on EEG and clinical neurophysiology for psychiatrists: indications and yield, frequency bands and repo #### Old age psychiatry — risk and safeguarding (1) - [Elder abuse and vulnerability](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/old-age/elder-abuse-and-vulnerability) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on elder abuse and vulnerability — subtypes (physical, sexual, psychological, financial, neglect, self- #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — elimination disorders (1) - [Elimination disorders: enuresis and encopresis](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/child-adolescent/elimination-disorders) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on childhood elimination disorders — DSM-5-TR and ICCS classification, enuresis pathophysiology triad, #### Foundations — epidemiologic methods for psychiatry (1) - [Epidemiologic methods for psychiatry](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/foundations/epidemiology-methods-for-psychiatry) — Exam-exhaustive epidemiologic methods for FRANZCP and MRCPsych: frequency measures (incidence, prevalence, person-time), association and imp #### Professional practice — epidemiology and public mental health (1) - [Epidemiology and public mental health](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/professional/epidemiology-and-public-mental-health) — Exam-exhaustive epidemiology and public mental health for FRANZCP and MRCPsych: measures of occurrence; GBD/YLD/DALY; global and Australian #### Specialty psychiatry — sexual medicine interface (2) - [Erectile and ejaculatory disorders](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/specialty/erectile-and-ejaculatory-disorders) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship leaf on erectile disorder, premature (early) ejaculation, and delayed ejaculation — DSM-5-TR/ISSM nosology, organ - [Female sexual interest, arousal and pain disorders](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/specialty/female-sexual-interest-arousal-and-pain) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship atlas on female sexual interest/arousal disorder and genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder — DSM-5-TR vs ICD-11 #### Professional — ethics, boundaries and professionalism (1) - [Ethics, boundaries and professionalism](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/professional/ethics-boundary-and-professionalism) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on psychiatric ethics and professionalism — four principles, Gutheil–Gabbard boundary theory, dual rela #### Forensic psychiatry — expert evidence (1) - [Expert evidence and forensic report writing](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/forensic/expert-evidence-and-report-writing) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on psychiatric expert evidence and forensic report writing: expert vs fact/treating roles, dual-role et #### Psychopharmacology — EPS and tardive dyskinesia (1) - [Extrapyramidal side effects and tardive dyskinesia](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/psychopharmacology/eps-and-tardive-dyskinesia) — Fellowship-depth atlas of antipsychotic-related extrapyramidal syndromes — acute dystonia (including laryngeal), akathisia (Barnes scale), d #### Forensic psychiatry — fabricated or induced illness (1) - [Fabricated or induced illness (Munchausen by proxy)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/forensic/munchausen-by-proxy-and-fabricated-illness) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on fabricated or induced illness (FII), medical child abuse, caregiver-fabricated illness, and factitio #### General adult psychiatry — factitious disorder and malingering (1) - [Factitious disorder and malingering](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/factitious-disorder-and-malingering) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on factitious disorder (self and other) versus malingering — intentionality continuum, hospital and for #### Old age psychiatry — falls polypharmacy frailty (1) - [Falls, polypharmacy and frailty in old-age psychiatry](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/old-age/falls-polypharmacy-and-frailty) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on falls, polypharmacy and frailty in old-age psychiatry — Fried vs Rockwood frailty, FRID psychotropic #### Professional — psychosocial interventions (1) - [Family and systemic interventions](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/professional/family-and-systemic-interventions) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on family and systemic interventions — expressed emotion and psychosis relapse, structural and systemic #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — family assessment and therapy (1) - [Family assessment and therapy in CAP](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/child-adolescent/family-assessment-and-therapy-in-cap) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on family assessment and therapy in child and adolescent psychiatry — genogram and structural assessmen #### Forensic psychiatry — female offenders (1) - [Female offenders](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/forensic/female-offenders) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on female offenders — gendered pathways, trauma and dual diagnosis burden, PTSD and self-harm, risk-too #### Public and community psychiatry — First Nations mental health (1) - [First Nations mental health](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/public-community/first-nations-mental-health) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship topic on First Nations mental health — Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander social and emotional wellbeing (SEWB #### General adult psychiatry — early psychosis pathway (1) - [First-episode psychosis](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/first-episode-psychosis) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on the first-episode psychosis pathway — definition and DUP, organic exclusion, early intervention evid #### Psychopharmacology — first-generation antipsychotics (1) - [First-generation antipsychotics](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/psychopharmacology/first-generation-antipsychotics) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship monograph on first-generation antipsychotics — chemical and potency classification, D2 occupancy and EPS/prolacti #### Forensic psychiatry — fitness and criminal responsibility (1) - [Fitness to stand trial and criminal responsibility](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/forensic/fitness-to-stand-trial-and-criminal-responsibility) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on fitness to stand trial / competence to stand trial / fitness to plead (Pritchard, Presser, Dusky pri #### Intellectual disability — neurodevelopmental (2) - [Foetal alcohol spectrum disorder](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/intellectual-disability/foetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorder) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on foetal alcohol spectrum disorder — diagnostic systems (Hoyme, Cook/Canadian, 4-digit code, DSM-5-TR - [Fragile X syndrome](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/intellectual-disability/fragile-x-syndrome) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on fragile X syndrome and the FMR1 spectrum — CGG allele classes, FMRP loss and premutation RNA toxicit #### Professional — clinical skills (1) - [Formulation: biopsychosocial and 4Ps](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/professional/formulation-biopsychosocial-and-4ps) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on psychiatric case formulation — biopsychosocial model, 4Ps (predisposing, precipitating, perpetuating #### Old age psychiatry — neurocognitive disorders (3) - [Frontotemporal dementia](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/old-age/frontotemporal-dementia) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on frontotemporal dementia — Rascovsky bvFTD criteria; Gorno-Tempini PPA variants (nfv/sv/lv); proteino - [Vascular cognitive impairment and dementia](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/old-age/vascular-cognitive-impairment-and-dementia) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on vascular cognitive impairment and vascular dementia — VCI spectrum, NINDS-AIREN/VASCOG/VICCCS/DSM-5- - [Young-onset dementia](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/old-age/young-onset-dementia) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on young-onset dementia (onset before 65): definitions, Hendriks/Harvey epidemiology, aetiologic spectr #### Addiction psychiatry — behavioural addictions (2) - [Gambling disorder](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/addiction/gambling-disorder) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on gambling disorder — DSM-5-TR/ICD-11 criteria and reclassification; epidemiology, suicide and debt ri - [Gaming and internet addiction](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/addiction/gaming-and-internet-addiction) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on gaming disorder and broader problematic internet use — ICD-11 clinical gaming disorder vs DSM-5-TR S #### Specialty psychiatry — gender diversity ethics and systems (1) - [Gender diversity: broader clinical and ethical issues](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/specialty/gender-diversity-beyond-dysphoria) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on gender diversity beyond the narrow gender-dysphoria diagnostic pathway — minority stress and structu #### Specialty psychiatry — gender and sexuality (1) - [Gender dysphoria and affirming care](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/specialty/gender-dysphoria-and-affirming-care) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on gender dysphoria (DSM-5-TR) and ICD-11 gender incongruence — comprehensive assessment, minority stre #### General adult psychiatry — anxiety disorders (6) - [Generalised anxiety disorder](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/generalised-anxiety-disorder) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on generalised anxiety disorder — DSM-5-TR and ICD-11 criteria; epidemiology and burden; neurobiology a - [Panic disorder and agoraphobia](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/panic-disorder-and-agoraphobia) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on panic disorder and agoraphobia — DSM-5-TR and ICD-11 criteria; epidemiology; catastrophic misinterpr - [Selective mutism](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/selective-mutism) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on selective mutism — DSM-5-TR and ICD-11 criteria, anxiety-chapter reclassification, epidemiology, beh - [Separation anxiety disorder](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/separation-anxiety-disorder) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on separation anxiety disorder across the lifespan — DSM-5-TR and ICD-11 criteria, child vs adult durat - [Social anxiety disorder](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/social-anxiety-disorder) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on social anxiety disorder — DSM-5-TR and ICD-11 criteria; performance-only specifier; epidemiology; Cl - [Specific phobia](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/specific-phobia) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on specific phobia — DSM-5-TR and ICD-11 criteria; five type specifiers; epidemiology; fear acquisition #### Addiction psychiatry — hallucinogen-related disorders (1) - [Hallucinogen-related disorders](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/addiction/hallucinogen-use-disorders) — Fellowship-depth atlas on hallucinogen-related disorders — classic serotonergic psychedelics (LSD, psilocybin, mescaline, DMT), intoxication #### Addiction psychiatry — public health and systems (1) - [Harm reduction and public health approaches](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/addiction/harm-reduction-and-public-health) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on harm reduction and public-health approaches to drug use — principles and ethics; needle-syringe prog #### Consultation-liaison — hepatic encephalopathy and advanced transplant psychiatry (1) - [Hepatic encephalopathy and advanced transplant psychiatry](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/consultation-liaison/hepatic-and-transplant-psychiatry-advanced) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on hepatic encephalopathy for the C-L psychiatrist (West Haven and covert–overt classification, gut–liv #### Foundations — history (1) - [History of psychiatry](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/foundations/history-of-psychiatry) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on the history of psychiatry — emergence of the specialty, moral treatment and asylum eras, Kraepelinia #### Forensic psychiatry — homicide (1) - [Homicide and mental disorder](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/forensic/homicide-and-mental-disorder) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on homicide and mental disorder — absolute vs relative risk, myth versus epidemiology, first-episode un #### Foundations (1) - [Human development across the lifespan](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/foundations/human-development-across-the-lifespan) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on human development across the lifespan for psychiatry — Piaget, Erikson, Kohlberg/Gilligan, adult dev #### General adult psychiatry — somatic symptom and related (1) - [Illness anxiety disorder](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/illness-anxiety-disorder) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on illness anxiety disorder — DSM-5-TR criteria and care-seeking/care-avoidant subtypes; DSM-IV hypocho #### General adult psychiatry — impulse-control disorders (1) - [Impulse-control disorders overview](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/impulse-control-disorders-overview) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship atlas on impulse-control disorders as a group — DSM-5-TR Disruptive/Impulse-Control/Conduct chapter versus ICD-11 #### Addiction psychiatry — inhalant-related disorders (1) - [Inhalant-related disorders](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/addiction/inhalant-use-disorders) — Fellowship-depth atlas on inhalant-related disorders — volatile solvent, aerosol and hydrocarbon gas misuse (including petrol sniffing and c #### General adult psychiatry — impulse control (2) - [Intermittent explosive disorder](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/intermittent-explosive-disorder) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on intermittent explosive disorder — DSM-5-TR A1/A2 frequency criteria, impulsive vs instrumental aggre - [Kleptomania and pyromania](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/kleptomania-and-pyromania) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on kleptomania and pyromania — DSM-5-TR and ICD-11 criteria, urge–act–aftermath phenomenology, epidemio #### Psychopharmacology — ketamine and esketamine (1) - [Ketamine and esketamine](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/psychopharmacology/ketamine-and-esketamine) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on ketamine and esketamine for treatment-resistant depression — pharmacology, 0.5 mg/kg IV protocols, I #### Psychopharmacology — lamotrigine (1) - [Lamotrigine](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/psychopharmacology/lamotrigine) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship monograph on lamotrigine — depression-pole maintenance evidence (Calabrese, Bowden, Goodwin pooled, Geddes meta), #### Old age psychiatry — anxiety disorders (1) - [Late-life anxiety disorders](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/old-age/late-life-anxiety-disorders) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on late-life anxiety disorders — DSM-5-TR/ICD-11 framing, epidemiology (Beekman LASA, Byers NCS-R), GAD #### Old age psychiatry — mood disorders (2) - [Late-life bipolar disorder](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/old-age/late-life-bipolar-disorder) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on late-life bipolar disorder — early-onset vs late-onset bipolarity, secondary/organic mania, lithium - [Late-life depression](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/old-age/late-life-depression) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on late-life depression — early- vs late-onset and vascular depression constructs; suicide risk and hig #### Old age psychiatry — addiction interface (1) - [Late-life substance use](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/old-age/late-life-substance-use) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on late-life substance use — early- vs late-onset trajectories; alcohol, benzodiazepines/Z-drugs, opioi #### Old age psychiatry — psychosis (1) - [Late-onset psychosis](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/old-age/late-onset-psychosis) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on late-onset and very late-onset schizophrenia-like psychosis (LOS/VLOSLP) — Howard consensus age cut- #### Professional — leadership and clinical governance (1) - [Leadership and clinical governance](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/professional/leadership-and-clinical-governance) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on clinical governance (Scally–Donaldson), Donabedian quality, systems vs person approaches to error, j #### Foundations — learning theory and behavioural science (1) - [Learning theory and behavioural science](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/foundations/learning-theory-and-behavioural-science) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on learning theory and behavioural science for psychiatrists — classical, operant, and observational le #### Professional — LGBTQ+ affirming psychiatric care (1) - [LGBTQ+ affirming psychiatric care](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/professional/lgbtq-affirming-psychiatric-care) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship topic on LGBTQ+ affirming psychiatric care: Meyer minority stress, disparities in depression anxiety substance us #### Psychopharmacology — lithium (1) - [Lithium](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/psychopharmacology/lithium) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship monograph on lithium — initiation and 12-hour trough levels, acute mania and bipolar maintenance evidence (BALANC #### Psychopharmacology — long-acting injectable antipsychotics (1) - [Long-acting injectable antipsychotics](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/psychopharmacology/long-acting-injectable-antipsychotics) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on long-acting injectable antipsychotics — agent map, oral overlap and loading, indications and adheren #### General adult psychiatry — mood disorders (6) - [Major depressive disorder](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/major-depressive-disorder) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on major depressive disorder — DSM-5-TR and ICD-11 criteria and specifiers; epidemiology and suicide ri - [Melancholic and atypical depression specifiers](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/melancholic-and-atypical-specifiers) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on DSM-5-TR melancholic features and atypical features as depressive episode specifiers — operational c - [Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/persistent-depressive-disorder) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia) — DSM-5-TR consolidation of dysthymia and chronic major d - [Psychotic depression](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/psychotic-depression) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on major depression with psychotic features — DSM-5-TR/ICD-11 framing, mood-congruent vs incongruent co - [Seasonal and atypical depression](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/seasonal-and-atypical-depression) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on seasonal pattern major depression (SAD) and depression with atypical features — DSM-5-TR/ICD framing - [Treatment-resistant depression](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/treatment-resistant-depression) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on treatment-resistant depression — operational definitions and staging, pseudo-resistance, STAR*D sequ #### Forensic psychiatry — mental health law (1) - [Mental health law and involuntary treatment](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/forensic/mental-health-law-and-involuntary-treatment) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on mental health law and involuntary treatment — principles of compulsory care, least restrictive alter #### Professional skills — mental state examination (1) - [Mental state examination](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/professional/mental-state-examination) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on the Mental State Examination — all core domains (appearance, behaviour, speech, mood, affect, though #### Psychopharmacology — metabolic syndrome and psychotropic monitoring (1) - [Metabolic syndrome and psychotropic monitoring](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/psychopharmacology/metabolic-syndrome-and-psychotropics) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on metabolic syndrome and psychotropic monitoring — NCEP/IDF criteria, agent ranking by cardiometabolic #### Public and community psychiatry — military and veteran psychiatry (1) - [Military and veteran psychiatry](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/public-community/military-and-veteran-psychiatry) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on military and veteran psychiatry — deployment epidemiology, barriers to care, moral injury as formula #### Psychopharmacology — atypical and multimodal antidepressants (1) - [Mirtazapine, bupropion and multimodal antidepressants](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/psychopharmacology/mirtazapine-bupropion-and-multimodal) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship pharmacology of mirtazapine (NaSSA), bupropion (NDRI) and multimodal agents (vortioxetine, vilazodone, agomelatin #### Psychopharmacology — monoamine oxidase inhibitors (1) - [Monoamine oxidase inhibitors](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/psychopharmacology/maois) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship pharmacology of monoamine oxidase inhibitors — irreversible nonselective agents, RIMA moclobemide, selegiline tra #### Psychopharmacology — mood stabilisers (1) - [Mood stabilisers](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/psychopharmacology/mood-stabilisers) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship psychopharmacology of mood stabilisers — lithium, valproate, lamotrigine, carbamazepine: mechanisms, levels, moni #### Forensic psychiatry — morbid jealousy and erotomania (1) - [Morbid jealousy and erotomania](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/forensic/morbid-jealousy-and-erotomania) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on morbid (pathological/delusional) jealousy including Othello syndrome and erotomania (de Clérambault) #### Professional — motivational interviewing (1) - [Motivational interviewing](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/professional/motivational-interviewing) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on motivational interviewing — spirit (PACE), OARS, four processes, change vs sustain talk (DARN-CAT), #### Addiction psychiatry — psychosocial interventions (1) - [Mutual help programmes and contingency management](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/addiction/mutual-help-and-contingency-management) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on mutual-help programmes (AA, NA, SMART Recovery, TSF) and contingency management (voucher and prize-b #### General adult psychiatry — psychosis (2) - [Negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/negative-and-cognitive-symptoms-of-schizophrenia) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia — primary versus secondary negatives, deficit syndr - [Treatment-resistant schizophrenia](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/treatment-resistant-schizophrenia) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on treatment-resistant schizophrenia — TRRIP criteria, pseudo-resistance, LAI before labelling, clozapi #### Addiction psychiatry — neonatal abstinence (1) - [Neonatal abstinence syndrome](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/addiction/neonatal-abstinence-syndrome) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on neonatal abstinence syndrome and neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome — definition, epidemiology, mec #### Foundations — neuroimaging in psychiatry (1) - [Neuroimaging in psychiatry](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/foundations/neuroimaging-in-psychiatry) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship foundation on neuroimaging in psychiatry: modality map (CT/MRI/fMRI/PET-SPECT), red-flag indications, group-level #### Foundations — neurotransmitters receptors signalling (1) - [Neurotransmitters, receptors and signalling](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/foundations/neurotransmitters-receptors-and-signalling) — Fellowship-depth map of DA, 5-HT, NA, GABA, glutamate and ACh systems — receptor subtypes, second messengers, adaptive cascades, and drug-cl #### Addiction psychiatry — nicotine and behavioural addictions (1) - [Nicotine and behavioural addictions](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/addiction/nicotine-and-behavioural-addictions) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on nicotine/tobacco use disorder (FTND, combination NRT, varenicline, bupropion, e-cigarettes, EAGLES, #### Addiction psychiatry — substance use disorders (2) - [Opioid substitution therapy and withdrawal](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/addiction/opioid-substitution-and-withdrawal) — Fellowship-depth leaf on opioid withdrawal and substitution: COWS staging, symptomatic care, methadone and buprenorphine induction/titration - [Opioid use disorder](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/addiction/opioid-use-disorder) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on opioid use disorder — DSM-5-TR/ICD-11 criteria; overdose and naloxone; COWS withdrawal; methadone an #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — psychopharmacology (1) - [Paediatric psychopharmacology](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/child-adolescent/paediatric-psychopharmacology) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on paediatric psychopharmacology — developmental PK/PD, when to medicate, SSRI black-box communication #### Specialty psychiatry — clinical paraphilic disorders (1) - [Paraphilic disorders (clinical)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/specialty/paraphilic-disorders-clinical) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship atlas on clinical paraphilic disorders — DSM-5-TR/ICD-11 interest-versus-disorder threshold, epidemiology of inte #### General adult psychiatry — perinatal (2) - [Perinatal mood and anxiety disorders](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/perinatal-mood-and-anxiety-disorders) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on perinatal mood and anxiety disorders — antenatal and postnatal depression, postpartum psychosis, per - [Postpartum psychosis](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/postpartum-psychosis) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on postpartum psychosis — onset timing, bipolar spectrum link, dual mother-infant risk, organic differe #### Foundations — personality theory (1) - [Personality theory for psychiatrists](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/foundations/personality-theory-for-psychiatrists) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on personality theory for psychiatrists — trait models (FFM/Big Five, Cloninger), psychodynamic and cog #### Addiction psychiatry — pharmaceutical and OTC misuse (1) - [Pharmaceutical and over-the-counter drug misuse](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/addiction/pharmaceutical-and-otc-drug-misuse) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on pharmaceutical and over-the-counter drug misuse — codeine and Australian rescheduling, gabapentinoid #### Psychopharmacology — pharmacogenomics (1) - [Pharmacogenomics in psychiatry](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/psychopharmacology/pharmacogenomics-in-psychiatry) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on psychiatric pharmacogenomics — CYP metaboliser phenotypes, CPIC antidepressant and atomoxetine guida #### Psychopharmacology — phototherapy and chronotherapy (1) - [Phototherapy and chronotherapy](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/psychopharmacology/phototherapy-and-chronotherapy) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on phototherapy (bright light therapy) and chronotherapy — 10,000 lux protocols, SAD and nonseasonal de #### Foundations — physical examination and investigations (1) - [Physical examination and investigations in psychiatry](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/foundations/physical-examination-and-investigations) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on physical examination and investigations in psychiatry — neurological exam essentials, tiered baselin #### Emergency psychiatry — police liaison and community emergency detention (1) - [Police liaison and community emergency detention](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/emergency/police-liaison-and-sectioning-in-community) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on police–mental-health liaison in the community, emergency detention principles (public-place vs priva #### Addiction psychiatry — perinatal substance use (1) - [Pregnancy, puerperium and substance use](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/addiction/pregnancy-and-substance-use) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on substance use across pregnancy and the puerperium — alcohol and FASD prevention, opioid agonist trea #### General adult psychiatry — mood disorders / women's mental health (1) - [Premenstrual dysphoric disorder](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on premenstrual dysphoric disorder — DSM-5-TR/ICD-11 criteria, prospective diary diagnosis, PMS vs PMDD #### Old age psychiatry — psychotropic prescribing (1) - [Prescribing psychotropics in older adults](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/old-age/prescribing-in-older-adults) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on prescribing psychotropics in older adults — age-related PK/PD, Beers and STOPP/START, start-low-go-s #### Foundations — prevention and early intervention (1) - [Prevention and early intervention in mental health](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/foundations/prevention-and-early-intervention) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on prevention and early intervention in mental health: Gordon and Caplan frameworks, Rose population st #### Forensic psychiatry — prison mental health (1) - [Prison mental health](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/forensic/prison-mental-health) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on prison mental health — prevalence of SMI and SUD, reception screening, suicide and self-harm, dual d #### Foundations — nosology (1) - [Psychiatric classification: DSM-5-TR and ICD-11](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/foundations/psychiatric-classification-dsm5tr-icd11) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on psychiatric classification — ICD vs DSM history and governance, categorical vs dimensional models, I #### foundations — psychiatric genetics and epigenetics (1) - [Psychiatric genetics and epigenetics](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/foundations/psychiatric-genetics-and-epigenetics) — Exam-exhaustive psychiatric genetics and epigenetics for FRANZCP and MRCPsych: heritability and twin/adoption designs; liability-threshold a #### Public and community psychiatry — rehabilitation and recovery services (1) - [Psychiatric rehabilitation and recovery services](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/public-community/rehabilitation-and-recovery-services) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship topic on psychiatric rehabilitation and recovery services: clinical, functional and personal recovery (CHIME); ev #### Foundations — psychological and neuropsychological testing (1) - [Psychological and neuropsychological testing](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/foundations/psychological-and-neuropsychological-testing) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on psychological and neuropsychological testing for psychiatrists — bedside screens (MMSE, MoCA, FAB, C #### Foundations — psychoneuroendocrinology and psychoimmunology (1) - [Psychoneuroendocrinology and psychoimmunology](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/foundations/psychoneuroendocrinology-and-psychoimmunology) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship foundation on psychoneuroendocrinology and psychoimmunology: HPA/HPG/HPT axes, allostatic load, glucocorticoid re #### Psychopharmacology — pregnancy and lactation (1) - [Psychopharmacology in pregnancy and lactation](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/psychopharmacology/psychopharmacology-in-pregnancy-and-lactation) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship perinatal psychopharmacology — untreated illness versus drug risks, antidepressants (cardiac absolute risk, PNAS, #### General adult psychiatry — psychosocial rehabilitation in psychosis (1) - [Psychosocial rehabilitation in psychosis](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/psychosocial-rehabilitation-in-psychosis) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship topic on psychosocial rehabilitation for schizophrenia-spectrum and other psychotic disorders — recovery construc #### General adult psychiatry — secondary / organic psychosis (1) - [Psychotic disorder due to another medical condition](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/psychosis-due-to-medical-condition) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on psychotic disorder due to another medical condition — DSM-5-TR/ICD-11 framing, endocrine/neuro/autoi #### Psychopharmacology — renal and hepatic disease (1) - [Psychotropics in renal and hepatic disease](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/psychopharmacology/psychotropics-in-renal-and-hepatic-disease) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship monograph on psychotropic prescribing in renal impairment (including dialysis) and hepatic disease — PK/PD princi #### Psychopharmacology — sedation and driving (1) - [Psychotropics, sedation and driving advice](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/psychopharmacology/psychotropics-and-driving) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship monograph on psychotropic medications, residual sedation and fitness to drive — illness vs drug effects, BZD and #### Foundations — rating scales and measurement-based care (1) - [Rating scales and measurement-based care](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/foundations/rating-scales-and-measurement-based-care) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on psychiatric rating scales and measurement-based care — PHQ-9, GAD-7, HAM-D, MADRS, PANSS, YMRS, CGI, #### General adult psychiatry — reactive attachment and disinhibited social engagement (1) - [Reactive attachment and disinhibited social engagement disorders](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/reactive-attachment-disorder) — Exam-exhaustive general-adult fellowship reference on RAD and DSED — DSM-5-TR and ICD-11 criteria, disorder versus style, BEIP and ERA evide #### Public and community psychiatry — refugee and asylum seeker mental health (1) - [Refugee and asylum seeker mental health](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/public-community/refugee-and-asylum-seeker-mental-health) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on refugee and asylum seeker mental health — legal status versus diagnosis, pre/peri/post-migration det #### Foundations — research methods and study design (1) - [Research methods and study design](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/foundations/research-methods-and-study-design) — Exam-exhaustive research methods for FRANZCP and MRCPsych: match design to PICO question; RCT anatomy (randomisation, concealment, blinding, #### Old age psychiatry — residential care and systems of care (1) - [Residential aged care psychiatry](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/old-age/residential-aged-care-psychiatry) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on residential aged care (nursing home / long-term care) psychiatry — epidemiology (Seitz), BPSD assess #### Forensic psychiatry — risk assessment (1) - [Risk assessment in forensic settings](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/forensic/risk-assessment-in-forensic-settings) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on risk assessment in forensic settings — UCJ vs actuarial vs SPJ; HCR-20 conceptual domains; formulati #### Psychopharmacology — rTMS, VNS and DBS (1) - [rTMS, VNS and deep brain stimulation](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/psychopharmacology/tms-vns-and-dbs) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on rTMS/iTBS, implanted vagus nerve stimulation, and deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant dep #### Public and community psychiatry — school and workplace mental health (1) - [School and workplace mental health](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/public-community/school-and-workplace-mental-health) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on school and workplace mental health: multi-tiered school systems, SEL, SEYLE/YAM, Good Behavior Game, #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — school refusal and school anxiety (1) - [School refusal and school anxiety](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/child-adolescent/school-refusal-and-school-anxiety) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on school refusal and school anxiety — behaviour not diagnosis, Kearney four-function analysis, Egger c #### Public and community psychiatry — restrictive practices (1) - [Seclusion, restraint and least-restrictive care](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/public-community/seclusion-restraint-and-least-restrictive-care) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on seclusion, physical/mechanical/chemical restraint, and least-restrictive care — definitions, harms e #### Psychopharmacology — SSRIs (1) - [Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/psychopharmacology/ssris) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship class monograph on selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors — agents, adult doses, pharmacokinetics and CYP differ #### Emergency psychiatry — self-harm and crisis (1) - [Self-harm and crisis intervention](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/emergency/self-harm-and-crisis-intervention) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on self-harm presentations and crisis response — NSSI vs suicide attempt on the intent continuum; epide #### Specialty psychiatry — sexual dysfunction and paraphilias (1) - [Sexual dysfunction and paraphilias](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/specialty/sexual-dysfunction-and-paraphilias) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on sexual dysfunction across desire, arousal, orgasm and pain phases; medication-induced sexual side-ef #### Forensic psychiatry — sexual offending (1) - [Sexual offending](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/forensic/sexual-offending) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on sexual offending for forensic psychiatry — legal vs clinical constructs; pedophilia vs child sexual #### Psychopharmacology — SNRIs and NRIs (1) - [SNRIs and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/psychopharmacology/snris-and-nris) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship pharmacology of SNRIs and selective NRIs — venlafaxine dose-dependent SERT/NET occupancy, desvenlafaxine, duloxet #### foundations — social determinants of mental health (1) - [Social determinants of mental health](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/foundations/social-determinants-of-mental-health) — Exam-exhaustive social determinants of mental health for FRANZCP and MRCPsych: Marmot/Allen/Lund frameworks; structural vs intermediate dete #### Foundations — social psychology and group dynamics (1) - [Social psychology and group dynamics](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/foundations/social-psychology-and-group-dynamics) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on social psychology and group dynamics for psychiatrists — attribution, attitudes and dissonance, conf #### General adult psychiatry — somatic symptom and related disorders (1) - [Somatic symptom disorder](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/somatic-symptom-disorder) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on somatic symptom disorder — DSM-5-TR criteria and the medically unexplained pivot, ICD-11 bodily dist #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — specific learning disorder (1) - [Specific learning disorder](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/child-adolescent/specific-learning-disorder) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on specific learning disorder — DSM-5-TR domains (reading, written expression, mathematics), dyslexia s #### Professional — spirituality and religion in psychiatry (1) - [Spirituality and religion in psychiatry](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/professional/spirituality-and-religion-in-psychiatry) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on spirituality and religion in psychiatric practice: definitions, WPA position, HOPE/FICA assessment, #### Forensic psychiatry — stalking and harassment (1) - [Stalking and harassment](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/forensic/stalking-and-harassment) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on stalking and harassment for forensic psychiatry — legal vs clinical constructs; Mullen and RECON typ #### Professional — stigma, recovery and rights-based care (1) - [Stigma, recovery and rights-based care](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/professional/stigma-recovery-and-rights-based-care) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship topic on mental health stigma (public, self, structural, courtesy), recovery models including CHIME, rights-based #### Addiction psychiatry — stimulant and methamphetamine use (1) - [Stimulant and methamphetamine use](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/addiction/stimulant-and-methamphetamine-use) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on stimulant and methamphetamine use — intoxication and withdrawal, methamphetamine-associated psychosi #### Addiction psychiatry — stimulant intoxication and withdrawal (1) - [Stimulant intoxication and withdrawal](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/addiction/stimulant-intoxication-and-withdrawal) — Fellowship-depth atlas on stimulant intoxication and withdrawal as acute clinical states — medical toxicity (hyperthermia, ACS, rhabdomyolys #### Psychopharmacology — stimulants and ADHD medications (1) - [Stimulants and ADHD medications](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/psychopharmacology/stimulants-and-adhd-medications) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship pharmacology of ADHD medications — methylphenidate and amphetamine formulations with doses and monitoring, atomox #### Addiction psychiatry — substance-induced mood and anxiety disorders (1) - [Substance-induced mood and anxiety disorders](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/addiction/substance-induced-mood-anxiety-disorders) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on substance/medication-induced mood and anxiety disorders — DSM-5-TR and ICD-11 timing rules, alcohol #### General adult psychiatry — substance/medication-induced psychosis (1) - [Substance/medication-induced psychotic disorder](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/substance-induced-psychosis) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on substance/medication-induced psychotic disorder — DSM-5-TR and ICD-11 criteria, temporal rules versu #### Emergency psychiatry — suicide risk (1) - [Suicide risk assessment](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/emergency/suicide-risk-assessment) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on suicide risk assessment and management — epidemiology; static vs dynamic vs protective factors; idea #### Professional — teaching and supervision skills (1) - [Teaching and supervision skills for psychiatrists](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/professional/teaching-and-supervision-skills) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on teaching and supervision for psychiatrists: definitions of educational vs clinical vs managerial sup #### Forensic psychiatry — therapeutic security (1) - [Therapeutic security and secure care levels](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/forensic/therapeutic-security) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on therapeutic security and secure care levels — physical, procedural and relational domains; high/medi #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — service interface (1) - [Transition from CAMHS to adult services](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/child-adolescent/transition-from-camhs-to-adult-services) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on transition from CAMHS/CAP to adult mental health services — transfer versus transition, TRACK and MI #### Consultation-liaison — transplant and ICU psychiatry (1) - [Transplant and ICU psychiatry](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/consultation-liaison/transplant-and-icu-psychiatry) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on transplant psychiatry (pre-listing psychosocial evaluation, SIPAT/ISHLT-style domains, adherence, su #### General adult psychiatry — OCRD / BFRB (1) - [Trichotillomania and excoriation disorder](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/general-adult/trichotillomania-and-excoriation-disorder) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on trichotillomania and excoriation (skin-picking) disorder — DSM-5-TR OCRD criteria; automatic vs focu #### Psychopharmacology — TCAs and heterocyclics (1) - [Tricyclic and heterocyclic antidepressants](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/psychopharmacology/tcas-and-heterocyclics) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship monograph on tricyclic and heterocyclic antidepressants — tertiary vs secondary amines, residual indications (MDD #### Psychopharmacology — valproate (1) - [Valproate](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/psychopharmacology/valproate) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship psychopharmacology of valproate/divalproex — acute mania and oral loading, trough levels, BALANCE maintenance lim #### Forensic psychiatry — victimology and trauma (1) - [Victimology and trauma in forensic settings](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/forensic/victimology-and-trauma) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on victimology in forensic settings: crime-related trauma spectra (ASD/PTSD/ICD-11 cPTSD), poly-victimi #### Emergency psychiatry — violence risk (1) - [Violence risk assessment](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/emergency/violence-risk-assessment) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on violence risk assessment — static vs dynamic vs protective factors; HCR-20 and structured profession #### Professional — working with interpreters and CALD communities (1) - [Working with interpreters and CALD communities](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/professional/working-with-interpreters-and-cald) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on working with professional interpreters and CALD communities in psychiatry — language concordance, ad #### Forensic psychiatry — young offenders (1) - [Young offenders](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/forensic/young-offenders) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on young offenders and youth justice mental health — detention prevalence, Moffitt developmental pathwa #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — youth self-harm and suicide (1) - [Youth self-harm and suicide](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/topics/child-adolescent/youth-self-harm-and-suicide) — Exam-exhaustive fellowship reference on youth (child and adolescent) self-harm and suicide — epidemiology, developmental risk and protective ### MEQs / SAQs Index: https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs #### Consultation-liaison psychiatry — abnormal illness behaviour (1) - [Abnormal illness behaviour and the sick role — C-L MEQ](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/abnormal-illness-behaviour) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on Pilowsky AIB, Parsons sick role, mapping to SSD/IAD, CHAMP/Barsky CBT, Henningsen principles, and non-dualistic C-L car #### Emergency psychiatry — absconding and missing patients (1) - [Absconding from acute ward with suicide risk (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/absconding-and-missing-patients) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on missing detained inpatient with psychosis and suicide risk — definitions, immediate response, formulation, prevention e #### Emergency psychiatry (7) - [Acute agitation and rapid tranquillisation ladder (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/acute-agitation-and-rapid-tranquillisation) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on acute agitation: de-escalation, RT ladder with combination ban, TREC/ANZ agent logic, capacity/least-restrictive care, - [Acute agitation and toxidrome emergency — assessment and management (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/psychiatric-emergencies) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on psychiatric emergency: safety, medical mimics, RT ladder with the IM olanzapine–parenteral benzodiazepine ban, serotoni - [Acute behavioural disturbance and contested excited delirium (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/excited-delirium-and-acute-behavioural-disturbance) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on ABD-first framing, hyperthermia, prone restraint risk, droperidol/ketamine pathways, combination ban, capacity and disp - [Deliberate self-poisoning with mixed psychotropics (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/overdose-and-toxicology-for-psychiatrists) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on mixed TCA/benzo/possible paracetamol OD: ABCDE, QRS/bicarbonate, charcoal/airway, flumazenil caution, NAC thinking, pos - [Lithium toxicity — acute-on-chronic emergency (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/lithium-toxicity) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on chronic/acute-on-chronic lithium toxicity: interactions, EXTRIP, supportive care, SILENT risk, restart decision. - [Neuroleptic malignant syndrome diagnosis and management (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/neuroleptic-malignant-syndrome) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on NMS: Gurrera-style criteria, differential, stop-and-support care, adjunct evidence, and rechallenge. - [Serotonin toxicity recognition and management (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/serotonin-syndrome) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on serotonin toxicity: Hunter criteria, MAOI+tramadol trap, benzodiazepines and cyproheptadine doses, cooling, SS vs NMS, #### Addiction psychiatry (6) - [Addiction in older adults — late-onset alcohol and long-term benzodiazepine (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/addiction-in-older-adults) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on addiction in older adults: late-onset alcohol, BZD dependence, suicide/falls risk, pharmacotherapy doses, EMPOWER/Beers - [Alcohol use disorder — detox, Wernicke, and relapse prevention (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/alcohol-use-disorder) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on AUD nosology, CIWA-Ar, benzodiazepine detox, Caine/Wernicke thiamine, naltrexone/acamprosate/disulfiram, psychosocial p - [Alcohol withdrawal and delirium tremens — CIWA, seizures, DT, thiamine (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/alcohol-withdrawal-and-delirium-tremens) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on alcohol withdrawal timeline, CIWA-Ar/PAWSS, benzodiazepine protocols, DT risk, Caine/Wernicke thiamine, disposition. - [Alcohol-related brain injury and Korsakoff — Wernicke emergency to long-term care (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/alcohol-related-brain-injury-and-korsakoff) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on ARBI spectrum, Caine/Wernicke, parenteral thiamine EFNS vs UK high-dose teaching, MRI, Korsakoff neuropsychology, long- - [Anti-craving pharmacotherapy — agent selection, COMBINE, and safety (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/anti-craving-pharmacotherapy) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on naltrexone/acamprosate/disulfiram doses, liver/renal gates, opioid-free status, COMBINE literacy, and psychosocial pair - [Benzodiazepine dependence — structured taper after withdrawal seizure (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/benzodiazepine-dependence) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on BZD dependence: withdrawal seizure, taper, Z-drugs, alcohol dual use, deprescribing evidence. #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — neurodevelopmental (3) - [ADHD across the lifespan — assessment and multimodal management (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/adhd-across-the-lifespan) — FRANZCP-style modified essay on school-age ADHD: multi-informant assessment, differentials, stimulant and atomoxetine/guanfacine options wit - [Autism spectrum disorder — assessment to irritability management (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/autism-spectrum-disorder) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on ASD criteria, differentials, early intervention evidence, irritability pharmacotherapy with monitoring, and transition/ - [Language and communication disorders — DLD, SPCD and SLT-first care (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/language-and-communication-disorders) — FRANZCP-style modified essay on language vs speech vs pragmatics, DLD/CATALISE, SLT evidence, Lidcombe, comorbidity and differentials. #### General adult psychiatry — trauma and stressor-related (2) - [Adjustment disorders — diagnosis, risk and stepped care (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/adjustment-disorders) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on adjustment disorder after job loss: criteria vs MDD/PTSD, suicide risk nuance, brief interventions, selective pharmacot - [Grief and prolonged grief disorder — criteria, differential and CGT plan (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/grief-and-prolonged-grief-disorder) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on PGD after child loss: DSM-5-TR vs ICD-11, differential from MDD, suicide/reunion risk, CGT ingredients, selective SSRI, #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — eating disorders (1) - [Adolescent anorexia nervosa — medical risk, FBT and refeeding (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/eating-disorders-adolescent) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on adolescent AN: criteria, medical risk, refeeding, FBT, fluoxetine boundaries, capacity. FRANZCP-primary, globally tagge #### Specialty psychiatry — sleep medicine interface (6) - [Adolescent delayed sleep-wake phase with school failure (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/circadian-rhythm-sleep-wake-disorders) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on DSWPD: free-day recovery pattern, light/melatonin timing, school failure framing, ADHD interface. FRANZCP-primary, glob - [Chronic insomnia disorder with residual depression and long-term Z-drug use (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/insomnia-disorder) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on insomnia disorder: CBT-I first-line, Z-drug dependence, OSA screen, occupational sleepiness, depression bidirectional r - [Chronic insomnia with depression and hypnotic dependence (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/sleep-disorders-in-psychiatry) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on chronic insomnia: CBT-I first-line, hypnotic dependence, OSA screen, occupational sleepiness, depression bidirectional - [Restless legs syndrome with SSRI-associated worsening and low-normal ferritin (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/restless-legs-syndrome) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on RLS: IRLSSG criteria, ferritin threshold, SSRI aggravation, α2δ vs dopamine agonist strategy, augmentation. - [Suspected narcolepsy type 1 with near-miss driving and cataplexy (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/narcolepsy-and-hypersomnolence) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on narcolepsy type 1: tetrad, MSLT, orexin, modafinil/oxybate/antidepressants, driving safety, depression comorbidity. - [Treatment-resistant depression with probable OSA (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/obstructive-sleep-apnoea-and-psychiatry) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on OSA at the TRD interface: screening, PAP first-line, sedative risk, driving safety, SAVE framing. #### foundations — advanced EBM and evidence synthesis (1) - [Advanced appraisal of a psychiatry meta-analysis and non-inferiority claim (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/critical-appraisal-advanced) — Advanced MEQ on prediction intervals, heterogeneity, GRADE, publication bias, absolute effects, non-inferiority misuse, and external validit #### Professional practice — advocacy (1) - [Advocacy, advance planning and the peer workforce (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/advocacy-in-mental-health) — FRANZCP-style modified essay on advocacy at three levels: individual advocacy and advance planning, the evidence for psychiatric advance dir #### Old age psychiatry — Alzheimer disease (1) - [Alzheimer disease — diagnosis, enhancers, and BPSD care (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/alzheimer-disease) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on Alzheimer disease: McKhann probable AD, biomarkers caution, donepezil/memantine dosing with ECG caution, DICE BPSD, cap #### Specialty psychiatry — eating disorders (1) - [Anorexia nervosa — medical risk, refeeding, and stepped care (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/anorexia-nervosa) — FRANZCP-style modified essay on adolescent AN: diagnosis/severity, medical instability, refeeding, FBT, capacity/compulsory care. FRANZCP-pr #### General adult psychiatry — personality disorders (10) - [Antisocial personality disorder — dual diagnosis crisis and risk (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/antisocial-personality-disorder) — FRANZCP-style modified essay on ASPD with stimulant use and IPV threat: operational diagnosis, psychopathy/BPD discriminators, risk formulat - [Avoidant personality disorder — criteria, differentials and stepped care (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/avoidant-personality-disorder) — FRANZCP-style modified essay on avoidant personality disorder: DSM criteria, SAD continuum, schizoid/ASD differentials, post-rejection risk, - [Borderline personality disorder — crisis assessment and stepped management (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/borderline-personality-disorder) — FRANZCP-style modified essay on BPD crisis: risk formulation, differentials including bipolar and substance use, least-restrictive crisis ca - [Cluster A and C personality — differentials and stepped management (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/cluster-a-and-cluster-c-personality) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on avoidant PD with OCPD traits: SAD/ASD/schizoid differentials, CBT/schema plan, limited SSRI use, ICD-11 severity framin - [Dependent personality disorder — criteria, risk and stepped care (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/dependent-personality-disorder) — FRANZCP-style modified essay on dependent personality disorder: DSM ≥5/8 criteria, AVPD/BPD differentials, post-separation risk and IPV, CBT - [Histrionic personality disorder — criteria, differentials and frame-based care (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/histrionic-personality-disorder) — FRANZCP-style modified essay on histrionic personality disorder: DSM criteria, construct validity pointer status, BPD/NPD/mania differential - [ICD-11 dimensional personality disorder — diagnostic formulation and stepped care (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/personality-disorder-icd11-dimensional) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on ICD-11 dimensional PD diagnosis, differentials, risk, severity-guided psychotherapy, and limited medication. FRANZCP-pr - [Narcissistic and Cluster B spectrum — crisis, formulation and management limits (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/narcissistic-and-cluster-b-spectrum) — FRANZCP-style modified essay on NPD/Cluster B spectrum: formulation, suicide risk after narcissistic injury, countertransference, management - [Paranoid personality disorder — workplace grievance and risk (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/paranoid-personality-disorder) — FRANZCP-style modified essay on PPD with workplace grievance and alcohol use: operational diagnosis, key differentials, mechanisms, risk/all - [Schizotypal personality disorder — assessment and stepped management (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/schizotypal-personality-disorder) — FRANZCP-style modified essay on STPD: criteria and differentials including schizophrenia and ASD, risk/conversion monitoring, alliance-first #### General adult psychiatry — feeding and eating disorders (2) - [ARFID — diagnosis, medical risk, and specialised treatment (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/avoidant-restrictive-food-intake-disorder) — FRANZCP-style modified essay on adolescent ARFID: mixed sensory/fear presentation, medical instability, refeeding, CBT-AR/adapted FBT, limit - [Pica and rumination — medical risk, discrimination, and first-line treatment (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/pica-and-rumination-disorder) — FRANZCP-style modified essay combining pica with iron deficiency and lead risk, and adult rumination misdiagnosed as GORD with diaphragmatic #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — attachment disorders (1) - [Attachment disorders in children — RAD/DSED assessment and caregiving-first care (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/attachment-disorders-in-children) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on childhood attachment disorders: RAD vs DSED, assessment, caregiving-first treatment, reject coercive therapies, prognos #### Intellectual disability psychiatry — neurodevelopmental dual diagnosis (1) - [Autism and ID dual diagnosis — assessment to behaviour and epilepsy (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/autism-and-id-comorbidity) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on autism–ID dual diagnosis: relative developmental rule, AAC, epilepsy, PBS, and irritability pharmacotherapy contrasted #### Consultation-liaison psychiatry (21) - [Autoimmune encephalitis presenting as first-episode psychosis (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/autoimmune-encephalitis-and-organic-psychosis) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on anti-NMDAR/autoimmune encephalitis red flags, work-up, immunotherapy, and psychiatry's role in FEP interface. - [Cardiac psychiatry — post-ACS depression, trials, safety (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/cardiac-psychiatry) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on post-ACS depression, AHA risk framing, SADHART/CREATE/ENRICHD literacy, SSRI dosing with dual antiplatelets, and beta-b - [Delirium diagnosis, work-up, and management (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/delirium) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on delirium: CAM/hypoactive miss, causes, non-drug first care, limited antipsychotics with trial evidence, and capacity. - [Dementia and major NCD — assessment, BPSD, and pharmacotherapy (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/dementia-and-major-ncd) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on major NCD/DLB phenotype, delirium superimposition, antipsychotic caution, AChEI/memantine, and Appelbaum capacity. - [Demoralisation vs adjustment vs MDD in medical illness (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/demoralisation-and-adjustment-to-illness) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on demoralisation vs adjustment vs MDD, DS/DS-II, DHD, dignity/MCP/CALM, Rayner antidepressant logic, and C-L disposition. - [Endocrine psychiatry: thyroid, Cushing, Addison, and steroids (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/endocrine-psychiatry) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on endocrine psychiatry covering syndrome map, Cushing depression, steroid psychosis, AI crisis, lithium–thyroid, and resi - [FND in the medical setting — C-L ward MEQ](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/functional-neurological-disorder-cl) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on hospital FND: rule-in diagnosis, liaison explanation, team language, Physio4FMD/CODES-era pathways, and safety-nets. - [HD depression, irritability, suicide risk, and VMAT2 interface (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/huntington-disease-psychiatry) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on HD neuropsychiatry, suicide, irritability algorithms, and VMAT2 cautions. - [Long COVID neuropsychiatry — assessment, pacing and the disability letter (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/long-covid-neuropsychiatry) — FRANZCP-style modified essay on long COVID neuropsychiatry: WHO, NICE and RECOVER definitions, post-exertional malaise screening, defensible - [Lupus psychosis and attribution in NPSLE (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/sle-and-autoimmune-neuropsychiatry) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on lupus psychosis, ACR syndromes, attribution, EULAR-aligned management, and family communication. - [Mild cognitive impairment — diagnosis, conversion, and management (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/mild-cognitive-impairment) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on MCI/mild NCD vs major NCD, reversible factors, conversion literacy, lifestyle care, and AChEI non-indication in MCI. - [MS depression, suicide risk, PBA, and steroid mania (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/multiple-sclerosis-psychiatry) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on MS depression, suicide, PBA, steroid mania, and joint neurology care. - [Normal pressure hydrocephalus and reversible dementias — MEQ](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/nph-and-reversible-dementias) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on iNPH triad, Relkin/DESH pathway, Clarfield reversible-dementia epidemiology, B12/medication review, and shunt counselli - [PD psychosis, depression, and agonist-related ICD (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/parkinson-disease-psychiatry) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on PD psychosis, dopamine-agonist ICD, depression, and joint neurology care. - [Perinatal psychiatry on the maternity ward: PPP, OCD, lithium, and disposition (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/perinatal-medical-cl) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on hospital perinatal CL: PPP vs OCD, emergency dual-risk care, lithium (Patorno), Bergink treatment framing, and MBU disp - [Postictal psychosis and interictal depression after seizure cluster (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/epilepsy-and-psychiatry) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on postictal psychosis, NDDI-E depression, AED behavioural effects, and psychotropics in epilepsy. - [Psycho-oncology: depression, interactions, delirium, and capacity (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/psycho-oncology) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on psycho-oncology: MDD vs demoralisation vs steroid toxicity vs delirium, SMaRT collaborative care, tamoxifen–CYP2D6 trap - [Rapidly progressive dementia and prion disease (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/prion-disease-and-rapidly-progressive-dementias) — FRANZCP-style modified essay on rapidly progressive dementia: the tempo rule, the treatable-causes-first sieve, correct interpretation of CS - [SSD, illness anxiety, and chronic pain dual diagnosis (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/pain-psychiatry-and-somatic-symptom) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on SSD vs IAD, PHQ-15, CBT evidence, SNRI/TCA caution, and opioid dual-diagnosis principles. - [Stroke psychiatry — PSD, location myth, capacity (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/stroke-and-post-stroke-psychiatry) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on post-stroke depression, Carson location myth, SSRI monitoring with dual antiplatelets, FLAME vs FOCUS/AFFINITY/EFFECTS, - [TBI psychiatry — depression, aggression, capacity (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/traumatic-brain-injury-psychiatry) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on post-TBI depression, aggression ladder including beta-blockers, personality change framing, and decision-specific capac #### Foundations — basic neuroscience for psychiatry (1) - [Basic neuroscience for psychiatry — MEQ](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/basic-neuroscience-for-psychiatry) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on multilevel neuroscience, LTP, dopamine pathways, methods critique, and syndrome translation. #### Psychotherapy (9) - [Behavioural activation for major depression (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/behavioural-activation) — FRANZCP/MRCPsych-style MEQ integrating BA definition, model, technique, evidence, and safety limits. - [Cognitive analytic therapy (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/cognitive-analytic-therapy) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on CAT definition, target procedures, phases/tools, landmark evidence, differentials, and fidelity pitfalls. - [Mentalisation-based treatment (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/mentalisation-based-treatment) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on MBT definition, pre-mentalising modes, structure/stance, landmark evidence, and stepped care when dual-format MBT is un - [MEQ: ACT formulation and plan for anxiety with control agenda](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/acceptance-and-commitment-therapy) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on ACT definition, hexaflex, avoidance/fusion formulation, treatment sequence, combined care, and safety priorities. - [MEQ: Couples therapy for depression with marital discord and safety rules](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/couples-therapy) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on couples therapy definition, models, depression and SUD evidence, IPV/safety, and combined care. - [MEQ: Designing and leading an outpatient group for depression](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/group-psychotherapy) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on group definition, selection, frame, leadership, and depression/format evidence including cohesion. - [MEQ: IPT formulation and treatment plan after partner role dispute](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/interpersonal-psychotherapy) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on IPT definition, four foci, role dispute formulation, initial/middle phase, combined care, and safety priorities. - [Schema therapy (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/schema-therapy) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on schema therapy definition (EMS/modes/coping), techniques, landmark evidence, comparators, and stepped care when special - [Supportive psychotherapy techniques (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/supportive-psychotherapy-techniques) — FRANZCP/MRCPsych-style MEQ integrating definition, technique toolkit, medication-visit structure, evidence, and safety limits for supportive #### Intellectual disability psychiatry — genetic syndromes (1) - [Behavioural phenotypes and genetic syndromes (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/behavioural-phenotypes-genetic-syndromes) — FRANZCP-style MEQ covering probabilistic behavioural phenotypes, 22q11.2DS/VCFS psychosis, comparative syndrome phenotypes, investigations a #### Psychopharmacology — benzodiazepine prescribing and tapering (1) - [Benzodiazepine initiation, conversion and taper (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/benzodiazepine-prescribing-and-tapering) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on benzodiazepine prescribing craft: opioid synergy, diazepam substitution, taper scaffold, deprescribing and escalation. #### Old age psychiatry — grief and loss (1) - [Bereavement in later life — assessment and management (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/bereavement-in-later-life) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on late-life bereavement: definitions, duration clocks, PGD vs MDD, suicide risk in widowers, Shear 2014 CGT, selective ph #### Foundations — biostatistics for psychiatry exams (1) - [Biostatistics calculations from a psychiatry abstract (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/biostatistics-for-psychiatry-exams) — FRANZCP/MRCPsych-style MEQ on ARR/NNT, RR vs OR, p-value definition, CI reading, and base-rate dependence of PPV. #### General adult psychiatry — bipolar and related disorders (4) - [Bipolar I disorder — acute mania and maintenance (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/bipolar-i-disorder) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on first manic episode bipolar I: criteria, risk/legal status, acute lithium/SGA or valproate plan with monitoring, STEP-B - [First manic episode and bipolar I initiation (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/bipolar-affective-disorder) — FRANZCP-style modified essay on first manic episode: risk and medical exclusion, differential including substance-induced mania, acute pharm - [Missed bipolar II, antidepressant monotherapy, and polarity-safe rebuild (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/bipolar-ii-and-cyclothymia) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on bipolar II recognition after unipolar misdiagnosis, hypomania criteria, STEP-BD antidepressant limits, quetiapine/lithi - [Mixed features crisis and rapid-cycling reformulation (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/mixed-features-and-rapid-cycling) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on mixed features mania, rapid cycling, antidepressant monotherapy harm, lithium/SGA re-initiation, thyroid review, and ST #### General adult psychiatry — OCRD (3) - [Body dysmorphic disorder — assessment and stepped management (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/body-dysmorphic-disorder) — FRANZCP-style modified essay on adult BDD: differential, risk, CBT-BDD/ERP elements, high-dose SSRI, cosmetic non-collusion, insight. FRANZC - [Hoarding disorder — assessment, differential and stepped care (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/hoarding-and-related-disorders) — FRANZCP-style modified essay on adult hoarding disorder: differential vs OCD/squalor, SI-R/CIR, capacity and fire risk, specialised CBT, lim - [Obsessive-compulsive disorder — assessment and stepped management (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/obsessive-compulsive-disorder) — FRANZCP-style modified essay on adult OCD: differential, Y-BOCS, ERP, high-dose SSRI, accommodation, augmentation and Simpson trial logic. F #### Professional — boundary violations and sexual misconduct (1) - [Boundary violations and sexual misconduct (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/boundary-violations-and-sexual-misconduct) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on crossing vs violation, slippery-slope self-management, historical SBV disclosure response, early warnings, and post-ter #### Old age psychiatry — dementia neuropsychiatry (1) - [BPSD — assessment, non-drug care and antipsychotic risk (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/behavioural-and-psychological-symptoms-of-dementia) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on BPSD: DICE assessment, delirium/pain differentials, non-drug and pain protocols, cautious risperidone use with black-bo #### Professional practice — clinical communication (1) - [Break the news of a schizophrenia diagnosis and structure the conversation (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/clinical-communication-and-interviewing) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on breaking bad news with SPIKES, micro-skills, emotional response, shared decision making, and documentation after a firs #### Psychopharmacology — phototherapy and chronotherapy (1) - [Bright light therapy and chronotherapy for winter depression (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/phototherapy-and-chronotherapy) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on BLT parameters, Can-SAD, safety, and chronotherapy escalation. #### Public-community — disaster and mass casualty psychiatry (1) - [Bushfire mass casualty — stepped disaster mental health response (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/disaster-and-mass-casualty-psychiatry) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on disaster/mass casualty psychiatry: phases, epidemiology, Hobfoll/PFA vs CISD, stepped treatment, and system pitfalls. #### Addiction psychiatry — cannabis and psychosis (1) - [Cannabis use and psychosis — dual formulation to integrated care (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/cannabis-use-and-psychosis) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on cannabis–psychosis dual diagnosis: classification, potency/frequency assessment, parallel treatment, SIP conversion ris #### Intellectual disability — capacity and supported decision-making (1) - [Capacity and supported decision-making in ID (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/capacity-and-supported-decision-making-id) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on decision-specific capacity in intellectual disability, supported decision-making, UNCRPD Article 12, guardianship princ #### Consultation-liaison — capacity and consent (1) - [Capacity assessment for surgical refusal after psychosis (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/capacity-and-informed-consent) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on decision-specific capacity, four abilities, assessment method, MHA vs capacity interface, and emergency/substitute path #### Old age psychiatry — capacity, guardianship and end of life (1) - [Capacity, guardianship and goals of care in dementia (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/capacity-guardianship-end-of-life) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on capacity in dementia, fluctuating delirium risk, enduring powers, family conflict, ACP, and palliative psychiatry. #### Psychopharmacology — carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine (1) - [Carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine: mania evidence, autoinduction, HLA and hyponatraemia (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/carbamazepine-and-oxcarbazepine) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on CBZ/OXC antimanic evidence, autoinduction, HLA-B*1502, hyponatraemia, levels and interactions. #### Public and community psychiatry — carers and family-inclusive practice (1) - [Carers and family-inclusive practice — from EE to structured FPE (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/carers-and-family-inclusive-practice) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on carers and family-inclusive practice: EE, assessment, confidentiality, FPE components, evidence, carer support. #### General adult psychiatry (3) - [Catatonia recognition and management (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/catatonia) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on catatonia: DSM-5-TR criteria, Bush-Francis, lorazepam pathway, ECT triggers, complications. - [Cultural concepts of distress, the CFI and dhat syndrome (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/culture-bound-syndromes) — FRANZCP-style modified essay on cultural concepts of distress: the retirement of the culture-bound syndrome category, assessment of a brain- - [Functional neurological disorder — diagnosis and MDT care (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/functional-neurological-disorder) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on FND rule-in diagnosis, communication, Physio4FMD/CODES-era treatment, and differentials. #### Intellectual disability psychiatry (3) - [Challenging behaviour and PBS — functional analysis to limited medication (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/challenging-behaviour-and-pbs) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on challenging behaviour definition, functional analysis, PBS, NICE NG11, Tyrer trial, and deprescribing/monitoring of ant - [Epilepsy in intellectual disability — peri-ictal behaviour to SUDEP (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/epilepsy-and-id) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on epilepsy in intellectual disability: McGrother epidemiology, peri-ictal formulation, Kerr-aligned joint care, seizure-a - [Psychiatric disorders in intellectual disability — dual diagnosis MEQ](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/psychiatric-disorders-in-intellectual-disability) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on dual diagnosis: overshadowing, modified presentation, DC-LD, hierarchical assessment, and evidence-based psychotropic c #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — anxiety disorders (1) - [Child and adolescent anxiety — school refusal, CBT and SSRI evidence (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/child-and-adolescent-anxiety) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on youth separation anxiety with school refusal: formulation, CBT, SSRI evidence, return-to-school, monitoring. #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — depression (1) - [Child and adolescent depression — assessment and TADS/ADAPT-informed management (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/child-and-adolescent-depression) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on moderate adolescent MDD with self-harm and family conflict: multi-informant assessment, confidentiality limits, stepped #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — child protection for psychiatrists (1) - [Child protection thresholds and multi-agency response (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/child-protection-for-psychiatrists) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on child protection thresholds, documentation, multi-agency working, dual loyalty, parental capacity, and trauma-informed #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — childhood trauma and maltreatment (1) - [Childhood maltreatment — assessment, reporting and TF-CBT (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/childhood-trauma-and-maltreatment) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on childhood sexual abuse disclosure: safety, mandatory reporting principles, trauma-informed assessment, ACE formulation, #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — OCRD (1) - [Childhood-onset OCD — ERP, POTS and SSRI monitoring (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/childhood-ocd) — FRANZCP-style modified essay on paediatric OCD diagnosis, CY-BOCS, family accommodation, ERP, SSRI monitoring, and POTS evidence. #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — children of parents with mental illness (1) - [Children of parents with mental illness — family-focused care (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/children-of-parents-with-mental-illness) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on COPMI identification, safety, dual loyalty, STAR*D/Beardslee/Siegenthaler prevention principles, and multi-agency care. #### Foundations — research methods and study design (1) - [Choosing and defending study designs in psychiatry (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/research-methods-and-study-design) — FRANZCP/MRCPsych-style MEQ on design–question matching, bias threats, and CONSORT/STROBE/COREQ reporting for psychiatry research scenarios. #### Psychopharmacology — first-generation antipsychotics (1) - [Choosing and monitoring a first-generation antipsychotic (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/first-generation-antipsychotics) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on FGA evidence, potency selection, monitoring, EPS emergencies, depot and TRS pathways. #### Psychopharmacology — antipsychotics (1) - [Choosing and monitoring an antipsychotic in first-episode psychosis (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/antipsychotics) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on antipsychotic selection in FEP, monitoring, adequate trials, LAI/clozapine thresholds, and acute dystonia management. #### Psychopharmacology — antidepressants (1) - [Choosing, monitoring and escalating antidepressants in treatment-resistant depression (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/antidepressants) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on antidepressant optimisation, STAR*D, augmentation, sexual SE, and MAOI safety. #### Forensic psychiatry — civil (1) - [Civil forensic psychiatry — testamentary capacity and disability IME (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/civil-forensic-psychiatry) — FRANZCP-style MEQ covering testamentary capacity, undue influence, deathbed delirium, and psychiatric disability IME method without invented #### Public and community psychiatry (3) - [Climate, heat and eco-distress in a community service (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/climate-change-and-eco-distress) — FRANZCP-style modified essay integrating lithium and psychotropic risk in heat, distinguishing eco-distress from disorder in an adolescent a - [Digital mental health, apps and AI in a community service (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/digital-psychiatry-and-ai-in-mental-health) — FRANZCP-style modified essay on digital psychiatry: app evaluation and prescribing, the guided versus unguided iCBT evidence, real-world app - [First Nations mental health — SEWB formulation and culturally safe care (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/first-nations-mental-health) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on First Nations mental health: SEWB framework, culturally safe assessment, determinant-informed formulation, and communit #### General adult psychiatry — clinical high risk / attenuated psychosis (1) - [Clinical high risk and attenuated psychosis — assessment to stepped care (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/clinical-high-risk-and-attenuated-psychosis) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on clinical high risk: UHR boxes, conversion rates, CAARMS/SIPS, stepped indicated prevention, omega-3 equipoise, and esca #### Addiction psychiatry — pharmaceutical and OTC misuse (1) - [Codeine combination dependence and OTC misuse (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/pharmaceutical-and-otc-drug-misuse) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on pharmaceutical/OTC misuse: Frei-type codeine-ibuprofen morbidity, OAT for pharmaceutical opioids, 2018 rescheduling, ga #### Foundations — cognitive psychology (1) - [Cognitive psychology applied to depression, panic, and psychosis (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/cognitive-psychology-for-psychiatry) — FRANZCP/MRCPsych-style MEQ integrating working memory, overgeneral memory, Beck/Clark models, and schizophrenia cognition/social cognition w #### Public and community psychiatry — collaborative care and primary care (1) - [Collaborative care — principles to multimorbidity implementation (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/collaborative-care-and-primary-care-psychiatry) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on collaborative care design: principles, roles, measurement, landmark trials, implementation, escalation. #### Professional — complaint management and regulation (1) - [Complaint management and professional regulation (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/complaint-management-and-regulation) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on complaint vs claim vs regulation, open disclosure after suicide, second-victim support, recurrent complaint risk, and l #### General adult psychiatry — trauma and stressor-related disorders (2) - [Complex PTSD — diagnosis, differential and phase-based management (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/complex-ptsd-and-trauma-informed-care) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on ICD-11 complex PTSD: DSO triad, BPD differential, ITQ/PCL-5, STAIR sequencing, DBT-PTSD/TF therapies, SSRI dosing, and - [PTSD and acute stress disorder — assessment and trauma-focused management (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/ptsd-and-acute-stress) — FRANZCP-style modified essay on PTSD after occupational trauma: criteria and differentials, trauma-informed assessment, PE/CPT/TF-CBT/EMDR, #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — disruptive behaviour (1) - [Conduct and oppositional disorders — multi-domain assessment and stepped care (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/conduct-and-oppositional-disorders) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on ODD/CD: assessment, Moffitt pathways, parent training and MST, limited pharmacotherapy, ASPD trajectory counselling. #### Professional practice — critical appraisal and EBM (1) - [Critical appraisal of an antidepressant RCT abstract (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/critical-appraisal-for-psychiatry-exams) — FRANZCP/MRCPsych-style MEQ on RCT validity, bias taxonomy, ARR/NNT calculation, and applicability in psychiatry. #### Professional — cultural formulation and Indigenous mental health (1) - [Cultural formulation for an Aboriginal man with depression and mistrust (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/cultural-formulation-and-indigenous-mental-health) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on CFI/OCF domains, culturally safe assessment of an Aboriginal man with depression and service mistrust, SEWB, family/AHW #### Professional — psychological therapies (3) - [DBT and third-wave therapies (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/dbt-and-third-wave-therapies) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on DBT structure, biosocial theory, evidence (including McMain), third-wave comparators, and stepped care when full DBT is - [MEQ: CBT formulation and treatment plan for panic with agoraphobia](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/cbt-fundamentals-for-psychiatrists) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on Clark panic model, five-area formulation, session structure, behavioural experiments, and meds/risk integration for pan - [Psychodynamic and supportive psychotherapy (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/psychodynamic-and-supportive-psychotherapy) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on psychodynamic vs supportive definitions, techniques, T/CT, TFP/MBT evidence, and safety limits. #### Old age psychiatry — delirium and acute cognitive syndromes (1) - [Delirium in older adults — assessment and management (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/delirium-in-older-adults) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on geriatric delirium: CAM, hypoactive miss, multifactorial causes, multicomponent care, avoid benzos, low-dose AP careful #### General adult psychiatry — psychotic disorders (4) - [Delusional disorder — diagnosis, risk and management (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/delusional-disorder) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on delusional disorder with mixed persecutory and jealous themes: criteria, differentials, Othello risk, engagement, antip - [First-episode schizophrenia — assessment and initial management (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/schizophrenia-spectrum-disorders) — FRANZCP-style modified essay on first-episode psychosis: risk and medical exclusion, differential diagnosis, antipsychotic initiation with m - [Schizoaffective disorder — diagnosis and management (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/schizoaffective-disorder) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on schizoaffective bipolar type: longitudinal criteria, differentials, suicide risk, antipsychotic plus mood-stabiliser st - [Schizophreniform and brief psychotic disorder — duration, prognosis and FEP care (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/schizophreniform-and-brief-psychotic-disorder) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on schizophreniform vs brief psychosis duration, good prognostic features, organic/substance differentials, FEP-style trea #### Forensic psychiatry — morbid jealousy and erotomania (1) - [Delusional jealousy with partner assault and alcohol dependence (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/morbid-jealousy-and-erotomania) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on morbid/delusional jealousy with alcohol, IPV, child exposure, and treatment/risk planning. #### Old age psychiatry — Lewy body dementias (1) - [Dementia with Lewy bodies — diagnosis and safe prescribing (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/dementia-with-lewy-bodies-and-parkinson) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on DLB: core features, 1-year rule, neuroleptic sensitivity, ChEI dosing, RBD, biomarkers. #### foundations — descriptive psychopathology (1) - [Descriptive psychopathology domains, first-rank symptoms, and MSE language (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/descriptive-psychopathology-and-phenomenology) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on descriptive psychopathology vocabulary, first-rank symptoms, insight, organic flags, and exam technique. #### Foundations — psychological and neuropsychological testing (1) - [Design a cognitive assessment pathway for complex presentations (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/psychological-and-neuropsychological-testing) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on screens vs batteries, MoCA caveats, NP referral, schizophrenia cognition evidence, and communication. #### Foundations — rating scales and measurement-based care (1) - [Design and defend a measurement-based care pathway (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/rating-scales-and-measurement-based-care) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on MBC workflow, PHQ-9/GAD-7 interpretation, clinician scales, evidence, and psychometrics. #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — developmental assessment (1) - [Developmental assessment in CAP — history, tools, adaptive function and formulation (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/developmental-assessment-in-cap) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on developmental assessment in CAP: history, milestones, psychometrics hierarchy, adaptive function, formulation and multi #### General adult psychiatry — DID and dissociative amnesia (1) - [DID and dissociative amnesia — assessment, differential and phase-oriented management (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/dissociative-identity-and-amnesia) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on DID and dissociative amnesia/fugue: organic exclusion, psychosis/BPD differentials, DES/SCID-D, suicide risk, ISSTD pha #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — DMDD (1) - [Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder — assessment, hierarchy, and management (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/disruptive-mood-dysregulation-disorder) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on DMDD criteria and hierarchy, multi-informant assessment, psychosocial-first care with ADHD optimisation, and lithium-ne #### General adult psychiatry — dissociative disorders (1) - [Dissociative disorders — assessment, differential and phase-oriented management (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/dissociative-disorders) — FRANZCP-style modified essay on suspected DID/complex dissociation: differentials, DES/SCID-D, suicide risk, ISSTD phases, TOP DD evidence q #### Professional — doctor health, burnout and impairment (1) - [Doctor health, burnout and impairment (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/doctor-health-and-burnout) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on Maslach burnout, differential from depression/impairment, registrar crisis management, organisation-directed interventi #### Intellectual disability psychiatry — Down syndrome (1) - [Down syndrome and mental health (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/down-syndrome-mental-health) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on depression versus dementia in Down syndrome, medical mimics, APP mechanism, DSQIID/CAMDEX tools and management. #### Psychopharmacology — drug interactions and QTc (1) - [Drug interactions, smoking and QTc risk (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/drug-interactions-and-qtc) — FRANZCP-style MEQ integrating CYP1A2 interactions, QTc stacking with macrolide and hypokalaemia, and TdP readiness. #### Addiction psychiatry — dual diagnosis and integrated care (1) - [Dual diagnosis — models of care to integrated recovery (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/dual-diagnosis-and-integrated-care) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on dual diagnosis: care models, stages of change, MI, etiological models, integrated plan, recovery, and evidence honesty. #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — early-onset psychosis (1) - [Early-onset psychosis — CAP assessment to clozapine threshold (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/early-onset-psychosis) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on early-onset psychosis: age definitions, CAP differentials, organic/baseline work-up, start-low antipsychotic, family/sc #### Foundations — EEG and clinical neurophysiology (1) - [EEG and clinical neurophysiology in psychiatry — MEQ](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/eeg-and-clinical-neurophysiology) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on psychiatric EEG indications, NCSE, clozapine, research biomarkers, and anti-NMDA EEG literacy. #### Old age psychiatry — elder abuse and vulnerability (1) - [Elder abuse in dementia caregiving (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/elder-abuse-and-vulnerability) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on elder abuse subtypes, private assessment, capacity, multi-agency safeguarding, and disposition in dementia caregiving. #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — elimination disorders (1) - [Elimination disorders — enuresis and encopresis stepped care (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/elimination-disorders) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on enuresis and retentive encopresis: classification, assessment, alarm vs desmopressin, disimpaction/PEG, non-punitive ca #### Foundations — epidemiologic methods for psychiatry (1) - [Epidemiologic measures and inference in psychiatry (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/epidemiology-methods-for-psychiatry) — FRANZCP/MRCPsych-style MEQ on frequency measures, RR/OR/PAF, bias families, screening base rates, and causal language. #### Professional practice — epidemiology and public mental health (1) - [Epidemiology and public mental health — service planning MEQ](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/epidemiology-and-public-mental-health) — FRANZCP/MRCPsych-style MEQ integrating epidemiological measures, GBD burden, Rose/Gordon prevention, and treatment-gap service design. #### Psychopharmacology (1) - [EPS spectrum and tardive dyskinesia management (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/eps-and-tardive-dyskinesia) — FRANZCP-style MEQ spanning acute dystonia, akathisia, and tardive dyskinesia with VMAT2 trial names. #### Specialty psychiatry — sexual medicine interface (2) - [Erectile disorder and premature ejaculation — assessment and management (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/erectile-and-ejaculatory-disorders) — FRANZCP-style MEQ covering organic ED, concurrent PE, nitrate/GTN safety, SSRI effects, and stepped management. FRANZCP-primary, globally ta - [Female sexual interest/arousal disorder after SSRI treatment and comorbid dyspareunia (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/female-sexual-interest-arousal-and-pain) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on FSIAD with SSRI contribution and pain interface: formulation, FSFI-informed assessment, antidepressant optimisation, ps #### Forensic psychiatry — expert evidence (1) - [Expert evidence and forensic report writing (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/expert-evidence-and-report-writing) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on expert role ethics, forensic assessment method, report architecture, testimony craft, and classic pitfalls without inve #### Psychotherapy — behavioural therapies (1) - [Exposure and response prevention for residual OCD on an SRI (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/exposure-and-response-prevention) — FRANZCP/MRCPsych-style MEQ on ERP definition, technique, landmark evidence, fidelity, and SRI combination for residual OCD. #### Forensic psychiatry — FII / medical child abuse (1) - [Fabricated or induced illness — recognition, safeguarding, and forensic role (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/munchausen-by-proxy-and-fabricated-illness) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on fabricated or induced illness covering terminology, red flags, safeguarding, differential, and forensic opinion limits #### General adult psychiatry — factitious disorder and malingering (1) - [Factitious disorder vs malingering — assessment, ethics and non-collusive management (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/factitious-disorder-and-malingering) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on hospital factitious disorder: nosology, Bass/Halligan assessment principles, Eastwood management evidence limits, ethic #### Old age psychiatry — falls polypharmacy frailty (1) - [Falls, polypharmacy and frailty in old-age psychiatry (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/falls-polypharmacy-and-frailty) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on falls, polypharmacy and frailty at the old-age psychiatry interface: Fried/Rockwood, FRIDs, multifactorial prevention, #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — family assessment and therapy (1) - [Family assessment and therapy in CAP — indication matching and safe practice (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/family-assessment-and-therapy-in-cap) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on CAP family assessment, FBT/PCIT/ABFT matching, safety limits, refusal of coercive therapies, and fidelity. #### Professional — psychosocial interventions (1) - [Family intervention after first-episode psychosis (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/family-and-systemic-interventions) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on EE, family intervention for psychosis, engagement, and safety limits. #### General adult psychiatry — early psychosis pathway (1) - [First-episode psychosis pathway — assessment to recovery (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/first-episode-psychosis) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on the first-episode psychosis pathway: DUP, organic exclusion, low-dose antipsychotic initiation, OPUS/RAISE multi-elemen #### Forensic psychiatry — fitness and criminal responsibility (1) - [Fitness to stand trial and mental impairment defence (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/fitness-to-stand-trial-and-criminal-responsibility) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on fitness versus criminal responsibility, Presser/Pritchard/Dusky-mapped assessment, restoration, mental impairment analy #### Intellectual disability — neurodevelopmental (2) - [Foetal alcohol spectrum disorder — diagnosis, neurobehaviour and management (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/foetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorder) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on FASD diagnostic systems, neurobehavioural profile, differentials, secondary disability prevention, comorbidity pharmaco - [Fragile X syndrome — genetics, phenotype and management (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/fragile-x-syndrome) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on FXS allele classes, FMRP loss vs RNA toxicity, behavioural phenotype, molecular diagnosis, cascade counselling, and com #### Forensic psychiatry — risk assessment (1) - [Forensic risk assessment for leave and step-down (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/risk-assessment-in-forensic-settings) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on forensic SPJ risk assessment for leave/step-down, static vs dynamic vs protective factors, actuarial limits, scenarios, #### Old age psychiatry — neurocognitive disorders (3) - [Frontotemporal dementia — assessment and management (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/frontotemporal-dementia) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on bvFTD: Rascovsky features, psychiatric misdiagnosis trap, gene triad, C9orf72–ALS overlap, capacity/risk, non-drug care - [Vascular cognitive impairment and dementia — assessment and management (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/vascular-cognitive-impairment-and-dementia) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on vascular cognitive impairment: stepwise plus subcortical features, criteria (NINDS-AIREN/VASCOG/VICCCS/DSM), imaging, S - [Young-onset dementia — assessment and management (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/young-onset-dementia) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on young-onset dementia: under-65 definition, EOAD vs FTD spectrum, APP/PSEN1/PSEN2, work-up, capacity/working-age needs, #### Addiction psychiatry — behavioural addictions (2) - [Gambling disorder — criteria, risk, CBT, and naltrexone (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/gambling-disorder) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on gambling disorder: DSM-5-TR criteria/severity, suicide-debt risk, CBT first-line, naltrexone off-label evidence, comorb - [Gaming and internet addiction — ICD-11, CBT, and comorbidity (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/gaming-and-internet-addiction) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on gaming disorder: ICD-11 vs DSM research criteria, risk, CBT/family first-line care, limited pharmacotherapy, pitfalls. #### Specialty psychiatry — gender diversity ethics and systems (1) - [Gender diversity — minority stress, ethics, and systems care (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/gender-diversity-beyond-dysphoria) — FRANZCP-style modified essay on gender diversity beyond the dysphoria/GAHT pathway: minority stress, conversion ethics, healthcare avoidance #### Specialty psychiatry — gender and sexuality (1) - [Gender dysphoria — assessment, risk, and affirming pathway (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/gender-dysphoria-and-affirming-care) — FRANZCP-style modified essay on adolescent gender dysphoria: differential, risk, autism interface, conversion harms, capacity, and stepped a #### General adult psychiatry — anxiety disorders (6) - [Generalised anxiety disorder — assessment and stepped management (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/generalised-anxiety-disorder) — FRANZCP-style modified essay on moderate-severe GAD: criteria-based diagnosis, differentials, CBT, SSRI dosing, benzo cautions, pregabalin/b - [Panic disorder and agoraphobia — assessment and stepped management (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/panic-disorder-and-agoraphobia) — FRANZCP-style modified essay on panic disorder with agoraphobia: medical exclusion, dual diagnosis coding, CBT with interoceptive/situationa - [Selective mutism — school silence and stepped care (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/selective-mutism) — FRANZCP-style modified essay on classic school-entry selective mutism: DSM criteria and duration traps, language/hearing exclusions, behavio - [Separation anxiety disorder — school refusal and adult under-recognition (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/separation-anxiety-disorder) — FRANZCP-style modified essay on child SeAD with school refusal and comorbid adult SeAD in a parent: criteria and dual duration thresholds, f - [Social anxiety disorder — assessment and stepped management (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/social-anxiety-disorder) — FRANZCP-style modified essay on moderate-severe social anxiety disorder: criteria-based diagnosis, differentials, CBT ingredients, SSRI dosi - [Specific phobia — assessment and exposure-first management (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/specific-phobia) — FRANZCP-style modified essay on blood-injection-injury and situational specific phobias: criteria, applied tension, exposure/OST, limited me #### Addiction psychiatry — hallucinogen-related disorders (1) - [Hallucinogen-related disorders — bad trip, HPPD, and PAT interface (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/hallucinogen-use-disorders) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on classic psychedelic intoxication, talk-down care, dual formulation of psychosis, HPPD, and accurate reading of PAT tria #### Addiction psychiatry — public health and systems (1) - [Harm reduction package for an open drug scene (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/harm-reduction-and-public-health) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on harm reduction systems design: NSP, OAT mortality evidence, supervised consumption, take-home naloxone, stigma, and ind #### Specialty psychiatry — clinical paraphilic disorders (1) - [Help-seeking pedophilic disorder with occupational access risk (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/paraphilic-disorders-clinical) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on clinical paraphilic disorder: interest vs disorder, child protection, suicide risk, WFSBP stepped care, CSBD differenti #### Forensic psychiatry — homicide and mental disorder (1) - [Homicide during untreated first-episode psychosis (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/homicide-and-mental-disorder) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on psychotic homicide in untreated FEP: epidemiology humility, responsibility analysis, temporal triad, suicide risk, secu #### General adult psychiatry — somatic symptom and related (1) - [Illness anxiety disorder — assessment and stepped management (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/illness-anxiety-disorder) — FRANZCP-style modified essay on adult illness anxiety disorder: nosology, CBT, SSRI, collaborative care, suicide risk. FRANZCP-primary, glob #### Addiction psychiatry — inhalant-related disorders (1) - [Inhalant-related disorders — chroming, sudden sniffing death, and N2O myeloneuropathy (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/inhalant-use-disorders) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on chroming, sudden sniffing death, adolescent comorbidity, psychosocial care without licensed anti-craving standard, and #### Psychopharmacology — long-acting injectable antipsychotics (1) - [Initiating a long-acting injectable antipsychotic (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/long-acting-injectable-antipsychotics) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on LAI indication, PRELAPSE/Tiihonen evidence, oral overlap, monitoring, and TRS boundary. #### Psychopharmacology — monoamine oxidase inhibitors (1) - [Initiating an irreversible MAOI safely in treatment-resistant depression (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/maois) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on MAOI initiation, tyramine, washouts, selegiline contrast optional, crisis differentials. #### Psychopharmacology — lithium (1) - [Initiating and monitoring lithium in bipolar I with suicide risk (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/lithium) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on lithium initiation, TDM, interactions, suicide evidence, and toxicity/EXTRIP. #### Psychopharmacology — cognitive enhancers (1) - [Initiating and reviewing cognitive enhancers in Alzheimer disease (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/cognitive-enhancers) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on AChEI/memantine initiation, monitoring, DOMINO-AD, and realistic counselling. #### Psychopharmacology — clozapine (1) - [Initiating clozapine in treatment-resistant schizophrenia (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/clozapine) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on clozapine entry criteria, initiation, monitoring, smoking interaction, and CIGH prevention. #### Psychopharmacology — ketamine and esketamine (1) - [Initiating ketamine/esketamine for treatment-resistant depression (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/ketamine-and-esketamine) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on TRD entry, esketamine/ketamine protocols, safety monitoring, and ECT comparison. #### Psychopharmacology — stimulants and ADHD medications (1) - [Initiating, monitoring and switching ADHD pharmacotherapy (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/stimulants-and-adhd-medications) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on adult ADHD medication choice, monitoring, NMA evidence, switching, and diversion/SUD risk. #### intellectual disability psychiatry (1) - [Intellectual disability — assessment, classification and aetiological workup (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/intellectual-disability-assessment-and-classification) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on ID diagnostic triad, adaptive domains, genetics workup, differentials and services including CIPOLD mortality awareness #### General adult psychiatry — impulse control (2) - [Intermittent explosive disorder — ED assault and dual diagnosis (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/intermittent-explosive-disorder) — FRANZCP-style modified essay on IED with alcohol use and IPV risk: operational diagnosis, differentials, acute safety, CBT and fluoxetine pl - [Kleptomania and pyromania — retail arrest and arson differential (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/kleptomania-and-pyromania) — FRANZCP-style modified essay on kleptomania diagnosis/treatment and pyromania exclusions with public-safety planning. #### Professional — working with interpreters and CALD communities (1) - [Interpreter-mediated assessment after overdose in a CALD woman (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/working-with-interpreters-and-cald) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on professional interpreters, refusal of child ad hoc interpreting, acute risk assessment via phone interpreter, workflow, #### Forensic psychiatry — mental health law (1) - [Involuntary admission vs capacity pathway and CTO decision (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/mental-health-law-and-involuntary-treatment) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on involuntary treatment principles, capacity interface, least restrictive care, CTO evidence (OCTET/Cochrane), rights, an #### Psychopharmacology — lamotrigine (1) - [Lamotrigine initiation with valproate and OCP counselling (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/lamotrigine) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on lamotrigine polarity evidence, valproate-adjusted titration, OCP pharmacokinetics, SJS stop rules, and pregnancy hierar #### Old age psychiatry — anxiety disorders (1) - [Late-life anxiety disorders — assessment and management (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/late-life-anxiety-disorders) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on late-life GAD: formulation, GAD-7, suicide risk, SSRI with hyponatraemia/diuretic caution, CBT evidence (Stanley), Beer #### Old age psychiatry — mood disorders (2) - [Late-life bipolar disorder — assessment and management (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/late-life-bipolar-disorder) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on late-life bipolar: EOBD continuation, lithium toxicity risk with NSAID/thiazide, GERI-BD-informed mania treatment, suic - [Late-life depression — assessment and management (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/late-life-depression) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on late-life depression: suicide lethality and means, vascular phenotype, depression-related cognitive complaints, SSRI st #### Old age psychiatry — addiction interface (1) - [Late-life substance use — assessment and management (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/late-life-substance-use) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on late-life substance use: alcohol plus chronic BZD, falls, bereavement late-onset pattern, withdrawal management, thiami #### Old age psychiatry — psychosis (1) - [Late-onset psychosis — assessment and management (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/late-onset-psychosis) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on late-onset / VLOSLP: Howard cut-offs, partition delusions, organic work-up, sensory impairment, low-dose antipsychotic, #### Foundations — behavioural science (1) - [Learning theory applied to panic and avoidance (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/learning-theory-and-behavioural-science) — FRANZCP/MRCPsych-style MEQ integrating classical/operant learning, extinction/relapse, inhibitory-learning exposure design, and safety limit #### Consultation-liaison — transplant and ICU psychiatry (1) - [Liver transplant candidate with depression and prior alcohol use (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/transplant-and-icu-psychiatry) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on transplant psychosocial evaluation, alcohol-associated disease, depression, adherence, and evidence anchors (SIPAT/ISHL #### General adult psychiatry — mood disorders (5) - [Major depressive disorder — assessment and stepped management (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/major-depressive-disorder) — FRANZCP-style modified essay on moderate-severe recurrent MDD: risk and medical exclusion, differential including bipolar and alcohol, first - [Melancholic vs atypical features — diagnosis and treatment (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/melancholic-and-atypical-specifiers) — FRANZCP-style MEQ contrasting melancholic and atypical feature specifiers: criteria hinge, differentials, ECT for severe melancholia, MAOI h - [Psychotic depression — acute management and evidence (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/psychotic-depression) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on psychotic depression: diagnosis, differentials, suicide risk, combination AD+AP (STOP-PD), ECT thresholds, STOP-PD II c - [Seasonal and atypical depression — assessment and management (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/seasonal-and-atypical-depression) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on winter seasonal MDD and atypical reverse vegetative features: specifier criteria, light therapy, fluoxetine/SSRI option - [Treatment-resistant depression — sequential management (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/treatment-resistant-depression) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on TRD: pseudo-resistance critique, reassessment, adequate trials, lithium/ECT thresholds, psychotherapy and STAR*D sequen #### Foundations — attachment (1) - [MEQ: Attachment theory — Strange Situation, AAI, RAD/DSED, and clinical application](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/attachment-theory-and-early-relationships) — FRANZCP-style MEQ covering Bowlby constructs, SSP/AAI classification, style vs RAD/DSED, BEIP/AACAP management principles, and rejection of #### Professional — formulation (1) - [MEQ: BPS and 4P formulation for first-episode psychosis with cannabis](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/formulation-biopsychosocial-and-4ps) — FRANZCP-style MEQ requiring definition of formulation vs diagnosis, a full BPS×4P matrix for FEP with cannabis, mapped management plan, and #### Psychotherapy — trauma-focused CBT and EMDR (1) - [MEQ: Choosing and planning trauma-focused therapy after assault](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/trauma-focused-cbt-and-emdr) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on Ehlers–Clark formulation, PE/CPT/EMDR choice, consent and readiness, alcohol/medication, and stepped non-response. #### Psychotherapy — combined treatment (1) - [MEQ: Designing combined treatment for chronic depression with partial SSRI response](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/combining-psychotherapy-and-pharmacotherapy) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on combined vs sequential treatment, Keller/Cuijpers/CoBalT/Guidi–Fava evidence, and practical integrated care for chronic #### Foundations — psychiatric classification (1) - [MEQ: DSM-5-TR vs ICD-11 classification for a complex dual-diagnosis presentation](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/psychiatric-classification-dsm5tr-icd11) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on classification purposes, ICD-11 vs DSM personality models, complex PTSD, and reliability-validity-utility with dual-sys #### Foundations — history of psychiatry (1) - [MEQ: History of psychiatry — landmarks, reform, and modern practice](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/history-of-psychiatry) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on historiography landmarks, psychopharmacology, deinstitutionalisation, DSM-III, and Rosenhan critique for fellowship tea #### Psychopharmacology — metabolic syndrome and psychotropic monitoring (1) - [Metabolic syndrome risk, monitoring and metformin after olanzapine (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/metabolic-syndrome-and-psychotropics) — FRANZCP-style MEQ integrating MetS criteria, agent ranking, ADA/APA monitoring, early intervention and the clozapine exception. #### Psychopharmacology — atypical and multimodal antidepressants (1) - [Mirtazapine vs bupropion phenotype matching and combination literacy (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/mirtazapine-bupropion-and-multimodal) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on choosing between bupropion and mirtazapine, dosing, smoking niche, and combination evidence literacy. #### Psychopharmacology — mood stabilisers (1) - [Mood stabiliser choice, lithium monitoring and pregnancy hierarchy (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/mood-stabilisers) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on mood stabiliser selection, lithium monitoring, valproate pregnancy hierarchy, lamotrigine titration, and lithium toxici #### Professional practice — psychological therapies (1) - [Motivational interviewing in dual diagnosis engagement (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/motivational-interviewing) — FRANZCP/MRCPsych-style MEQ integrating MI definition, spirit/skills, change-talk coding, evidence, and safety limits in dual diagnosis. #### Addiction psychiatry — psychosocial interventions (1) - [Mutual-help linkage and contingency management for stimulant relapse (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/mutual-help-and-contingency-management) — FRANZCP-style MEQ integrating CM protocol design for methamphetamine, secular mutual-help alternatives, ethics of reinforcement, and risk ov #### General adult psychiatry — psychosis (2) - [Negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia — primary vs secondary and treatment honesty (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/negative-and-cognitive-symptoms-of-schizophrenia) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on primary vs secondary negatives, SANS/PANSS/MATRICS, limited pharmacotherapy evidence, cariprazine/clozapine nuance, cog - [Treatment-resistant schizophrenia — TRRIP and clozapine pathway (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/treatment-resistant-schizophrenia) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on TRS: pseudo-resistance critique, LAI before label, TRRIP, clozapine core, ultra-TRS and ECT. FRANZCP-primary, globally #### Addiction psychiatry — neonatal abstinence (1) - [Neonatal abstinence syndrome — assessment and dyad care (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/neonatal-abstinence-syndrome) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on NAS/NOWS after maternal methadone: definition, mimics, ESC/supportive care, pharmacotherapy thresholds, breastfeeding, #### foundations — neuroscience for fellowship psychiatry (1) - [Neural circuits localisation MEQ (psychosis and frontal change)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/neuroanatomy-circuits-for-psychiatrists) — FRANZCP/MRCPsych-style MEQ integrating dopamine pathways, frontal syndromes, triple-network model, and organic work-up. #### Foundations — neuroimaging in psychiatry (1) - [Neuroimaging in psychiatry — MEQ](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/neuroimaging-in-psychiatry) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on clinical vs research neuroimaging, red flags, BOLD limits, landmark structural evidence, and family counselling. #### Foundations — neurotransmitters receptors signalling (1) - [Neurotransmitters and psychotropic targets (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/neurotransmitters-receptors-and-signalling) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on transmitter systems, receptor maps, adaptive cascades, toxidromes and emerging non-D2 mechanisms. #### Addiction psychiatry — nicotine and behavioural addictions (1) - [Nicotine, varenicline, and dual diagnosis smoking — MEQ](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/nicotine-and-behavioural-addictions) — FRANZCP-style MEQ integrating FTND-level dependence, combination NRT/varenicline, EAGLES, clozapine-smoking interaction, and gambling risk/s #### Intellectual disability — forensic dual disability (1) - [Offending and intellectual disability (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/offending-and-intellectual-disability) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on offending and intellectual disability covering epidemiology method traps, suggestibility, fitness, risk limits, RNR-ada #### Addiction psychiatry — substance use disorders (2) - [Opioid substitution and withdrawal — induction, COWS, pregnancy (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/opioid-substitution-and-withdrawal) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on COWS, methadone/buprenorphine induction, pregnancy OAT, naloxone, and Sordo retention mortality framing. - [Opioid use disorder — assessment, overdose, and OAT (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/opioid-use-disorder) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on OUD: naloxone/ABCs, COWS, OAT choice and induction safety, harm reduction, comorbidity, and Sordo/retention mortality f #### general-adult (1) - [OSFED — atypical anorexia and residual ED assessment (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/other-specified-feeding-eating-disorders) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on atypical AN within OSFED: medical risk at non-low BMI, differentials, CBT-E/family elements, suicide risk. FRANZCP-prim #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — psychopharmacology (1) - [Paediatric psychopharmacology — SSRI, ADHD and antipsychotic safety (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/paediatric-psychopharmacology) — FRANZCP-style MEQ integrating SSRI black-box consent, fluoxetine dosing, ADHD stimulant monitoring, and youth antipsychotic metabolic safety #### General adult psychiatry — perinatal (2) - [Perinatal mood and anxiety disorders — assessment and emergency pathway (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/perinatal-mood-and-anxiety-disorders) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on postpartum psychosis: diagnosis, dual risk assessment, MBU/admission, Bergink-informed acute treatment, ECT threshold, - [Postpartum psychosis — emergency assessment and treatment (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/postpartum-psychosis) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on postpartum psychosis: diagnosis, dual risk, MBU/admission, Bergink-informed treatment, ECT, recurrence prevention. #### Psychopharmacology — pregnancy and lactation (1) - [Perinatal psychopharmacology risk–benefit and class hierarchy (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/psychopharmacology-in-pregnancy-and-lactation) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on perinatal psychopharmacology: untreated illness, valproate avoid, lithium shared decision, neonatal SSRI signals, lacta #### Foundations — personality science (1) - [Personality theory in formulation and nosology (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/personality-theory-for-psychiatrists) — FRANZCP/MRCPsych-style MEQ integrating trait theory, AMPD/ICD-11 dimensional nosology, formulation, and safety/ethics pitfalls. #### Psychopharmacology — pharmacogenomics (1) - [Pharmacogenomics in psychiatry (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/pharmacogenomics-in-psychiatry) — FRANZCP-style MEQ integrating HLA carbamazepine safety, commercial panel limits, CPIC CYP guidance, and trial literacy. #### foundations — philosophy of mind (1) - [Philosophy of mind, multilevel explanation, and capacity (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/philosophy-of-mind-and-psychiatry) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on philosophy of mind applied to formulation, free will rhetoric, BPS critique, and capacity. #### Psychopharmacology — ECT and neurostimulation (1) - [Planning ECT for severe depression and discussing neurostimulation tiers (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/ect-and-neurostimulation) — FRANZCP-style MEQ covering ECT indication, consent/cognition, placement/dosing, anaesthesia interface, continuation, and evidence-tiered alt #### Addiction psychiatry — perinatal substance use (1) - [Pregnancy and substance use — OAT, alcohol, NAS, and non-punitive care (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/pregnancy-and-substance-use) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on polysubstance use in pregnancy: SBIRT, OAT vs detox, alcohol abstinence/FASD, stimulants, NAS expectation, non-punitive #### General adult psychiatry — mood disorders / women's mental health (1) - [Premenstrual dysphoric disorder — assessment and management (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on PMDD: prospective confirmation, PME differential, SSRI continuous vs luteal dosing, drospirenone/EE, GnRH chemical meno #### Old age psychiatry — psychopharmacology (1) - [Prescribing psychotropics in older adults — safety and deprescribing (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/prescribing-in-older-adults) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on geriatric psychotropic safety: Beers/STOPP, PK/PD, antipsychotic black-box in dementia, deprescribing, SSRI-SIADH, QTc #### Foundations — prevention and early intervention (1) - [Prevention and early intervention — district design MEQ](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/prevention-and-early-intervention) — FRANZCP/MRCPsych-style MEQ integrating Gordon/Rose frameworks, indicated depression and UHR care, EIS package, and implementation realism. #### Forensic psychiatry — prison mental health (1) - [Prison mental health — reception crisis and care pathway (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/prison-mental-health) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on prison reception: suicide, psychosis, withdrawal, dual diagnosis, segregation harms, equivalence of care, and post-rele #### Foundations — psychiatric genetics and epigenetics (1) - [Psychiatric genetics and epigenetics — family counselling MEQ](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/psychiatric-genetics-and-epigenetics) — FRANZCP/MRCPsych-style MEQ integrating heritability concepts, family counselling, GWAS/PRS limits, 22q11.2DS, and ethics. #### Psychotherapy — psychoeducation and family interventions (1) - [Psychoeducation and family psychoeducation after first-episode psychosis (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/psychoeducation-and-family-psychoeducation) — FRANZCP/MRCPsych-style MEQ integrating PE/FPE definitions, EE, programme structure, landmark evidence, and safety/professional limits after #### Foundations — psychoneuroendocrinology and psychoimmunology (1) - [Psychoneuroendocrinology and psychoimmunology — MEQ](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/psychoneuroendocrinology-and-psychoimmunology) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on HPA axis, glucocorticoid models, cytokine–brain signalling, investigation limits, prolactin, and clinical application. #### General adult psychiatry — psychosis rehabilitation (1) - [Psychosocial rehabilitation in psychosis — multi-component package (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/psychosocial-rehabilitation-in-psychosis) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on psychosocial rehabilitation in psychosis: recovery constructs, IPS, family PE, cognitive remediation, ACT/ICM, PORT, Sl #### Forensic psychiatry — arson and fire-setting (1) - [Psychotic arson of the family home (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/arson-and-fire-setting) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on psychotic arson: terminology triad, epidemiology, responsibility analysis, temporal triad, suicide and fire safety, spe #### General adult psychiatry — secondary / organic psychosis (1) - [Psychotic disorder due to another medical condition — assessment to management (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/psychosis-due-to-medical-condition) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on medical-cause psychosis: differential, tiered work-up, imaging/LP thresholds, cause-directed treatment with cautious an #### Psychopharmacology — renal and hepatic disease (1) - [Psychotropics in CKD and cirrhosis (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/psychotropics-in-renal-and-hepatic-disease) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on lithium in falling eGFR, depression in CKD/cirrhosis, BZD–HE risk, and EXTRIP. #### Psychopharmacology — fitness to drive (1) - [Psychotropics, sedation and driving (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/psychotropics-and-driving) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on BZD/zopiclone residual impairment, older-driver polypharmacy crash risk, counselling and documentation. #### Public-community — quality improvement and patient safety (1) - [Quality improvement and patient safety in psychiatry (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/quality-improvement-and-patient-safety) — FRANZCP-style MEQ integrating taxonomy, PDSA measures, systems thinking, just culture, Safewards, and While/NCI pearl. #### General adult psychiatry — reactive attachment and disinhibited social engagement (1) - [Reactive attachment and DSED — nosology, residual adult risk and caregiving-first care (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/reactive-attachment-disorder) — FRANZCP-style MEQ bridging childhood DSED/RAD nosology with transition-age residual risk, adult residual formulation after early deprivation #### Public-community — military and veteran psychiatry (1) - [Recently transitioned combat veteran with nightmares, alcohol use, and passive death wishes (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/military-and-veteran-psychiatry) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on military/veteran psychiatry: multi-domain formulation, weapons-aware risk assessment, landmark epidemiology, trauma-foc #### Consultation-liaison — hepatic encephalopathy and advanced transplant psychiatry (1) - [Recurrent HE and liver transplant listing psychosocial evaluation (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/hepatic-and-transplant-psychiatry-advanced) — FRANZCP-style MEQ integrating HE classification/management with advanced liver transplant psychosocial evaluation, alcohol-associated diseas #### Old age psychiatry — residential care and systems of care (1) - [Residential aged care psychiatry — behavioural crisis and prescribing (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/residential-aged-care-psychiatry) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on RAC psychiatry: multifactorial assessment, person-centred care, pain protocol, antipsychotic mortality evidence, depres #### Public and community psychiatry — rural and remote (1) - [Rural and remote psychiatry — service design MEQ](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/rural-and-remote-psychiatry) — FRANZCP/MRCPsych-style MEQ integrating remoteness classification, rural suicide, telepsychiatry standards, collaborative care, cultural safe #### Public and community psychiatry — school and workplace mental health (1) - [School and workplace mental health — multi-tier design and RTW (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/school-and-workplace-mental-health) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on school MTSS, SEYLE/YAM, workplace risk models, organisational interventions, and RTW. #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — school refusal and school anxiety (1) - [School refusal and school anxiety — functional analysis, CBT and return-to-school (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/school-refusal-and-school-anxiety) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on adolescent school refusal with social-evaluative and tangible-reward functions: formulation, CBT, graded return, pharma #### Public-community psychiatry — restrictive practices (1) - [Seclusion decision, least-restrictive ladder and reduction frameworks (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/seclusion-restraint-and-least-restrictive-care) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on seclusion/restraint definitions, least-restrictive ladder, Chieze harms, Six Core Strategies, Safewards, Project BETA p #### Psychopharmacology — rTMS, VNS and DBS (1) - [Selecting and consenting rTMS, VNS or DBS for TRD (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/tms-vns-and-dbs) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on neurostimulation selection, rTMS/iTBS protocols, VNS and DBS evidence honesty, and ECT comparator. #### Emergency psychiatry — self-harm and crisis (1) - [Self-harm presentation — psychosocial assessment and crisis aftercare (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/self-harm-and-crisis-intervention) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on self-harm vs NSSI vs attempt, psychosocial assessment, safety planning, brief interventions, therapy evidence, and disp #### Consultation-liaison — burns and critical illness psychiatry (1) - [Self-inflicted burns with depression and evolving PTSD risk (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/burns-and-critical-illness-psychiatry) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on self-inflicted burns, depression, trauma symptoms, capacity, and evidence anchors. #### Specialty psychiatry — sexual dysfunction and paraphilias (1) - [Sexual dysfunction and paraphilic risk — assessment and management (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/sexual-dysfunction-and-paraphilias) — FRANZCP-style MEQ covering SSRI sexual side-effects, exhibitionistic disorder threshold, risk/confidentiality, and stepped management. FRANZ #### Forensic psychiatry — sexual offending (1) - [Sexual offending — assessment, risk, and treatment principles (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/sexual-offending) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on sexual-offending assessment, Static/dynamic risk, motivation–facilitation formulation, RNR treatment, and report struct #### Psychopharmacology — anxiolytics and hypnotics (1) - [Short-term anxiolytic choice, interactions and taper planning (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/anxiolytics-and-hypnotics) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on anxiolytic/hypnotic choice, opioid interaction, short-term use, non-GABAergic options, and taper. #### Psychopharmacology — SNRIs and NRIs (1) - [SNRIs after SSRI failure — dosing, dual action and safety (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/snris-and-nris) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on SNRI switch after SSRI, venlafaxine dual-action dosing, BP/monitoring, discontinuation counselling, duloxetine pain nic #### Foundations — social determinants of mental health (1) - [Social determinants of mental health — multi-level MEQ](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/social-determinants-of-mental-health) — FRANZCP/MRCPsych-style MEQ integrating SDMH frameworks, gradient, ACE/poverty mechanisms, Rose/Gordon prevention, and clinical multi-level p #### Foundations — social psychology (1) - [Social psychology applied to family EE, teams, and stigma (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/social-psychology-and-group-dynamics) — FRANZCP/MRCPsych-style MEQ integrating EE/attributions, social influence types, stigma interventions, and ethics of authority research. #### General adult psychiatry — somatic symptom and related disorders (1) - [Somatic symptom disorder — criteria, assessment and stepped care (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/somatic-symptom-disorder) — FRANZCP-style modified essay on adult SSD: criteria pivot, differential, PHQ-15, stepped care, CBT evidence, pharmacotherapy humility, anti- #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — specific learning disorder (1) - [Specific learning disorder — domains, identification and multiagency plan (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/specific-learning-disorder) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on specific learning disorder: definition, domains, identification science, mechanisms and educational management. #### Professional — spirituality and religion in psychiatry (1) - [Spiritual assessment and boundaries after first-episode psychosis with religious content (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/spirituality-and-religion-in-psychiatry) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on R/S definitions, HOPE/FICA assessment, religious content in psychosis, boundaries, and evidence anchors. #### Psychopharmacology — SSRIs (1) - [SSRI selection, black box, QTc and discontinuation (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/ssris) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on SSRI class prescribing: agent choice, black-box monitoring, QTc ceilings, and discontinuation syndrome. #### Forensic psychiatry — stalking and harassment (1) - [Stalking and harassment — assessment and multi-domain management (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/stalking-and-harassment) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on rejected ex-intimate stalking, multi-domain risk, parallel victim/stalker management, and protective duties. #### Professional — stigma, recovery and rights-based care (1) - [Stigma, recovery and rights-based care (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/stigma-recovery-and-rights-based-care) — FRANZCP-style MEQ integrating stigma mapping, CHIME recovery planning, SDM for LAI vs oral, rights-based principles, and landmark evidence a #### Addiction psychiatry — stimulant and methamphetamine use (1) - [Stimulant and methamphetamine use — acute MAP to definitive care (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/stimulant-and-methamphetamine-use) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on methamphetamine-associated psychosis, acute stabilisation, withdrawal, contingency management, limited pharmacotherapy #### Addiction psychiatry — acute stimulant syndromes (1) - [Stimulant intoxication and withdrawal — MAP, toxicity, and anti-craving vacuum (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/stimulant-intoxication-and-withdrawal) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on stimulant toxicity, MAP, McGregor crash timeline, no approved anti-craving standard, CM/psychosocial first-line, and du #### Professional skills — mental state examination (1) - [Structure and interpret a complete Mental State Examination (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/mental-state-examination) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on complete MSE structure, worked psychosis pattern, organic discriminators, insight, and evidence anchors. #### Addiction psychiatry — substance-induced mood and anxiety disorders (1) - [Substance-induced mood and anxiety — timing, alcohol and dual care (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/substance-induced-mood-anxiety-disorders) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on substance-induced depression: DSM timing rules, assessment, watchful waiting vs SSRI, naltrexone, Brown/Schuckit and Nu #### General adult psychiatry — substance/medication-induced psychosis (1) - [Substance-induced psychosis — timeline, conversion and dual care (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/substance-induced-psychosis) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on substance-induced psychosis: DSM criteria and discriminators, assessment, named antipsychotic plan, Starzer/Murrie conv #### Emergency psychiatry — suicide risk (1) - [Suicide risk assessment and safety planning after overdose (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/suicide-risk-assessment) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on post-overdose suicide risk assessment, safety planning, means restriction, disposition, post-crisis peak risk, and lith #### Professional — teaching and supervision skills (1) - [Teaching and supervision skills for psychiatrists (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/teaching-and-supervision-skills) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on teaching/supervision definitions, Miller pyramid, WBA, feedback models, underperformance safety plan, and failure-to-fa #### Public and community psychiatry — telepsychiatry (1) - [Telepsychiatry — service design and safe practice MEQ](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/telepsychiatry) — FRANZCP/MRCPsych-style MEQ integrating telepsychiatry modalities, Shore/Hilty/Fortney evidence, emergency process standards, collaborative c #### Forensic psychiatry — therapeutic security (1) - [Therapeutic security — placement and step-down (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/therapeutic-security) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on therapeutic security domains, secure care levels, DUNDRUM-style placement, long-stay step-down, and discharge outcomes. #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — service interface (1) - [Transition from CAMHS to adult services — managed transition plan (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/transition-from-camhs-to-adult-services) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on CAMHS–adult boundary: transfer vs transition, dual-threshold gap, managed transition package, ADHD/depression medicatio #### General adult psychiatry — OCRD / BFRB (1) - [Trichotillomania and excoriation disorder — assessment and management (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/trichotillomania-and-excoriation-disorder) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on TTM/SPD: OCRD placement, differential, HRT, adult NAC vs paediatric null, medical complications. #### Forensic psychiatry — victimology (1) - [Victimology and trauma in forensic settings — secondary victimisation and IPV pathway (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/victimology-and-trauma) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on secondary victimisation, IPV safety, trauma nosology, and stepped management without invented statutes. #### Emergency psychiatry — violence risk (1) - [Violence risk assessment after named threats in first-episode psychosis (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/violence-risk-assessment) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on violence risk assessment in untreated first-episode psychosis with substance use, weapons, named victim, SPJ formulatio #### Forensic psychiatry — young offenders (1) - [Young offenders — detention reception and multi-system plan (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/young-offenders) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on youth detention reception: suicide, ADHD/SUD/trauma, Moffitt framing, isolation harms, MST/FFT, multi-agency care, thro #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — youth self-harm and suicide (1) - [Youth self-harm — assessment, safety planning, family/school, and disposition (MEQ)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/saqs/youth-self-harm-and-suicide) — FRANZCP-style MEQ on youth self-harm continuum, private interview and family work, safety planning, school interface, DBT-A/family evidence, ### CASC / OSCE Index: https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases #### Addiction psychiatry (6) - [Addiction in older adults — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/addiction-in-older-adults) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: non-stigmatising engagement, explain age-related harm and falls, reject abrupt stop of zopiclo - [Benzodiazepine dependence counselling — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/benzodiazepine-dependence) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain dependence vs moral failure, seizure risk of abrupt stop, gradual taper plan, alcohol - [Explaining alcohol withdrawal, seizures, DT, and thiamine — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/alcohol-withdrawal-and-delirium-tremens) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain AWS timeline, seizure and DT risk, CIWA-guided benzodiazepine detox as short-term medi - [Explaining alcohol withdrawal, thiamine, and recovery medications — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/alcohol-use-disorder) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain AUD and withdrawal timeline, Wernicke prevention, CIWA-guided detox, naltrexone/acampr - [Explaining anti-craving medicines after detox — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/anti-craving-pharmacotherapy) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain naltrexone, acamprosate, and disulfiram in plain language with doses and safety gates; - [Explaining Wernicke, Korsakoff, and long-term supports — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/alcohol-related-brain-injury-and-korsakoff) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain WE vs KS vs ARBI, thiamine rationale and doses in plain language, imaging limits, prog #### foundations — advanced EBM and evidence synthesis (1) - [Advanced journal club facilitation — CASC/teaching station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/critical-appraisal-advanced) — Teaching/communication station: explain forest plots, prediction intervals, publication bias, GRADE, and NMA rankings in accessible language #### Public and community psychiatry — school and workplace mental health (1) - [Advise a school and employer on mental health pathways — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/school-and-workplace-mental-health) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain multi-tier school supports, SEYLE/YAM evidence in plain language, workplace psychosoci #### Emergency psychiatry — suicide risk (1) - [Assess and safety-plan after suicidal ideation — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/suicide-risk-assessment) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: direct suicide enquiry, empathic formulation, means restriction, Stanley-Brown safety plan, involve supports, a #### Consultation-liaison — capacity and consent (1) - [Assess capacity for treatment refusal — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/capacity-and-informed-consent) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: disclose information in plain language, use teach-back, assess four abilities, explore voluntary refusal vs inc #### Emergency psychiatry — self-harm and crisis (1) - [Assess self-harm and co-create a crisis safety plan — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/self-harm-and-crisis-intervention) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: non-stigmatising self-harm assessment, intent continuum, Stanley-Brown safety plan, means restriction, and clea #### Emergency psychiatry — violence risk (1) - [Assess violence risk and explain the plan — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/violence-risk-assessment) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: gather collateral on violence risk, balance confidentiality with safety, explain dynamic factors and next steps #### Consultation-liaison psychiatry (20) - [Breaking the news in a rapidly progressive dementia — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/prion-disease-and-rapidly-progressive-dementias) — FRANZCP/MRCPsych-style station: staged disclosure in probable prion disease — correcting a premature diagnosis, explaining diagnostic tiers, - [Explaining delirium and the care plan to a family member — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/delirium) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style station: explain delirium in plain language, outline medical and non-drug care, limit inappropriate sedatives, and ad - [Explaining dementia diagnosis, BPSD plan, and antipsychotic caution to family — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/dementia-and-major-ncd) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style station: explain major NCD in plain language, non-drug BPSD plan, cholinesterase inhibitor expectations, antipsychoti - [Explaining demoralisation, adjustment, and mood treatment in medical illness — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/demoralisation-and-adjustment-to-illness) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style station: explain demoralisation and adjustment, DHD without stigma, named therapies, and careful antidepressant decis - [Explaining depression treatment and tamoxifen antidepressant choice — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/psycho-oncology) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style station: explain depression in cancer, collaborative care, safe antidepressant choice with tamoxifen, suicide risk wi - [Explaining HD irritability, depression, suicide risk, and tetrabenazine to a spouse — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/huntington-disease-psychiatry) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style station: explain HD neuropsychiatry, suicide vigilance, VMAT2–mood link, irritability treatment, and ethics of testin - [Explaining lupus-related psychosis to a partner — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/sle-and-autoimmune-neuropsychiatry) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style station: explain NPSLE attribution in plain language, justify infection work-up and possible immunotherapy, correct a - [Explaining MS depression, PBA, and treatment choices to a partner — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/multiple-sclerosis-psychiatry) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style station: explain MS depression and suicide risk, distinguish PBA from bipolar disorder, outline CBT/antidepressant an - [Explaining PD psychosis, agonist ICD risk, and treatment choices to a spouse — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/parkinson-disease-psychiatry) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style station: explain PD psychosis and ICD, why high-potency antipsychotics are dangerous, rationale for DRT review and lo - [Explaining possible normal pressure hydrocephalus and realistic hope — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/nph-and-reversible-dementias) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style station: explain possible iNPH in plain language, set realistic expectations about reversibility (Clarfield), outline - [Explaining post-ACS depression and the care plan to a family — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/cardiac-psychiatry) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style station: explain post-ACS depression, SADHART/ENRICHD literacy in plain language, beta-blocker myth, safety of sertra - [Explaining post-stroke depression and the care plan to a family — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/stroke-and-post-stroke-psychiatry) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style station: explain PSD without location dogma, rehab-integrated treatment, fluoxetine motor myth, emotional support, an - [Explaining postictal psychosis and depression treatment to a partner — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/epilepsy-and-psychiatry) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style station: explain postictal psychosis, lucid interval, safety, AED role including possible behavioural side effects wi - [Explaining postpartum psychosis and infant safety on the maternity ward — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/perinatal-medical-cl) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style station: explain PPP as emergency, dual mother-infant risk, treatment outline, lithium counselling principles, and co - [Explaining somatic symptom disorder and a collaborative pain plan — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/pain-psychiatry-and-somatic-symptom) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style station: validate symptoms, explain SSD without dualism, outline CBT and cautious meds, and address opioid risk colla - [Explaining steroid psychosis and thyroid screening in medical illness — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/endocrine-psychiatry) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style station: explain steroid-induced neuropsychiatric effects, avoid premature bipolar labelling, outline safety and ster - [Explaining suspected autoimmune encephalitis to parents — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/autoimmune-encephalitis-and-organic-psychosis) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style station: explain organic autoimmune possibility in plain language, justify investigations and immunotherapy principle - [Explaining TBI personality change and the care plan to a partner — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/traumatic-brain-injury-psychiatry) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style station: explain post-TBI personality change and depression, aggression ladder without oversedation, realistic recove - [The patient who has been disbelieved — long COVID CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/long-covid-neuropsychiatry) — FRANZCP/MRCPsych-style station: respond to a patient with long COVID who has been disbelieved — validate without over-promising, screen for - [Ward explanation of FND and team alignment — CASC / C-L station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/functional-neurological-disorder-cl) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style C-L communication station: non-pejorative FND explanation after a botched 'all stress' message, MDT plan, and dischar #### Professional practice (1) - [Breaking the news of a dementia diagnosis — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/clinical-communication-and-interviewing) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style station: break the news of a dementia diagnosis using SPIKES, manage emotion and the spouse dynamic, address driving #### Old age psychiatry — capacity, guardianship and end of life (1) - [Capacity for treatment refusal and goals of care — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/capacity-guardianship-end-of-life) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: goals-of-care and capacity-sensitive communication with patient (and optionally brief spouse joining). #### Psychotherapy (9) - [CASC: Behavioural activation — evening withdrawal in depression](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/behavioural-activation) — Ten-minute station: engage a patient with depression who waits for motivation, deliver outside-in BA psychoeducation, co-create a graded nex - [CASC: Supportive psychotherapy — demoralisation after job loss](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/supportive-psychotherapy-techniques) — Ten-minute station: engage a demoralised patient with depression after job loss, deliver supportive psychotherapy techniques (alliance, vali - [Explain ACT and set a values-based action — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/acceptance-and-commitment-therapy) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: plain-language ACT explanation, control agenda, willingness, one values-linked homework, medication questions, - [Explain CAT and negotiate a time-limited reformulation plan — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/cognitive-analytic-therapy) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: engage a person seeking CAT, explain tools simply, co-create a safety-aware brief therapy plan, and manage expe - [Explain couples therapy and negotiate a safe dual-client plan — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/couples-therapy) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: explain couples therapy, IPV private screen rationale, depression+discord dual targets, combined care with SSRI - [Explain group CBT and limited confidentiality — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/group-psychotherapy) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: explain group psychotherapy for depression, set frame and limited confidentiality, address fear of judgement, o - [Explain IPT and choose a focus — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/interpersonal-psychotherapy) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: explain IPT medical model, map role transition after redundancy, set time limit, address medication questions, - [Explain MBT and negotiate structured care — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/mentalisation-based-treatment) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: engage a person seeking MBT, explain mentalising simply, address partial programmes honestly, and collaborate o - [Explain schema therapy and negotiate structured care — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/schema-therapy) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: engage a person seeking schema therapy, explain schemas/modes simply, address partial programmes honestly, and #### Foundations — cognitive psychology / psychological therapies (1) - [CASC: Explaining cognitive maintenance of panic and setting a behavioural experiment](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/cognitive-psychology-for-psychiatry) — Ten-minute station: engage a patient with panic, explain catastrophic misinterpretation and safety behaviours in plain language, introduce a #### Foundations — behavioural science / psychological therapies (1) - [CASC: Explaining exposure and dropping safety behaviours in panic](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/learning-theory-and-behavioural-science) — Ten-minute station: engage a patient with panic and agoraphobia, explain classical and operant maintenance in plain language, introduce inhi #### Foundations — social psychology / early psychosis (1) - [CASC: Explaining family EE and stigma after first-episode psychosis](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/social-psychology-and-group-dynamics) — Ten-minute station: engage a critical carer after first-episode psychosis discharge, reframe blaming attributions without shaming, explain h #### Foundations — personality science (1) - [CASC: Explaining personality traits, functioning, and dimensional diagnosis](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/personality-theory-for-psychiatrists) — Ten-minute station: engage a patient distressed by a letter listing multiple personality disorders; explain traits vs disorder, functioning #### Psychotherapy — communication and psychoeducation (1) - [CASC: Family psychoeducation after first-episode psychosis](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/psychoeducation-and-family-psychoeducation) — Ten-minute communication station: engage a parent after FEP, deliver non-blaming psychoeducation, explain EE-aware collaboration without jar #### Professional — communication and psychological therapies (1) - [CASC: Motivational interviewing — alcohol cut-down in dual diagnosis](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/motivational-interviewing) — Ten-minute motivational interviewing station: engage a patient with schizophrenia and hazardous drinking, use OARS, evoke change talk, avoid #### Psychotherapy — behavioural therapies (1) - [CASC: Negotiate first ERP session for contamination OCD](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/exposure-and-response-prevention) — Ten-minute station: explain ERP rationale, build a first exposure with response prevention, address partner accommodation, set homework, and #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — child protection for psychiatrists (1) - [Child protection disclosure — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/child-protection-for-psychiatrists) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: respond to child maltreatment disclosure, explain reporting, assess safety and sibling risk, agree plan. #### Psychopharmacology — atypical and multimodal antidepressants (1) - [Choosing bupropion after SSRI sexual dysfunction (CASC)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/mirtazapine-bupropion-and-multimodal) — CASC-style station: explain NaSSA vs NDRI trade-offs, accurate seizure risk counselling, sexual side-effect management, smoking opportunity, #### Professional — formulation (1) - [Co-construct a formulation with the patient — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/formulation-biopsychosocial-and-4ps) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: elicit the person's explanatory model, build a shared 4P formulation, include strengths, check cultural meaning #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — children of parents with mental illness (1) - [COPMI family discussion — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/children-of-parents-with-mental-illness) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: family-inclusive explanation of COPMI care, dual loyalty, and collaborative safety planning. #### Psychopharmacology — pregnancy and lactation (1) - [Counselling psychotropics in an unplanned pregnancy (CASC)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/psychopharmacology-in-pregnancy-and-lactation) — CASC-style station: shared decision on perinatal psychopharmacology — untreated illness risk, valproate switch hierarchy, lithium absolute-r #### Consultation-liaison — hepatic encephalopathy and advanced transplant psychiatry (1) - [Covert HE, driving concern, and pre-listing depression — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/hepatic-and-transplant-psychiatry-advanced) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: explain HE in accessible clinical language, screen depression and alcohol recovery, discuss capacity/driving as #### Professional — cultural formulation and Indigenous mental health (1) - [Cultural formulation interview with an Aboriginal woman — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/cultural-formulation-and-indigenous-mental-health) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: person-centred CFI skills, SEWB awareness, non-racist communication, risk, and collaborative plan with optional #### Emergency psychiatry (7) - [De-escalation and rapid tranquillisation explanation — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/acute-agitation-and-rapid-tranquillisation) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style station: de-escalate, offer oral RT with named options, explain IM pathway and combination ban if needed, discuss cap - [Explaining ABD care and contested labels — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/excited-delirium-and-acute-behavioural-disturbance) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style station: explain ABD framing, medical priorities, sedation and monitoring, restraint safety, avoid contested ExDS as - [Explaining NMS and emergency plan to family — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/neuroleptic-malignant-syndrome) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style station: explain NMS in plain language, acknowledge medication association without abandoning hope, outline stop-and- - [Explaining overdose care and means restriction after self-poisoning — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/overdose-and-toxicology-for-psychiatrists) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain mixed OD care, paracetamol/NAC rationale, relative toxicity without scaremongering, re - [Explaining serotonin toxicity and medication safety — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/serotonin-syndrome) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style station: explain serotonin toxicity in plain language, Hunter-relevant features without jargon overload, management a - [Lithium toxicity counselling — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/lithium-toxicity) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain lithium toxicity, interaction precipitants, sick-day rules, EXTRIP-level seriousness w - [Suicidal crisis safety planning and least-restrictive care — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/psychiatric-emergencies) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style station: assess residual suicide risk, co-create a safety plan, discuss voluntary versus involuntary care principles #### Psychopharmacology — long-acting injectable antipsychotics (1) - [Discussing a long-acting injectable with a young adult and parent (CASC)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/long-acting-injectable-antipsychotics) — CASC-style communication station: shared decision on LAI after early relapses, oral overlap explanation, benefits and risks, and boundary th #### Professional practice — epidemiology and public mental health (1) - [District public mental health briefing — CASC/communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/epidemiology-and-public-mental-health) — Teaching/communication station: translate epidemiology into stepped care, prevention mix, and anti-stigma action without statistical intimid #### Intellectual disability — forensic dual disability (1) - [Dual-disability court liaison — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/offending-and-intellectual-disability) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: accessible explanation of fitness and supports, management of yes-saying, multiagency next steps, and dignity-p #### Old age psychiatry — elder abuse and vulnerability (1) - [Elder abuse disclosure — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/elder-abuse-and-vulnerability) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: respond to elder abuse disclosure, assess immediate safety and wishes, explore capacity issues lightly, offer o #### Professional skills — mental state examination (1) - [Elicit and summarise a Mental State Examination — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/mental-state-examination) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: open-to-focused MSE elicitation, mood/affect, thought form/content, perception, cognition screen, multidimensio #### foundations — descriptive psychopathology (1) - [Elicit descriptive psychopathology safely — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/descriptive-psychopathology-and-phenomenology) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: open-to-focused phenomenological elicitation, form vs content, FRS-type phenomena, risk, culture, and non-jargo #### Professional — psychological therapies (3) - [Engage and orient to DBT / skills-based care — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/dbt-and-third-wave-therapies) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: engage a person seeking DBT, explain modes/skills simply, address waitlists/partial care honestly, and collabor - [Explain CBT and co-design a first experiment — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/cbt-fundamentals-for-psychiatrists) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: explain CBT collaborative empiricism, five-area map for social anxiety, drop safety behaviours concept, design - [Explain psychodynamic vs supportive therapy and negotiate a therapy frame — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/psychodynamic-and-supportive-psychotherapy) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: plain-language explanation of modalities, collaborative contracting, boundary holding without humiliation, and #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — family assessment and therapy (1) - [Engage high-conflict parents and match family therapy — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/family-assessment-and-therapy-in-cap) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: non-blaming engagement, FBT rationale, medical safety, refuse coercive holding, manage parental split without t #### Professional — psychosocial interventions (1) - [Engaging a high-EE family after first-episode psychosis (CASC)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/family-and-systemic-interventions) — CASC communication station: psychoeducation, EE-aware engagement, non-blaming stance, family intervention offer, confidentiality. #### Public and community psychiatry (3) - [Engaging an Aboriginal patient who distrusts mainstream services — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/first-nations-mental-health) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: respond to distrust grounded in prior discriminatory experience, avoid defensiveness, and co-d - [The 17-year-old who says school is pointless — CASC climate distress and post-bushfire assessment station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/climate-change-and-eco-distress) — FRANZCP/MRCPsych-style station: assess an adolescent with combined post-bushfire trauma exposure and climate-related distress, distinguish p - [The patient who brought the app, the chatbot and the amber flag — CASC digital psychiatry station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/digital-psychiatry-and-ai-in-mental-health) — FRANZCP/MRCPsych-style station: respond to a patient's questions about an AI risk flag, a self-sourced mental health app and an LLM chatbot, #### Public-community — disaster and mass casualty psychiatry (1) - [Evacuation centre survivor after bushfire — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/disaster-and-mass-casualty-psychiatry) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: trauma-informed disaster assessment, Hobfoll/PFA framing, risk, and collaborative stepped plan. #### Intellectual disability psychiatry — genetic syndromes (1) - [Explain 22q11.2DS psychosis risk and supports to parents — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/behavioural-phenotypes-genetic-syndromes) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain probabilistic behavioural phenotype and high but not universal psychosis risk in 22q11 #### Forensic psychiatry — civil (1) - [Explain a civil forensic disability opinion to counsel — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/civil-forensic-psychiatry) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: communicate a structured civil psychiatric disability opinion to a lawyer, maintain forensic neutrality, separa #### Foundations — rating scales and measurement-based care (1) - [Explain a symptom score and negotiate a treatment change — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/rating-scales-and-measurement-based-care) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: explain MBC, interpret PHQ-9/GAD-7, risk screen, shared decision on optimisation, plan remeasure. #### Consultation-liaison psychiatry — abnormal illness behaviour (1) - [Explain abnormal illness behaviour and a collaborative plan — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/abnormal-illness-behaviour) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: repair alliance after pejorative labelling, explain both–and formulation, outline stepped care #### Emergency psychiatry — absconding and missing patients (1) - [Explain abscond response and engage family — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/absconding-and-missing-patients) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: calm transparent communication about a missing inpatient, collateral for location and risk, police threshold ex #### General adult psychiatry — trauma and stressor-related (2) - [Explain adjustment disorder and brief therapy plan — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/adjustment-disorders) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain AD vs depression, watchful waiting and brief psychological care, selective medication, - [Explain prolonged grief and grief-focused therapy — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/grief-and-prolonged-grief-disorder) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain PGD vs normal grief vs MDD, CGT rationale, limited medication role, cultural respect, #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — depression (1) - [Explain adolescent depression and fluoxetine plan to a parent — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/child-and-adolescent-depression) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain youth depression, rationale for fluoxetine with starting dose and monitoring, black-bo #### Forensic psychiatry — arson and fire-setting (1) - [Explain adolescent firesetting risk to worried parents — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/arson-and-fire-setting) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: communicate firesetting concepts, youth pathway, safety planning, and myths about pyromania to parents. #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — neurodevelopmental (3) - [Explain adult ADHD diagnosis and treatment plan — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/adhd-across-the-lifespan) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain adult ADHD formulation, multimodal treatment including medication monitoring, diversio - [Explain autism diagnosis and irritability treatment to parents — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/autism-spectrum-disorder) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain DSM-framed ASD without jargon overload, early supports, no-core-drug principle, risper - [Explain language disorder and the school plan to parents — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/language-and-communication-disorders) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain language disorder/DLD, correct bilingual and autism myths, outline SLT-first care and #### General adult psychiatry — anxiety disorders (6) - [Explain adult separation anxiety and a graded plan (not lifelong diazepam) — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/separation-anxiety-disorder) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain adult SeAD after DSM-5, differentiate panic context, outline exposure and SSRI option, - [Explain GAD and start sertraline with CBT — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/generalised-anxiety-disorder) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain GAD in plain language, outline sertraline start with monitoring, sell CBT for worry, a - [Explain panic disorder and treatment plan — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/panic-disorder-and-agoraphobia) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain panic false-alarm model, outline sertraline start with early activation warning, descr - [Explain selective mutism and a school speech plan (not forced assembly talking) — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/selective-mutism) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain anxiety-based selective mutism, school-inclusive behavioural plan, accommodation reduc - [Explain social anxiety disorder and start sertraline with CBT — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/social-anxiety-disorder) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain SAD in plain language, outline sertraline start with monitoring, sell CBT that drops s - [Explain specific phobia and start exposure (not daily diazepam) — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/specific-phobia) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain specific phobia types, exposure and OST rationale, applied tension for BII, medication #### Old age psychiatry — Alzheimer disease (1) - [Explain Alzheimer disease diagnosis and treatment plan to patient and spouse — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/alzheimer-disease) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain AD diagnosis, care plan, donepezil start with monitoring, BPSD non-drug first approach #### Forensic psychiatry — expert evidence (1) - [Explain an expert report boundary to instructing counsel — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/expert-evidence-and-report-writing) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: communicate forensic expert role, refuse rubber-stamping and data omission, separate diagnosis from legal concl #### Specialty psychiatry — eating disorders (1) - [Explain anorexia nervosa care and refeeding safety to a parent — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/anorexia-nervosa) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain AN, medical risk, refeeding, FBT, and limits of medication to a carer. #### Specialty psychiatry — sexual dysfunction and paraphilias (1) - [Explain antidepressant sexual side-effects and paraphilia thresholds — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/sexual-dysfunction-and-paraphilias) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: SSRI sexual SE, switch options, and non-pathologising education on paraphilic disorder thresho #### Old age psychiatry — residential care and systems of care (1) - [Explain antipsychotic risk and a non-drug plan to a residential care manager — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/residential-aged-care-psychiatry) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain RAC behavioural assessment, person-centred care evidence, antipsychotic mortality risk #### General adult psychiatry — feeding and eating disorders (2) - [Explain ARFID and graded food exposure to a parent — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/avoidant-restrictive-food-intake-disorder) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain ARFID vs AN, medical risk, graded exposure, adapted family work, and limits of medicat - [Explain rumination disorder and diaphragmatic breathing to a patient — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/pica-and-rumination-disorder) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain rumination mechanism, discrimination from BN/GORD, breathing training, baclofen as pos #### General adult psychiatry — personality disorders (10) - [Explain ASPD, risk and treatment limits — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/antisocial-personality-disorder) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain ASPD without pejorative psychopathy collapse, outline honest treatment limits, emphasi - [Explain avoidant PD and therapy plan — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/cluster-a-and-cluster-c-personality) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain AVPD without stigma, outline CBT/exposure and schema options, clarify medication role - [Explain avoidant personality disorder and therapy plan — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/avoidant-personality-disorder) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain AVPD without stigma, outline CBT exposure plan, clarify limited medication role, addre - [Explain BPD diagnosis and therapy plan — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/borderline-personality-disorder) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain BPD without stigma, outline structured psychotherapy (DBT or equivalent), clarify limi - [Explain dependent personality disorder and autonomy-focused plan — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/dependent-personality-disorder) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain DPD without stigma, outline CBT autonomy plan, clarify limited medication role, addres - [Explain histrionic personality disorder and the treatment plan — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/histrionic-personality-disorder) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain HPD without stigma, outline differentials and frame-based therapy, clarify limited med - [Explain ICD-11 personality disorder diagnosis — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/personality-disorder-icd11-dimensional) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain dimensional PD without stigma, contrast with old multi-label approaches, outline sever - [Explain NPD formulation and treatment limits — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/narcissistic-and-cluster-b-spectrum) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain pathological narcissism without stigma, outline frame and psychotherapy options, clari - [Explain paranoid personality disorder and treatment limits — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/paranoid-personality-disorder) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain PPD without stigma or collusion, separate it from psychosis, outline alliance-first tr - [Explain schizotypal PD and care plan — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/schizotypal-personality-disorder) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain STPD without stigma, spectrum adjacency without fatalism, psychosocial plan first, lim #### Foundations — attachment (1) - [Explain attachment to a foster carer and plan care — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/attachment-theory-and-early-relationships) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: psychoeducation on secure base/safe haven, RAD/DSED vs style, BEIP-aligned caregiving priorities, and clear ref #### Addiction psychiatry — hallucinogen-related disorders (1) - [Explain bad trip care, HPPD risk, and why trial psilocybin is not a microdosing script — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/hallucinogen-use-disorders) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain intoxication versus primary psychosis, supportive acute care, HPPD risk in plain langu #### Foundations — basic neuroscience for psychiatry (1) - [Explain basic brain science of psychosis and treatment to a family — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/basic-neuroscience-for-psychiatry) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: plain-language neuroscience for families, method limits, dopamine pathway side-effect counselling, and recovery #### General adult psychiatry — OCRD (3) - [Explain BDD, CBT-BDD and SSRI to a patient — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/body-dysmorphic-disorder) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain BDD, ERP-style CBT, SSRI timeline, anti-surgery advice, family accommodation, and safe - [Explain hoarding disorder, CBT and home safety to a patient — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/hoarding-and-related-disorders) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain HD vs OCD, specialised CBT, harm-reduction safety, anti-forced-cleanout rationale, fam - [Explain OCD and ERP to a patient — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/obsessive-compulsive-disorder) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain OCD, ERP hierarchy, SSRI timeline, family accommodation, and safety-netting for mood/s #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — elimination disorders (1) - [Explain bedwetting and soiling without shame — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/elimination-disorders) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain primary MNE and retentive encopresis, stop punishment, outline alarm vs desmopressin a #### General adult psychiatry — bipolar and related disorders (4) - [Explain bipolar diagnosis and lithium — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/bipolar-affective-disorder) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain bipolar I in plain language, outline lithium benefits including relapse and suicide-ri - [Explain bipolar I diagnosis and lithium plan — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/bipolar-i-disorder) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain bipolar I after first mania, lithium initiation and monitoring, BALANCE maintenance ra - [Explain bipolar II, stopping the antidepressant, and starting quetiapine plus planned lamotrigine — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/bipolar-ii-and-cyclothymia) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: plain-language bipolar II explanation, hypomania vs mania, antidepressant switch risk with STE - [Explain mixed features, suicide risk, and stopping the antidepressant — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/mixed-features-and-rapid-cycling) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain mixed features and high suicide risk in plain language, justify stopping antidepressan #### Old age psychiatry — dementia neuropsychiatry (1) - [Explain BPSD management and antipsychotic risks to a family carer — CASC station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/behavioural-and-psychological-symptoms-of-dementia) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain BPSD, non-drug first approach, pain assessment, limited role of antipsychotics includi #### General adult psychiatry — psychotic disorders (4) - [Explain brief vs schizophreniform psychosis to parents — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/schizophreniform-and-brief-psychotic-disorder) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: duration labels, good prognostic features, FEP treatment rationale, diagnostic humility, and s - [Explain delusional disorder and safety plan — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/delusional-disorder) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain partial psychosis/Othello risk, engagement principles, medication rationale, partner s - [Explain first-episode psychosis and treatment — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/schizophrenia-spectrum-disorders) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain FEP diagnosis in plain language, outline antipsychotic and psychosocial plan, discuss - [Explain schizoaffective disorder and treatment plan — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/schizoaffective-disorder) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain longitudinal diagnosis, type specifier, medication plan (antipsychotic + mood stabilis #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — service interface (1) - [Explain CAMHS to adult transition plan — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/transition-from-camhs-to-adult-services) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain transfer vs transition, dual-threshold gap honestly, shared-care and alternative pathw #### Addiction psychiatry — cannabis and psychosis (1) - [Explain cannabis and psychosis to parents — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/cannabis-use-and-psychosis) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: dual formulation, potency risk, parallel treatment, SIP conversion honesty, non-moralising can #### Specialty psychiatry — sleep medicine interface (6) - [Explain CBT-I and hypnotic taper for chronic insomnia disorder — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/insomnia-disorder) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain insomnia model, CBT-I components, limits of chronic hypnotics, and collaborative taper - [Explain CBT-I and hypnotic taper to a patient with chronic insomnia — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/sleep-disorders-in-psychiatry) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain insomnia model, CBT-I components, limits of chronic hypnotics, and collaborative taper - [Explain delayed sleep-wake phase disorder and timed melatonin/light plan — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/circadian-rhythm-sleep-wake-disorders) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: reframe DSWPD as timing disorder, explain light/melatonin timing, negotiate school/uni plan, a - [Explain OSA, CPAP, and sedative risks to a patient with depression — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/obstructive-sleep-apnoea-and-psychiatry) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain OSA–mood link, need for sleep testing, CPAP rationale, deprescribing temazepam, drivin - [Explain RLS diagnosis, iron, and treatment switch after dopamine-agonist augmentation — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/restless-legs-syndrome) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain RLS and augmentation, iron rationale, α2δ switch, and collaborative safety plan withou - [Explain suspected narcolepsy, MSLT, and driving advice — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/narcolepsy-and-hypersomnolence) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain likely narcolepsy type 1, why sleep studies matter, temporary driving risk, and treatm #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — OCRD (1) - [Explain childhood OCD and treatment options to parents — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/childhood-ocd) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain paediatric OCD without psychosis myths, outline ERP and family roles, address SSRI bla #### Addiction psychiatry — inhalant-related disorders (1) - [Explain chroming risks and N2O numbness without stigma — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/inhalant-use-disorders) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain sudden sniffing death risk in plain language, absence of licensed anti-craving standar #### General adult psychiatry — clinical high risk / attenuated psychosis (1) - [Explain clinical high risk to parents — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/clinical-high-risk-and-attenuated-psychosis) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain UHR/CHR without fatalism, outline stepped care (CBT, comorbidity, monitoring), antipsy #### Addiction psychiatry — pharmaceutical and OTC misuse (1) - [Explain codeine dependence and OAT to a sceptical patient — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/pharmaceutical-and-otc-drug-misuse) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain pharmaceutical opioid dependence, combination-product harm, Australian rescheduling co #### Public and community psychiatry — collaborative care and primary care (1) - [Explain collaborative care to a GP practice team — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/collaborative-care-and-primary-care-psychiatry) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain CoCM principles, roles, measurement-based care, evidence highlights, and escalation, i #### Psychotherapy — combined treatment (1) - [Explain combined treatment and co-design a plan — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/combining-psychotherapy-and-pharmacotherapy) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: explain concurrent combination without jargon, address false dichotomy, outline what real CBT involves, keep me #### General adult psychiatry — trauma and stressor-related disorders (2) - [Explain complex PTSD and a trauma-informed treatment plan — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/complex-ptsd-and-trauma-informed-care) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain ICD-11 CPTSD in plain language, DSO triad, collaborative trauma-focused and skills-bas - [Explain PTSD diagnosis and trauma-focused treatment plan — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/ptsd-and-acute-stress) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain PTSD in plain language, outline PE/CPT/TF-CBT/EMDR options, sertraline start with moni #### Forensic psychiatry — mental health law (1) - [Explain compulsory admission and rights — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/mental-health-law-and-involuntary-treatment) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: explain involuntary status, capacity vs Act principles simply, rights, least restrictive care, alliance repair, #### Forensic psychiatry — duty to warn and third-party risk (1) - [Explain confidentiality limits and protective steps after a threat — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/duty-to-warn-and-third-party-risk) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: explain limits of confidentiality, duty to protect principles, minimum disclosure, containment plan, and allian #### Old age psychiatry — delirium and acute cognitive syndromes (1) - [Explain delirium in an older adult to family — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/delirium-in-older-adults) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain geriatric delirium, CAM-informed thinking, cause treatment and multicomponent care, av #### Old age psychiatry — Lewy body dementias (1) - [Explain dementia with Lewy bodies and treatment plan to patient and spouse — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/dementia-with-lewy-bodies-and-parkinson) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain DLB core features, 1-year rule concept, ChEI plan, neuroleptic sensitivity, RBD safety #### General adult psychiatry — mood disorders (5) - [Explain depression diagnosis and antidepressant plan — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/major-depressive-disorder) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain MDD in plain language, outline sertraline start with monitoring, discuss early activat - [Explain melancholic vs atypical depression and treatment choices — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/melancholic-and-atypical-specifiers) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain melancholic vs atypical feature specifiers, treatment intensity differences, ECT thres - [Explain psychotic depression and combination treatment — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/psychotic-depression) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain psychotic depression without stigma, combination AD+AP rationale, monitoring, continua - [Explain treatment-resistant depression and next-step options — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/treatment-resistant-depression) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain TRD without stigma, outline lithium augmentation with monitoring, address ECT fears, s - [Explain winter depression, light therapy and autumn prevention — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/seasonal-and-atypical-depression) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain seasonal pattern MDD, light therapy parameters and side-effects, Can-SAD framing, suic #### Intellectual disability psychiatry — Down syndrome (1) - [Explain depression versus dementia risk to carers of an adult with Down syndrome — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/down-syndrome-mental-health) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain probabilistic Alzheimer risk without fatalism, outline depression and medical mimics, #### Foundations — psychiatric classification (1) - [Explain diagnosis systems to a sceptical family — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/psychiatric-classification-dsm5tr-icd11) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: explain purposes of classification, DSM vs ICD dual systems, reliability-validity-utility in plain language, or #### General adult psychiatry — dissociative disorders (1) - [Explain dissociative symptoms, differential and treatment plan — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/dissociative-disorders) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain dissociation in plain language, discuss differential without colluding or dismissing, #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — DMDD (1) - [Explain DMDD vs bipolar and the care plan to parents — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/disruptive-mood-dysregulation-disorder) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain DMDD in plain language, distinguish from bipolar, outline parent training and school p #### Intellectual disability psychiatry (1) - [Explain dual diagnosis and psychotropic review to carers — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/psychiatric-disorders-in-intellectual-disability) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain diagnostic overshadowing without jargon overload, modified presentation, medical check #### Addiction psychiatry — dual diagnosis and integrated care (1) - [Explain dual diagnosis integrated care — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/dual-diagnosis-and-integrated-care) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain co-occurring psychosis and cannabis use, integrated care, MI engagement, recovery hope #### Intellectual disability psychiatry — neurodevelopmental dual diagnosis (1) - [Explain dual diagnosis, AAC and behaviour plan to carers — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/autism-and-id-comorbidity) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain ASD+ID dual diagnosis without jargon overload, AAC as treatment, epilepsy awareness, P #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — early-onset psychosis (1) - [Explain early-onset psychosis care to parents — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/early-onset-psychosis) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain EOP pathway, organic/baseline checks, start-low antipsychotic with monitoring, family #### Foundations — EEG and clinical neurophysiology (1) - [Explain EEG and clozapine seizure risk to a patient and partner — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/eeg-and-clinical-neurophysiology) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: neurophysiology communication, clozapine counselling, and safety netting without overclaim. #### Specialty psychiatry — sexual medicine interface (2) - [Explain erectile treatment safety and PE options — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/erectile-and-ejaculatory-disorders) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: ED counselling, PDE5 safety, and PE psychoeducation. - [Explain FSIAD care and negotiate SSRI options — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/female-sexual-interest-arousal-and-pain) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain female sexual interest/arousal problems, SSRI contribution, psychosexual stepped care, #### Old age psychiatry — falls polypharmacy frailty (1) - [Explain falls risk and deprescribing to family — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/falls-polypharmacy-and-frailty) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain frailty, psychotropic fall risk, multifactorial prevention, and supervised deprescribi #### Public and community psychiatry — carers and family-inclusive practice (1) - [Explain family-inclusive care and negotiate confidentiality with parents — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/carers-and-family-inclusive-practice) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain family-inclusive practice, reframe EE without blame, negotiate confidentiality, outlin #### Intellectual disability — neurodevelopmental (2) - [Explain FASD diagnosis and supports to kinship carers — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/foetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorder) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain FASD without mother-blame, face-not-always-required concept, no disease-modifying drug - [Explain fragile X diagnosis and family implications — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/fragile-x-syndrome) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain FXS without blame, allele classes in plain language, no disease-modifying core cure, s #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — eating disorders (1) - [Explain FBT and medical risk to parents of a teen with AN — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/eating-disorders-adolescent) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: FBT psychoeducation, medical risk, refeeding concern, SSRI boundaries, collaborative legal fra #### Forensic psychiatry — homicide and mental disorder (1) - [Explain FEP homicide risk and responsibility to a worried family — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/homicide-and-mental-disorder) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: communicate homicide risk humility, FEP urgency, substances, and responsibility vs treatment frames to a family #### Forensic psychiatry — FII / medical child abuse (1) - [Explain FII concern and safeguarding plan to a paediatric consultant colleague — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/munchausen-by-proxy-and-fabricated-illness) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: interprofessional communication about suspected fabricated or induced illness, balancing false-positive and fal #### General adult psychiatry — early psychosis pathway (1) - [Explain first-episode psychosis care to parents — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/first-episode-psychosis) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain FEP pathway, EIS multi-element care, low-dose antipsychotic plan, DUP, maintenance aft #### Forensic psychiatry — fitness and criminal responsibility (1) - [Explain fitness concerns to counsel — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/fitness-to-stand-trial-and-criminal-responsibility) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: communicate a structured fitness opinion to a lawyer, separate responsibility issues, outline assessment/restor #### Forensic psychiatry — risk assessment (1) - [Explain forensic risk assessment and leave plan to a family member — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/risk-assessment-in-forensic-settings) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: explain SPJ vs actuarial concepts, static/dynamic/protective factors, leave conditions, multi-agency principles #### Old age psychiatry — neurocognitive disorders (3) - [Explain frontotemporal dementia diagnosis and plan to patient and partner — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/frontotemporal-dementia) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain bvFTD, contrast with psychiatric labels, outline care and medication limits, discuss g - [Explain vascular cognitive impairment and risk-factor plan to patient and son — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/vascular-cognitive-impairment-and-dementia) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain VCI phenotype, secondary prevention as the main lever, modest drug evidence, safety-ne - [Explain young-onset dementia diagnosis and plan to patient and partner — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/young-onset-dementia) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain YOD vs EOAD, outline work-up and genetics sensitively, discuss donepezil if AD pathway #### Addiction psychiatry — behavioural addictions (2) - [Explain gambling disorder, CBT, and naltrexone — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/gambling-disorder) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain GD as a medical behavioural addiction, CBT and harm reduction first-line, realistic of - [Explain gaming disorder and a CBT plan — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/gaming-and-internet-addiction) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain ICD-11 gaming disorder vs high engagement, negotiate a collaborative CBT/family plan, #### Specialty psychiatry — gender and sexuality (1) - [Explain gender dysphoria, affirming care and mental health support — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/gender-dysphoria-and-affirming-care) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain gender dysphoria, affirmative care, parallel MH treatment, hormone liaison, anti-conve #### Addiction psychiatry — public health and systems (1) - [Explain harm reduction and naloxone to a sceptical family — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/harm-reduction-and-public-health) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain harm reduction, NSP, OAT mortality rationale, take-home naloxone teaching, and negotia #### General adult psychiatry — somatic symptom and related (1) - [Explain illness anxiety, CBT and collaborative care — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/illness-anxiety-disorder) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain IAD, CBT health anxiety, SSRI, anti-collusion with testing, family accommodation, safe #### intellectual disability psychiatry (1) - [Explain intellectual disability diagnosis and assessment plan to parents — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/intellectual-disability-assessment-and-classification) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain ID triad and adaptive severity without jargon overload, outline aetiological workup pr #### Specialty psychiatry — clinical paraphilic disorders (1) - [Explain interest versus disorder and stepped care for ego-dystonic paraphilic urges — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/paraphilic-disorders-clinical) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: destigmatise without colluding, explain interest vs disorder threshold, negotiate psychologica #### General adult psychiatry — impulse control (2) - [Explain intermittent explosive disorder and safety plan — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/intermittent-explosive-disorder) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain IED without pejorative labels, outline CBT and fluoxetine evidence honestly, address p - [Explain kleptomania and treatment options — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/kleptomania-and-pyromania) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain kleptomania without pejorative labels, outline CBT and off-label naltrexone honestly, #### Old age psychiatry — addiction interface (1) - [Explain late-life alcohol and sleeping-tablet plan to patient and son — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/late-life-substance-use) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain late-life substance harm, withdrawal safety, benzodiazepine deprescribing, alcohol sup #### Old age psychiatry — grief and loss (1) - [Explain late-life bereavement and prolonged grief to family — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/bereavement-in-later-life) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain adaptive grief vs PGD vs MDD, duration clocks, CGT, avoid long-term benzodiazepines, s #### Old age psychiatry — mood disorders (2) - [Explain late-life bipolar mania and lithium plan to patient and son — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/late-life-bipolar-disorder) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain OABD, geriatric lithium monitoring, interactions (NSAID/dehydration), and safety-netti - [Explain late-life depression and SSRI plan to patient and daughter — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/late-life-depression) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain late-life depression, differentiate bereavement and cognitive concerns, outline sertra #### Old age psychiatry — anxiety disorders (1) - [Explain late-life GAD treatment and benzodiazepine taper to patient and daughter — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/late-life-anxiety-disorders) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: late-life GAD, CBT/SSRI plan, Beers-informed benzodiazepine taper, hyponatraemia safety-nettin #### Old age psychiatry — psychosis (1) - [Explain late-onset psychosis and treatment plan to patient and niece — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/late-onset-psychosis) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain late-onset psychosis construct, organic work-up, sensory factors, low-dose antipsychot #### General adult psychiatry — secondary / organic psychosis (1) - [Explain medical work-up for new psychosis to a worried partner — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/psychosis-due-to-medical-condition) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain secondary vs primary psychosis possibilities, red-flag rationale for investigations, t #### Addiction psychiatry — substance use disorders (2) - [Explain methadone, buprenorphine, COWS, and naloxone — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/opioid-substitution-and-withdrawal) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain withdrawal staging, OAT rationale, precipitated withdrawal timing, methadone vs bupren - [Explain opioid agonist treatment and naloxone — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/opioid-use-disorder) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain OUD as a medical disorder, OAT rationale and induction, precipitated withdrawal, take- #### Addiction psychiatry — stimulant and methamphetamine use (1) - [Explain methamphetamine care to a partner — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/stimulant-and-methamphetamine-use) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain MAP, medical risk, withdrawal crash, contingency management, limited medicines, dual d #### foundations — philosophy of mind (1) - [Explain multilevel mind-body formulation — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/philosophy-of-mind-and-psychiatry) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: psychoeducation on mind-body models, BPS without emptiness, free will, values, and capacity language. #### General adult psychiatry — psychosis (2) - [Explain negative and cognitive symptoms and the care plan — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/negative-and-cognitive-symptoms-of-schizophrenia) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain primary vs secondary negatives, cognition and function, honest treatment limits, safet - [Explain treatment-resistant schizophrenia and clozapine — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/treatment-resistant-schizophrenia) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain TRS without stigma, outline clozapine benefits and monitoring, address fears, safety-n #### Addiction psychiatry — neonatal abstinence (1) - [Explain neonatal abstinence to parents after OAT pregnancy — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/neonatal-abstinence-syndrome) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain NAS/NOWS in plain language, non-pharmacologic care and possible medicines, why materna #### Foundations — neuroimaging in psychiatry (1) - [Explain neuroimaging purpose and limits to parents after first-episode psychosis — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/neuroimaging-in-psychiatry) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: plain-language neuroimaging counselling in early psychosis. #### Addiction psychiatry — perinatal substance use (1) - [Explain OAT and NAS in pregnancy — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/pregnancy-and-substance-use) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: non-punitive explanation of OUD in pregnancy, OAT rationale, NAS as expected/treatable, reject #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — disruptive behaviour (1) - [Explain ODD/CD formulation and parent training plan — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/conduct-and-oppositional-disorders) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain ODD vs CD, developmental risk without fatalism, parent management training rationale, #### general-adult (1) - [Explain OSFED and atypical anorexia to a family — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/other-specified-feeding-eating-disorders) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain OSFED atypical AN, medical risk at non-low BMI, family role, without jargon overload. #### General adult psychiatry — mood disorders / women's mental health (1) - [Explain PMDD, diary confirmation and intermittent SSRI options — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain PMDD, prospective diary, continuous vs luteal SSRI dosing with a named regimen, suicid #### General adult psychiatry — perinatal (2) - [Explain postnatal depression treatment and infant-safety thoughts — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/perinatal-mood-and-anxiety-disorders) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain postnatal depression and perinatal OCD-spectrum intrusions, distinguish from psychosis - [Explain postpartum psychosis, admission and treatment to a distressed partner — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/postpartum-psychosis) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain PPP as treatable emergency, dual risk and MBU logic, sequential treatment including li #### Forensic psychiatry — prison mental health (1) - [Explain prison mental health plan to a custody manager — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/prison-mental-health) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: communicate equivalence of care, suicide/self-harm response, segregation harms, and stepped custodial mental he #### Foundations — history of psychiatry (1) - [Explain psychiatric history and treatment milestones to a sceptical family — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/history-of-psychiatry) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: explain moral treatment to modern community care arc, lithium/ECT/antipsychotic landmarks without jargon overlo #### General adult psychiatry — psychosis rehabilitation (1) - [Explain psychosocial rehabilitation after psychosis — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/psychosocial-rehabilitation-in-psychosis) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain multi-component psychosocial rehabilitation, CHIME recovery, IPS, family work, and tha #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — attachment disorders (1) - [Explain RAD/DSED and refuse coercive therapy — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/attachment-disorders-in-children) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain DSED vs RAD, insufficient-care aetiology without blaming adoptive parents, AACAP careg #### General adult psychiatry — reactive attachment and disinhibited social engagement (1) - [Explain residual DSED risk and refuse coercive attachment therapy — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/reactive-attachment-disorder) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain RAD vs DSED, residual course, caregiving and boundary coaching, refuse coercive therap #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — childhood trauma and maltreatment (1) - [Explain safeguarding and TF-CBT after childhood maltreatment — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/childhood-trauma-and-maltreatment) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain reporting duty, trauma-informed next steps, TF-CBT PRACTICE in plain language, safety #### Old age psychiatry — psychopharmacology (1) - [Explain safer prescribing and antipsychotic risks to family — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/prescribing-in-older-adults) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain geriatric psychotropic safety, Beers-type caution, antipsychotic mortality/stroke risk #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — school refusal and school anxiety (1) - [Explain school refusal plan and possible SSRI to parents — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/school-refusal-and-school-anxiety) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: school refusal psychoeducation, functional return plan, CBT, SSRI monitoring, collaborative no #### Public-community psychiatry — restrictive practices (1) - [Explain seclusion and repair trust after restrictive practice — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/seclusion-restraint-and-least-restrictive-care) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: post-seclusion explanation, least-restrictive framing, harms honesty, rights principles, debrief, crisis planni #### Forensic psychiatry — sexual offending (1) - [Explain sexual-offence risk assessment and community conditions to a family member — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/sexual-offending) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: explain legal vs clinical ideas, static/dynamic/protective factors, supervision conditions, residual uncertaint #### General adult psychiatry — somatic symptom and related disorders (1) - [Explain somatic symptom disorder and a collaborative care plan — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/somatic-symptom-disorder) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: non-dualistic SSD explanation, both–and model, stepped care, CBT rationale, limits of scanning #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — specific learning disorder (1) - [Explain specific learning disorder and school plan — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/specific-learning-disorder) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain SLD, reject laziness narrative, clarify educational treatment and accommodations, addr #### Forensic psychiatry — stalking and harassment (1) - [Explain stalking risk and safety planning to a victim's support person — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/stalking-and-harassment) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: explain multi-domain stalking risk, parallel safety and treatment tracks, and residual uncertainty without grap #### Addiction psychiatry — acute stimulant syndromes (1) - [Explain stimulant crash and why there is no methadone for ice — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/stimulant-intoxication-and-withdrawal) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain MAP vs primary psychosis, crash/suicide risk, absence of approved anti-craving standar #### Foundations — psychoneuroendocrinology and psychoimmunology (1) - [Explain stress hormones, inflammation, and prolactin side-effects to a patient and partner — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/psychoneuroendocrinology-and-psychoimmunology) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: plain-language HPA/immune biology, biomarker humility, trauma framing, and antipsychotic prolactin counselling. #### Addiction psychiatry — substance-induced mood and anxiety disorders (1) - [Explain substance-induced depression and dual plan to a partner — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/substance-induced-mood-anxiety-disorders) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain timing diagnosis, abstinence remission logic, treatment of both axes, and non-moralisi #### General adult psychiatry — substance/medication-induced psychosis (1) - [Explain substance-induced psychosis and follow-up to parents — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/substance-induced-psychosis) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain SIP timeline diagnosis, acute treatment, conversion risk without fatalism, dual follow #### General adult psychiatry — factitious disorder and malingering (1) - [Explain suspected factitious behaviour and a non-collusive plan — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/factitious-disorder-and-malingering) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: maintain alliance without collusion, explain concerns factually, outline coordinated care, off #### Forensic psychiatry — therapeutic security (1) - [Explain therapeutic security and placement to a general adult consultant — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/therapeutic-security) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: communicate secure care levels, least restrictive matching, and interim risk management to a non-forensic consu #### Forensic psychiatry — victimology (1) - [Explain trauma-informed care after sexual assault to a distressed victim — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/victimology-and-trauma) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: trauma-informed communication with a sexual-assault survivor; prevent secondary victimisation; outline stepped #### General adult psychiatry — OCRD / BFRB (1) - [Explain TTM, HRT and NAC to a patient — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/trichotillomania-and-excoriation-disorder) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: BFRB explanation, HRT, NAC timeline, medical safety-net for trichophagia, family response coac #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — anxiety disorders (1) - [Explain youth anxiety treatment and school return plan to parents — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/child-and-adolescent-anxiety) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: youth anxiety psychoeducation, CBT, SSRI monitoring, school plan, collaborative family framing #### Forensic psychiatry — young offenders (1) - [Explain youth detention mental health plan to a unit manager — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/young-offenders) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: communicate youth justice mental health principles, isolation harms, observation, comorbidity, and stepped care #### Psychopharmacology — pharmacogenomics (1) - [Explaining a commercial PGx report and HLA safety before carbamazepine (CASC)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/pharmacogenomics-in-psychiatry) — CASC-style communication station: translate commercial PGx limits, explain HLA-B*15:02 testing before carbamazepine, shared decision, and no #### Psychopharmacology — first-generation antipsychotics (1) - [Explaining a first-generation antipsychotic and EPS risks (CASC)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/first-generation-antipsychotics) — CASC-style communication station: balanced explanation of FGA efficacy evidence (CATIE/CUtLASS), potency and EPS/TD risks, modern low-dose p #### Psychopharmacology — stimulants and ADHD medications (1) - [Explaining ADHD medication start, monitoring and diversion risk (CASC)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/stimulants-and-adhd-medications) — CASC-style communication station: shared decision on long-acting stimulant or alternatives, CV risk framing, diversion safeguards, growth an #### Psychopharmacology — antidepressants (1) - [Explaining antidepressant start, side-effects and review plan (CASC)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/antidepressants) — CASC-style communication station: shared decision on starting an SSRI/SNRI, early monitoring, sexual SE, suicide risk framing, and STAR*D-in #### Psychopharmacology — antipsychotics (1) - [Explaining antipsychotic choice and metabolic monitoring (CASC)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/antipsychotics) — CASC-style communication station: shared decision on antipsychotic choice, metabolic risk, monitoring plan, and myths about addiction/streng #### Psychopharmacology — metabolic syndrome and psychotropic monitoring (1) - [Explaining antipsychotic weight gain and a monitoring plan (CASC)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/metabolic-syndrome-and-psychotropics) — CASC-style station: explain metabolic risk in plain language, validate anger, negotiate monitoring and change options (lifestyle, switch, me #### Psychopharmacology — phototherapy and chronotherapy (1) - [Explaining bright light therapy for winter depression (CASC)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/phototherapy-and-chronotherapy) — CASC-style communication station: shared decision on BLT for seasonal depression, protocol, timing, safety, and SSRI comparison. #### General adult psychiatry (3) - [Explaining catatonia and treatment plan to family — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/catatonia) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style station: explain catatonia in plain language, outline lorazepam and ECT rationale, address fear, and invite questions - [Explaining functional neurological disorder to a patient — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/functional-neurological-disorder) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style station: non-pejorative FND explanation, positive-sign rationale, MDT treatment hope, and check understanding. - [The ataque in the emergency department — CASC cross-cultural assessment station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/culture-bound-syndromes) — FRANZCP/MRCPsych-style station: assess a culturally patterned crisis presentation without dismissing it or over-medicalising it — elicit the #### foundations — neuroscience for fellowship psychiatry (1) - [Explaining circuits to a junior doctor — CASC/teaching station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/neuroanatomy-circuits-for-psychiatrists) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style teaching station: circuit localisation, dopamine pathways, frontal syndromes, organic work-up, and limits of imaging. #### Psychopharmacology — clozapine (1) - [Explaining clozapine and monitoring to a family (CASC)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/clozapine) — CASC-style communication station: shared decision on clozapine after two failed trials, monitoring plan, red flags, and balanced risk–benefi #### Psychopharmacology — cognitive enhancers (1) - [Explaining donepezil and expectations to a carer (CASC)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/cognitive-enhancers) — CASC-style communication station: realistic benefit counselling, AD2000 appraisal without nihilism, memantine timing, GI management, and sha #### Psychopharmacology — fitness to drive (1) - [Explaining driving advice on zopiclone and diazepam (CASC)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/psychotropics-and-driving) — CASC-style communication station: residual hypnotic impairment, commercial licence standards, alcohol/sedative counsel, empathy with occupat #### Psychopharmacology — ECT and neurostimulation (1) - [Explaining ECT and cognitive risk to a patient and partner (CASC)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/ect-and-neurostimulation) — CASC-style communication station: shared decision on acute ECT vs rTMS, honest cognitive risk counselling, consent elements, and relapse-pre #### Psychopharmacology — ketamine and esketamine (1) - [Explaining esketamine for TRD and safety rules (CASC)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/ketamine-and-esketamine) — CASC-style communication station: shared decision on esketamine after failed antidepressants, supervised dosing, observation, realistic bene #### Foundations — neurotransmitters receptors signalling (1) - [Explaining how antidepressants work without the chemical-imbalance myth (CASC)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/neurotransmitters-receptors-and-signalling) — CASC-style station: accurate plain-language mechanism, delayed onset, side-effect expectations, serotonin toxicity risk with tramadol, and a #### Psychopharmacology — lamotrigine (1) - [Explaining lamotrigine titration and rash safety (CASC)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/lamotrigine) — CASC-style communication station: polarity rationale, slow titration with valproate, OCP interaction, balanced SJS counselling without false #### Psychopharmacology — lithium (1) - [Explaining lithium monitoring and suicide benefit to a patient (CASC)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/lithium) — CASC-style communication station: shared decision on lithium vs valproate defaults, monitoring plan, interaction/sick-day rules, anti-suicid #### Psychopharmacology — mood stabilisers (1) - [Explaining lithium versus valproate and pregnancy-safe planning (CASC)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/mood-stabilisers) — CASC-style station: explain mood-stabiliser choice using BALANCE evidence, lithium monitoring in plain language, and why valproate is not ap #### Psychopharmacology — monoamine oxidase inhibitors (1) - [Explaining MAOI diet, washouts and patch options (CASC)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/maois) — CASC-style communication station: shared decision on classic MAOI versus selegiline patch, practical tyramine teaching, washouts, and absolu #### Psychopharmacology — renal and hepatic disease (1) - [Explaining psychotropic choices in CKD and cirrhosis (CASC)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/psychotropics-in-renal-and-hepatic-disease) — CASC-style communication station: organ-aware lithium safety, NSAID counselling, benzodiazepine HE risk, and CAST-informed shared decision o #### Psychopharmacology — drug interactions and QTc (1) - [Explaining QTc risk and medicine changes after a near-syncope (CASC)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/drug-interactions-and-qtc) — CASC-style communication station: explain drug-induced QTc risk in plain language, negotiate safer medicine changes, electrolyte correction, #### Psychopharmacology — rTMS, VNS and DBS (1) - [Explaining rTMS vs implants vs ECT for TRD (CASC)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/tms-vns-and-dbs) — CASC-style communication station: shared decision on rTMS first for outpatient TRD, honest VNS/DBS evidence, ECT comparator, safety and real #### Psychopharmacology (1) - [Explaining tardive dyskinesia and treatment options — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/eps-and-tardive-dyskinesia) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style station: explain TD in plain language, balance relapse risk vs movement harm, outline monitoring (AIMS), switch optio #### Psychopharmacology — valproate (1) - [Explaining valproate avoidance and alternatives after mania (CASC)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/valproate) — CASC-style station: correct an inappropriate valproate start, explain teratogenicity hierarchy and BALANCE limits, outline safer alternative #### Foundations — psychiatric genetics and epigenetics (1) - [Family genetics counselling after first-episode psychosis — CASC/communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/psychiatric-genetics-and-epigenetics) — Communication station: accurate heritability language, non-directive counselling, PRS limits, anti-stigma, and support without false reassur #### Professional — teaching and supervision skills (1) - [Give challenging educational feedback to a registrar — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/teaching-and-supervision-skills) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: educational feedback, alliance, underperformance, patient-safety framing, and learning plan negotiation. #### Professional — boundary violations and sexual misconduct (1) - [Hold the frame after a romantic invitation — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/boundary-violations-and-sexual-misconduct) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: maintain alliance while declining dual-relationship and romantic invitations, explain professional boundaries, #### Foundations — social determinants of mental health (1) - [Housing, poverty and depression — CASC/communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/social-determinants-of-mental-health) — CASC-style station combining engagement, SDMH formulation language, safety/housing planning, and interagency communication. #### Foundations — biostatistics for psychiatry exams (1) - [Journal club biostatistics teaching — CASC/communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/biostatistics-for-psychiatry-exams) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style teaching station: ARR/NNT, p-value definition, CI reading for HR, and clear non-intimidating communication. #### Professional practice — critical appraisal and EBM (1) - [Journal club critical appraisal — CASC/communication-adjacent teaching station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/critical-appraisal-for-psychiatry-exams) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style teaching/communication station: PICO, validity, results with ARR/NNT, applicability, and clear team communication wit #### Foundations — research methods and study design (1) - [Journal club design critique — CASC/teaching station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/research-methods-and-study-design) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style teaching/communication station: identify true design, map bias, contrast with proper RCT, name STROBE vs CONSORT, col #### Foundations — epidemiologic methods for psychiatry (1) - [Journal club epidemiology critique — teaching/CASC-style station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/epidemiology-methods-for-psychiatry) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style teaching station: prevalence type, response bias, OR vs PAF, causal language, screening base rates. #### Professional practice — advocacy (1) - [Meeting a patient who wants to appeal — CASC advocacy and communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/advocacy-in-mental-health) — FRANZCP/MRCPsych-style station: respond to a detained patient's advocacy requests — appeal rights, advance statement, family boundaries — wi #### Addiction psychiatry — psychosocial interventions (1) - [Negotiate contingency management and mutual-help after stimulant relapse — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/mutual-help-and-contingency-management) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style communication station: explain CM mechanism and protocol, destigmatise testing, offer secular mutual-help, set bounda #### Psychopharmacology — anxiolytics and hypnotics (1) - [Negotiating short-term hypnotic use and a deprescribing plan (CASC)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/anxiolytics-and-hypnotics) — CASC-style station: explain GABA-A risks in older adults, refuse automatic Z-drug swap as a safety solution, offer CBT-I/sleep strategies an #### Consultation-liaison — burns and critical illness psychiatry (1) - [Post-burn PTSD and body-image avoidance — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/burns-and-critical-illness-psychiatry) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: trauma-informed interview for post-burn PTSD and body-image distress, risk assessment, collaborative rehabilita #### Consultation-liaison — transplant and ICU psychiatry (1) - [Post-ICU PTSD and transplant clinic avoidance — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/transplant-and-icu-psychiatry) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: empathic trauma-aware interview for post-ICU PTSD symptoms, link to adherence after transplant, capacity/collab #### Public-community — military and veteran psychiatry (1) - [Recently transitioned veteran with combat nightmares and firearm access — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/military-and-veteran-psychiatry) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: trauma-informed veteran engagement, weapons-aware risk assessment, formulation, and stepped plan without stereo #### Professional — complaint management and regulation (1) - [Responding to a family complaint after unexpected death — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/complaint-management-and-regulation) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: complaint meeting skills, open disclosure stance, apology for experience, process clarity, and non-retaliatory #### Public and community psychiatry — rural and remote (1) - [Rural tele-risk assessment and GP liaison — CASC/communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/rural-and-remote-psychiatry) — CASC-style station: tele-risk standards, means restriction, collaborative rural care, retrieval decision, stigma-sensitive language. #### Professional — stigma, recovery and rights-based care (1) - [Shared decision-making and stigma around long-acting antipsychotic — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/stigma-recovery-and-rights-based-care) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: stigma-sensitive SDM for oral vs LAI, recovery goals, rights-aware communication without inventing legal sectio #### Professional — spirituality and religion in psychiatry (1) - [Spiritual history and treatment negotiation — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/spirituality-and-religion-in-psychiatry) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: HOPE/FICA skills, risk, boundaries, explanatory model negotiation, and chaplaincy offer. #### Psychopharmacology — SSRIs (1) - [Starting an SSRI with black-box counselling (CASC)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/ssris) — CASC-style station: collaborative consent for SSRI start, accurate black-box explanation, sexual side-effect and discontinuation counselling #### Psychopharmacology — SNRIs and NRIs (1) - [Starting venlafaxine after SSRI — dual action, BP and discontinuation (CASC)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/snris-and-nris) — CASC-style communication station: explain SNRI rationale after SSRI, honest dual-action dose language, BP monitoring, sexual side-effects, d #### Professional — doctor health, burnout and impairment (1) - [Support a burned-out colleague and hold a safety frame — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/doctor-health-and-burnout) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: doctor-as-patient communication, suicide enquiry, duty fitness, stigma-sensitive support, and patient-safety fr #### Intellectual disability — capacity and supported decision-making (1) - [Supported decision-making for elective surgery consent — CASC communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/capacity-and-supported-decision-making-id) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style CASC: accessible disclosure, teach-back, four abilities, supported decision-making, response to carer seeking automat #### Public and community psychiatry — telepsychiatry (1) - [Telepsychiatry crisis review and local team liaison — CASC/communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/telepsychiatry) — CASC-style station: Shore-lineage tele-risk standards, means restriction, disposition, GP follow-up, digital and privacy constraints. #### Public-community — quality improvement and patient safety (1) - [Ward safety crisis after post-discharge suicide — CASC/management station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/quality-improvement-and-patient-safety) — MRCPsych/FRANZCP-style management station integrating just culture, PDSA measurement, Safewards, and suicide-prevention service design. #### Foundations — prevention and early intervention (1) - [Youth prevention and early intervention service planning — CASC/communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/cases/prevention-and-early-intervention) — Teaching/communication station: translate Gordon/Rose prevention and early intervention evidence into a staged, non-polarised district plan ### Vivas Index: https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas #### Consultation-liaison psychiatry — abnormal illness behaviour (1) - [Abnormal illness behaviour and the sick role — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/abnormal-illness-behaviour) — Fellowship viva on AIB theory, nosology translation, ethics of labelling, CHAMP/Henningsen care, and refusal of punitive detention-as-dispos #### Emergency psychiatry — absconding and missing patients (1) - [Absconding and missing patients — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/absconding-and-missing-patients) — Fellowship viva on failure to return from leave, suicide risk after absconding, multi-element prevention, Safewards framing, and post-return #### Psychotherapy (9) - [Acceptance and commitment therapy — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/acceptance-and-commitment-therapy) — Fellowship viva on ACT psychological flexibility, hexaflex, avoidance/fusion, evidence, CBT comparison, and medication integration. - [Behavioural activation — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/behavioural-activation) — Behavioural activation — structured clinical viva - [Cognitive analytic therapy — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/cognitive-analytic-therapy) — Fellowship viva on CAT tools, procedures, evidence, differentials, and safe time-limited practice. - [Couples therapy — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/couples-therapy) — Fellowship viva on couples therapy models, IBCT/TBCT/EFT, Barbato/Christensen/Powers/Monson evidence, IPV stop rules, and medication integra - [Group psychotherapy — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/group-psychotherapy) — Fellowship viva on group psychotherapy principles, process, selection, and multi-disorder evidence. - [Interpersonal psychotherapy — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/interpersonal-psychotherapy) — Fellowship viva on IPT medical model, grief focus, phases, TDCRP/Cuijpers/Frank evidence, CBT comparison, and medication integration. - [Mentalisation-based treatment — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/mentalisation-based-treatment) — Fellowship viva on MBT definition, modes, structure, evidence, DBT differential, and stepped care when dual-format MBT is unavailable. - [Schema therapy — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/schema-therapy) — Fellowship viva on schema therapy definition, modes, techniques, evidence, comparators, and stepped care. - [Supportive psychotherapy techniques — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/supportive-psychotherapy-techniques) — Supportive psychotherapy techniques — structured clinical viva #### Emergency psychiatry (7) - [Acute agitation and rapid tranquillisation — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/acute-agitation-and-rapid-tranquillisation) — Fellowship viva on RT ladder, combination ban, TREC and ANZ ED options, monitoring, capacity, and rescue pathways. - [Acute behavioural disturbance and excited delirium — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/excited-delirium-and-acute-behavioural-disturbance) — Fellowship viva on ABD-first framing, contested ExDS term, droperidol/ketamine, combination ban, prone restraint, capacity. - [Lithium toxicity — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/lithium-toxicity) — Fellowship viva on lithium toxicity patterns, interactions, EXTRIP criteria, decontamination myths, rebound, and restart. - [Neuroleptic malignant syndrome — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/neuroleptic-malignant-syndrome) — Fellowship viva on NMS criteria, SS vs malignant catatonia, stop-and-support care, bromocriptine/dantrolene/ECT debates, and rechallenge. - [Overdose and toxicology — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/overdose-and-toxicology-for-psychiatrists) — Fellowship viva on relative toxicity of venlafaxine vs SSRIs, always-screen paracetamol, seizure management, observation, and post-OD risk a - [Psychiatric emergencies — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/psychiatric-emergencies) — Fellowship viva covering catatonic emergency versus NMS, lorazepam challenge and ECT pathway, medical resuscitation, and capacity/least-rest - [Serotonin toxicity — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/serotonin-syndrome) — Fellowship viva on Hunter criteria, linezolid trap, SS vs NMS, cyproheptadine dosing, cooling/ICU thresholds, and deprescribing. #### Addiction psychiatry (6) - [Addiction in older adults — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/addiction-in-older-adults) — Fellowship viva on older-adult alcohol withdrawal presenting as post-operative delirium, screening, pharmacotherapy, and dual diagnosis. - [Alcohol use disorder — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/alcohol-use-disorder) — Fellowship viva on delirium tremens, CIWA-Ar, thiamine/Caine, naltrexone opioid trap, acamprosate/disulfiram doses, dual diagnosis pointer. - [Alcohol withdrawal and delirium tremens — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/alcohol-withdrawal-and-delirium-tremens) — Fellowship viva on DT recognition, CIWA limits, high-dose benzodiazepines, antipsychotics-not-first-line, Wernicke/thiamine, and inpatient e - [Alcohol-related brain injury and Korsakoff — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/alcohol-related-brain-injury-and-korsakoff) — Fellowship viva on Caine criteria, parenteral thiamine EFNS/UK teaching, MRI limits, KS amnesia, capacity, ARBD rehabilitation. - [Anti-craving pharmacotherapy — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/anti-craving-pharmacotherapy) — Fellowship viva on naltrexone opioid trap, LFT caution, acamprosate renal dosing, disulfiram supervision, polypharmacy stacking errors, and - [Benzodiazepine dependence — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/benzodiazepine-dependence) — Fellowship viva on BZD/Z-drug dependence in older adults, deprescribing, taper safety, and interaction hazards. #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — neurodevelopmental (3) - [ADHD across the lifespan — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/adhd-across-the-lifespan) — Fellowship viva covering adolescent ADHD, adherence, cannabis/diversion, driving risk, atomoxetine/guanfacine alternatives, CBT/coaching, an - [Autism spectrum disorder — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/autism-spectrum-disorder) — Fellowship viva on ASD criteria and levels, differentials, ESDM/PACT/parent training, RUPP risperidone and Owen aripiprazole for irritabilit - [Language and communication disorders — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/language-and-communication-disorders) — Fellowship viva covering DLD/SPCD differential, SLT-first care, literacy and behaviour comorbidity, bilingual counselling, and no-drug-for-c #### General adult psychiatry — trauma and stressor-related (2) - [Adjustment disorders — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/adjustment-disorders) — Fellowship viva covering AD vs MDD, suicide risk after situational crisis, benzo misuse, brief psychological care, and selective pharmacothe - [Grief and prolonged grief disorder — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/grief-and-prolonged-grief-disorder) — Fellowship viva covering late-life PGD, CGT evidence in elderly persons, reunion ideation, engagement skills, and selective pharmacotherapy. #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — eating disorders (1) - [Adolescent eating disorders — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/eating-disorders-adolescent) — Fellowship viva covering BN pharmacotherapy, FBT for BN, fluoxetine-negative data in AN, ARFID discrimination, medical risk, and capacity pr #### foundations — advanced EBM and evidence synthesis (1) - [Advanced critical appraisal — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/critical-appraisal-advanced) — Fellowship viva on advanced forest-plot reading, NMA assumptions, GRADE, and psychiatry-specific bias threats. #### Old age psychiatry — Alzheimer disease (1) - [Alzheimer disease — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/alzheimer-disease) — Fellowship viva covering McKhann probable AD, ATN research biomarkers caution, donepezil continuation, memantine role, DICE BPSD, antipsycho #### Specialty psychiatry — eating disorders (1) - [Anorexia nervosa — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/anorexia-nervosa) — Fellowship viva on adult AN: medical instability, Attia olanzapine evidence, CBT-E/MANTRA/SSCM, refeeding, capacity and coercion ethics. #### Psychopharmacology — antidepressants (1) - [Antidepressants — cross-table viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/antidepressants) — Fellowship viva on antidepressant mechanisms, landmark evidence, safety emergencies, switching/washouts, and augmentation. #### Psychopharmacology — antipsychotics (1) - [Antipsychotics — cross-table viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/antipsychotics) — Fellowship viva on receptor maps, landmark trials, monitoring, LAI, clozapine threshold, and emergency adverse effects. #### General adult psychiatry — personality disorders (9) - [Antisocial personality disorder — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/antisocial-personality-disorder) — Fellowship viva covering DSM ASPD criteria, psychopathy construct, substance comorbidity, violence risk humility, NICE/Cochrane limits, and - [Avoidant personality disorder — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/avoidant-personality-disorder) — Fellowship viva covering AVPD criteria, SAD continuum, schizoid/ASD differentials, CBT and schema therapy, SSRI for comorbidity, and anti-ni - [Borderline personality disorder — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/borderline-personality-disorder) — Fellowship viva covering BPD diagnosis and bipolar differential, crisis risk, DBT/MBT/GPM evidence, limited pharmacotherapy, LABILE, and ant - [Cluster A and C personality disorders — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/cluster-a-and-cluster-c-personality) — Fellowship viva covering schizotypal spectrum adjacency, OCPD vs OCD, dependent PD safeguarding, psychotherapy evidence including schema the - [Dependent personality disorder — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/dependent-personality-disorder) — Fellowship viva covering DPD criteria (≥5/8), AVPD/BPD differentials, post-separation risk, IPV context, CBT and schema therapy, SSRI for co - [Histrionic personality disorder — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/histrionic-personality-disorder) — Fellowship viva covering HPD criteria, construct validity, BPD/NPD/mania differentials, frame-based care, schema therapy PD evidence, SSRI f - [ICD-11 personality disorder dimensional model — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/personality-disorder-icd11-dimensional) — Fellowship viva covering ICD-11 severity and trait domains, borderline pattern, DSM AMPD alignment, clinical utility, psychotherapy and medi - [Paranoid personality disorder — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/paranoid-personality-disorder) — Fellowship viva covering DSM PPD criteria, delusional disorder discriminator, trauma-linked mechanisms, alliance-first care, and pharmacothe - [Schizotypal personality disorder — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/schizotypal-personality-disorder) — Fellowship viva covering STPD criteria, schizophrenia and ASD differentials, conversion monitoring, limited antipsychotic evidence, comorbid #### Psychopharmacology — anxiolytics and hypnotics (1) - [Anxiolytics and hypnotics — cross-table viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/anxiolytics-and-hypnotics) — Fellowship viva on GABA-A vs non-GABAergic anxiolytics/hypnotics, short-term use, taper, elderly harm, and lethal interactions. #### General adult psychiatry — feeding and eating disorders (2) - [ARFID — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/avoidant-restrictive-food-intake-disorder) — Fellowship viva on adult ARFID: sensory presentation, NIAS/PARDI, micronutrient risk, CBT-AR adult evidence, accommodation, pharmacotherapy - [Pica and rumination disorder — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/pica-and-rumination-disorder) — Fellowship viva on adult rumination disorder: discrimination, diaphragmatic breathing, biofeedback RCT, baclofen RCT positioning, GI interfa #### Forensic psychiatry — arson and fire-setting (1) - [Arson and fire-setting — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/arson-and-fire-setting) — Fellowship viva covering terminology triad, epidemiology, pathways, assessment, treatment, and legal-clinical interface for arson and fire-s #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — attachment disorders (1) - [Attachment disorders in children — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/attachment-disorders-in-children) — Fellowship viva on RAD/DSED: nosology, assessment, AACAP caregiving-first care, APSAC rejection of coercive attachment therapies, BEIP/ERA p #### Foundations — attachment (1) - [Attachment theory — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/attachment-theory-and-early-relationships) — Fellowship viva on attachment theory from infant classification through adult mentalization and clinical safety around coercive therapies. #### Intellectual disability psychiatry — neurodevelopmental dual diagnosis (1) - [Autism and intellectual disability dual diagnosis — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/autism-and-id-comorbidity) — Fellowship viva on autism–ID dual diagnosis: criteria logic, AAC, epilepsy, PBS, and selective pharmacotherapy with population-specific evid #### Consultation-liaison psychiatry (19) - [Autoimmune encephalitis and organic psychosis — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/autoimmune-encephalitis-and-organic-psychosis) — Fellowship viva on AE red flags, Graus/Pollak frameworks, MRI/EEG/CSF/Abs, first-line immunotherapy, teratoma, and CL partnership. - [Cardiac psychiatry — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/cardiac-psychiatry) — Fellowship viva covering post-ACS depression, AHA risk framing, SADHART/CREATE/ENRICHD literacy, QTc and bleeding, ACS-PTSD, and beta-blocke - [Delirium — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/delirium) — Fellowship viva on CAM/4AT, hypoactive delirium, multicomponent care, MIND-USA/AID-ICU limits of antipsychotics, and capacity. - [Dementia and major NCD — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/dementia-and-major-ncd) — Fellowship viva on major vs mild NCD, vascular cognitive impairment, BPSD, AChEI/memantine, antipsychotic mortality evidence, and Appelbaum - [Demoralisation and adjustment to medical illness — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/demoralisation-and-adjustment-to-illness) — Fellowship viva covering Clarke/Kissane demoralisation, adjustment disorder timing, DS/DS-II, Breitbart DHD, dignity therapy/MCP/CALM, Rayne - [Endocrine psychiatry — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/endocrine-psychiatry) — Fellowship viva on thyroid/Cushing/Addison/steroid psychiatry, crisis priorities, bridge psychotropics, and lithium–thyroid monitoring. - [Epilepsy and psychiatry — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/epilepsy-and-psychiatry) — Fellowship viva on postictal psychosis, NDDI-E depression, LEV effects, and psychopharmacology at the epilepsy interface. - [FND in the medical setting — C-L structured viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/functional-neurological-disorder-cl) — Fellowship viva on hospital FND: liaison systems, functional seizures, pejorative language, AED rationalisation, and discharge planning. - [Huntington disease psychiatry — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/huntington-disease-psychiatry) — Fellowship viva on HD neuropsychiatry, suicide, irritability algorithms, and VMAT2–mood interface. - [Mild cognitive impairment — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/mild-cognitive-impairment) — Fellowship viva on MCI/mild NCD nosology, assessment, conversion, lifestyle care, and AChEI evidence limits. - [Multiple sclerosis psychiatry — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/multiple-sclerosis-psychiatry) — Fellowship viva on MS depression, PBA, suicide, cognition, and DMT interface. - [Normal pressure hydrocephalus and reversible dementias — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/nph-and-reversible-dementias) — Fellowship viva on iNPH as treatable syndrome, reversible dementia sobriety, and shunt pathway literacy. - [Pain psychiatry and somatic symptom disorders — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/pain-psychiatry-and-somatic-symptom) — Fellowship viva on SSD/IAD, PHQ-15, CBT for health anxiety, duloxetine/TCA caution, SPACE/CDC opioid principles, and OUD interface. - [Parkinson disease psychiatry — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/parkinson-disease-psychiatry) — Fellowship viva on PD psychosis, dopamine-agonist ICD, depression, and psychopharmacology. - [Perinatal psychiatry in the general hospital — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/perinatal-medical-cl) — Fellowship viva covering hospital perinatal CL: PPP vs blues/OCD, EPDS limits, Patorno lithium, Bergink treatment, sertraline lactation fram - [Psycho-oncology — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/psycho-oncology) — Fellowship viva covering distress/depression/demoralisation/delirium/steroid toxicity, SMaRT collaborative care, Kelly interaction, Agar pal - [SLE and autoimmune neuropsychiatry — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/sle-and-autoimmune-neuropsychiatry) — Fellowship viva on NPSLE attribution, inflammatory versus thrombotic branching, antibodies, and CL partnership. - [Stroke and post-stroke psychiatry — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/stroke-and-post-stroke-psychiatry) — Fellowship viva covering PSD epidemiology, Carson location myth, Robinson prevention, FLAME vs FOCUS/AFFINITY/EFFECTS, SSRI monitoring, and - [Traumatic brain injury psychiatry — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/traumatic-brain-injury-psychiatry) — Fellowship viva covering TBI severity, secondary syndromes, beta-blocker-first aggression care, sertraline evidence, and capacity at the reh #### Foundations — basic neuroscience for psychiatry (1) - [Basic neuroscience for psychiatry — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/basic-neuroscience-for-psychiatry) — Fellowship viva on psychosis and depression neuroscience, methods limits, patient communication, and landmark models. #### Intellectual disability psychiatry — genetic syndromes (1) - [Behavioural phenotypes and genetic syndromes — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/behavioural-phenotypes-genetic-syndromes) — Fellowship viva on probabilistic phenotypes, five core syndromes, Boer UPD psychosis, Murphy/Schneider 22q11 evidence, microarray first-tier #### Psychopharmacology — benzodiazepine prescribing and tapering (1) - [Benzodiazepine prescribing and tapering — consultant viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/benzodiazepine-prescribing-and-tapering) — Fellowship viva covering initiation rules, half-life/LOT, equipotency, taper craft, deprescribing evidence, opioid synergy, and emergency pi #### Old age psychiatry — grief and loss (1) - [Bereavement in later life — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/bereavement-in-later-life) — Fellowship viva covering late-life PGD criteria, widowhood risk, dual process, Shear 2014 CGT, selective medication, and practical care. #### Foundations — biostatistics for psychiatry exams (1) - [Biostatistics — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/biostatistics-for-psychiatry-exams) — Fellowship viva covering NNT, p-values, CI, HR, power, and diagnostic predictive values in psychiatry. #### General adult psychiatry — bipolar and related disorders (4) - [Bipolar depression and polarity-safe treatment — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/bipolar-affective-disorder) — Fellowship viva covering bipolar depression, antidepressant monotherapy pitfalls (STEP-BD), quetiapine/lurasidone/OFC/lamotrigine choices wi - [Bipolar I disorder — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/bipolar-i-disorder) — Fellowship viva on mixed features in bipolar I, antidepressant-related destabilisation, suicide risk, lithium levels, pregnancy shared decis - [Bipolar II vs unipolar, hypomania thresholds, lamotrigine and antidepressant risk — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/bipolar-ii-and-cyclothymia) — Fellowship viva on bipolar II recognition, hypomania vs mania, antidepressant switch, quetiapine/lithium/lamotrigine, STEP-BD, and safety. - [Mixed features, rapid cycling, and polarity-safe treatment — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/mixed-features-and-rapid-cycling) — Fellowship viva on mixed features high-risk phenotype, rapid cycling drivers, lithium/SGA re-initiation, STEP-BD and BALANCE evidence, and m #### General adult psychiatry — OCRD (3) - [Body dysmorphic disorder — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/body-dysmorphic-disorder) — Fellowship viva on delusional-insight BDD, SRI first-line, CBT-BDD fidelity, suicide risk, and non-collusion with surgery. - [Hoarding disorder — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/hoarding-and-related-disorders) — Fellowship viva on hoarding disorder with animal and fire risk, capacity, specialised CBT, and multiagency care. - [Obsessive-compulsive disorder — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/obsessive-compulsive-disorder) — Fellowship viva on treatment-refractory OCD: adequacy of prior trials, ERP, antipsychotic augmentation, deep TMS evidence, DBS meta-analytic #### Professional — boundary violations and sexual misconduct (1) - [Boundary violations and sexual misconduct — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/boundary-violations-and-sexual-misconduct) — Fellowship viva covering crossing vs violation, erotic transference/countertransference, sexual misconduct response, post-termination ethics #### Old age psychiatry — dementia neuropsychiatry (1) - [BPSD — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/behavioural-and-psychological-symptoms-of-dementia) — Fellowship viva on long-term antipsychotic use in BPSD, black-box harms, deprescribing, and non-drug care with landmark trial integration. #### Addiction psychiatry — cannabis and psychosis (1) - [Cannabis use and psychosis — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/cannabis-use-and-psychosis) — Fellowship viva on cannabis–psychosis: potency/dose–response, adolescent risk, dual care, SIP conversion, CBD evidence limits, and family co #### Consultation-liaison — capacity and consent (1) - [Capacity and informed consent — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/capacity-and-informed-consent) — Fellowship viva covering decision-specific capacity, fluctuating cognition, substitute/best-interests pathways, family role, and emergency l #### Intellectual disability — capacity and supported decision-making (1) - [Capacity and supported decision-making in ID — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/capacity-and-supported-decision-making-id) — Fellowship viva covering capacity in mild ID with psychosis, supported decision-making, guardianship principles, UNCRPD legal capacity, and #### Old age psychiatry — capacity, guardianship and end of life (1) - [Capacity, guardianship and end-of-life decisions — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/capacity-guardianship-end-of-life) — Fellowship viva covering Appelbaum capacity, ACP, substitute decisions, and palliative psychiatric assessment of desire for death. #### Public and community psychiatry — carers and family-inclusive practice (1) - [Carers and family-inclusive practice — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/carers-and-family-inclusive-practice) — Fellowship viva on family-inclusive practice, expressed emotion, FPE evidence, carer support, and confidentiality. #### General adult psychiatry (3) - [Catatonia — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/catatonia) — Fellowship viva on catatonia criteria, malignant features, NMS overlap, lorazepam challenge, and ECT. - [Culture-bound syndromes and cultural concepts of distress — structured viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/culture-bound-syndromes) — Fellowship viva on the retirement of the culture-bound syndrome category, the DSM-5-TR cultural concepts of distress, eponym mastery without - [Functional neurological disorder — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/functional-neurological-disorder) — Fellowship viva on functional seizures, communication ethics, AED rationalisation, and psychological treatment evidence. #### Professional — psychological therapies (3) - [CBT fundamentals — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/cbt-fundamentals-for-psychiatrists) — Fellowship viva on CBT model, depression formulation, BA vs cognitive work, DeRubeis/Hollon evidence, homework, drift, and combined care. - [DBT and third-wave therapies — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/dbt-and-third-wave-therapies) — Fellowship viva on DBT structure, biosocial theory, evidence, ACT/MBCT differentials, and stepped care when full-model DBT is unavailable. - [Psychodynamic and supportive psychotherapy — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/psychodynamic-and-supportive-psychotherapy) — Fellowship viva covering continuum, suitability, T/CT, landmark evidence, and boundaries in psychotherapy practice. #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — depression (1) - [Child and adolescent depression — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/child-and-adolescent-depression) — Fellowship viva on stepping from CBT to fluoxetine in adolescent MDD, black-box communication, family work, and TORDIA-informed next steps. #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — child protection (1) - [Child protection for psychiatrists — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/child-protection-for-psychiatrists) — Fellowship viva covering disclosure response, mandatory reporting principles, dual loyalty, sibling safety, and trauma care. #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — childhood trauma and maltreatment (1) - [Childhood trauma and maltreatment — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/childhood-trauma-and-maltreatment) — Fellowship viva covering maltreatment types, ACE graded risk, reporting duty, TF-CBT, safety-first sequencing, and trauma-informed systems. #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — OCRD (1) - [Childhood-onset OCD — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/childhood-ocd) — Fellowship viva covering paediatric OCD stepped care, family accommodation, SSRI adequacy, POTS evidence, and PANDAS/psychosis traps. #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — COPMI (1) - [Children of parents with mental illness — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/children-of-parents-with-mental-illness) — Fellowship viva covering COPMI risk, family-focused practice, prevention citations, and safeguarding interface. #### Specialty psychiatry — sleep medicine interface (6) - [Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/circadian-rhythm-sleep-wake-disorders) — Fellowship viva covering DSWPD vs SWD, PRC/melatonin timing, occupational safety, and landmark trial anchors. - [Insomnia disorder — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/insomnia-disorder) — Fellowship viva on chronic insomnia disorder: 3P model, CBT-I, hypnotic risk, OSA, and deprescribing. - [Narcolepsy and hypersomnolence — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/narcolepsy-and-hypersomnolence) — Fellowship viva on NT1: cataplexy vs conversion, MSLT, modafinil/oxybate, driving, psychiatric mislabeling. - [Obstructive sleep apnoea and psychiatry — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/obstructive-sleep-apnoea-and-psychiatry) — Fellowship viva on OSA in SMI, SGA weight gain, sedative risk, PAP adherence, and safety. - [Restless legs syndrome — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/restless-legs-syndrome) — Fellowship viva on RLS augmentation, iron repletion, α2δ switch, and dopamine-agonist impulse-control disorders. - [Sleep disorders in psychiatry — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/sleep-disorders-in-psychiatry) — Fellowship viva on geriatric insomnia, hypnotic risk, CBT-I, OSA, and deprescribing. #### Forensic psychiatry — civil (1) - [Civil forensic psychiatry — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/civil-forensic-psychiatry) — Fellowship viva on testamentary and financial capacity, guardianship principles, functional capacity standards, dual-role ethics, and civil #### Professional practice (1) - [Clinical communication and the psychiatric interview — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/clinical-communication-and-interviewing) — Fellowship viva on interview structure, breaking bad news, engagement in psychosis, shared decision making, and documentation. #### General adult psychiatry — clinical high risk / attenuated psychosis (1) - [Clinical high risk and attenuated psychosis — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/clinical-high-risk-and-attenuated-psychosis) — Fellowship viva on UHR/CHR criteria, conversion rates, CAARMS/SIPS, CBT-first indicated prevention, omega-3 equipoise, and antipsychotics no #### Psychopharmacology — clozapine (1) - [Clozapine — consultant viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/clozapine) — Fellowship viva covering TRS entry, evidence, titration, lethal adverse effects, CYP1A2, levels, and rechallenge principles. #### Psychopharmacology — cognitive enhancers (1) - [Cognitive enhancers — consultant viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/cognitive-enhancers) — Fellowship viva covering AChEI/memantine mechanisms, doses, subtype indications, landmark trials, safety, and deprescribing. #### Foundations — cognitive psychology (1) - [Cognitive psychology for psychiatry — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/cognitive-psychology-for-psychiatry) — Cognitive psychology for psychiatry — structured clinical viva #### Public and community psychiatry — collaborative care and primary care (1) - [Collaborative care and primary care psychiatry — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/collaborative-care-and-primary-care-psychiatry) — Fellowship viva on collaborative care design, evidence, measurement-based care, and implementation versus co-location. #### Psychotherapy — combined treatment (1) - [Combining psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/combining-psychotherapy-and-pharmacotherapy) — Fellowship viva on concurrent vs sequential combination, Cuijpers/DeRubeis/Hollon/Guidi–Fava/Frank evidence, residual symptoms, and shared d #### Professional — complaint management and regulation (1) - [Complaint management and professional regulation — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/complaint-management-and-regulation) — Fellowship viva covering complaint taxonomy, open disclosure, doctor impact under investigation, recurrent risk, and proportionate escalatio #### General adult psychiatry — trauma and stressor-related disorders (2) - [Complex PTSD and trauma-informed care — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/complex-ptsd-and-trauma-informed-care) — Fellowship viva covering ICD-11 CPTSD, DSO triad, BPD overlap, STAIR evidence, de Jongh critique, DBT-PTSD, SSRI dosing concepts, ITQ, and t - [PTSD and acute stress disorder — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/ptsd-and-acute-stress) — Fellowship viva covering ICD-11 complex PTSD, STAIR+exposure, trauma-focused therapy fears, SSRI dosing concepts, prazosin equipoise, and sa #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — disruptive behaviour (1) - [Conduct and oppositional disorders — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/conduct-and-oppositional-disorders) — Fellowship viva on severe CD: CU traits, ADHD, MST ecology, limited pharmacotherapy, risk and ASPD trajectory. #### Professional practice — critical appraisal and EBM (1) - [Critical appraisal — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/critical-appraisal-for-psychiatry-exams) — Fellowship viva covering RCT appraisal, effect interpretation, applicability, and EBM toolkit follow-ups. #### Professional — cultural formulation and Indigenous mental health (1) - [Cultural formulation and Indigenous mental health — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/cultural-formulation-and-indigenous-mental-health) — Fellowship viva covering CFI domains, Māori health models, cultural safety, post-self-harm culturally informed care, and non-stereotyping pr #### Old age psychiatry — delirium and acute cognitive syndromes (1) - [Delirium in older adults — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/delirium-in-older-adults) — Fellowship viva covering CAM, hypoactive/mixed presentations, HELP-style care, avoid benzos, cautious low-dose antipsychotics with trial cav #### General adult psychiatry — psychotic disorders (4) - [Delusional disorder — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/delusional-disorder) — Fellowship viva on somatic delusional disorder vs schizophrenia, engagement without collusion, iatrogenic harm prevention, antipsychotic pla - [Schizoaffective disorder — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/schizoaffective-disorder) — Fellowship viva on schizoaffective bipolar type criteria, discrimination from schizophrenia and bipolar with psychosis, antidepressant pitfa - [Schizophrenia spectrum — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/schizophrenia-spectrum-disorders) — Fellowship viva covering relapse after non-adherence, risk, LAI versus clozapine decision-making, InterSePT and TRRIP concepts, and cardiome - [Schizophreniform and brief psychotic disorder — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/schizophreniform-and-brief-psychotic-disorder) — Fellowship viva on brief vs schizophreniform vs schizophrenia thresholds, good prognostic features, ATPD concept, FEP treatment, and careful #### foundations — descriptive psychopathology (1) - [Descriptive psychopathology and phenomenology — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/descriptive-psychopathology-and-phenomenology) — Fellowship viva on descriptive psychopathology vocabulary, FRS evidence, self-disorders, organic flags, and exam technique. #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — developmental assessment (1) - [Developmental assessment in CAP — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/developmental-assessment-in-cap) — Fellowship viva on developmental assessment: surveillance/screening/testing, adaptive function for ID, formulation, early intervention loop. #### General adult psychiatry — DID and dissociative amnesia (1) - [DID and dissociative amnesia — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/dissociative-identity-and-amnesia) — Fellowship viva covering DID and amnesia/fugue, Dalenberg vs Lynn framing, ISSTD phases, TOP DD caveats, suicide risk, and iatrogenic memory #### Public-community — disaster and mass casualty psychiatry (1) - [Disaster and mass casualty psychiatry — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/disaster-and-mass-casualty-psychiatry) — Fellowship viva covering disaster psychiatry systems, evidence anchors, early intervention principles, and stepped care. #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — DMDD (1) - [Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/disruptive-mood-dysregulation-disorder) — Fellowship viva on reformulating chronic irritability mislabelled as pediatric bipolar, DMDD criteria, lithium-negative evidence, stimulant/ #### General adult psychiatry — dissociative disorders (1) - [Dissociative disorders — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/dissociative-disorders) — Fellowship viva covering DID evidence base, DES/SCID-D, Dalenberg vs Lynn framing, ISSTD phases, TOP DD caveats, DPDR CBT, suicide risk, and #### Old age psychiatry — Lewy body dementias (1) - [DLB and PDD — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/dementia-with-lewy-bodies-and-parkinson) — Fellowship viva covering McKeith 2017, Emre PDD criteria, neuroleptic sensitivity, ChEI evidence, and safe psychosis management. #### Professional — doctor health, burnout and impairment (1) - [Doctor health, burnout and impairment — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/doctor-health-and-burnout) — Fellowship viva covering Maslach burnout, depression differential, trainee crisis, evidence-based interventions, suicide risk in doctors, an #### Intellectual disability psychiatry — Down syndrome (1) - [Down syndrome and mental health — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/down-syndrome-mental-health) — Fellowship viva on DS mental health: APP mechanism, depression vs dementia, medical mimics, assessment tools, start-low go-slow prescribing. #### Psychopharmacology — drug interactions and QTc (1) - [Drug interactions and QTc — consultant viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/drug-interactions-and-qtc) — Fellowship viva on interaction taxonomy, CYP maps, QTc measurement, risk stratification, TdP, and polypharmacy safety. #### Addiction psychiatry — dual diagnosis and integrated care (1) - [Dual diagnosis and integrated care — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/dual-diagnosis-and-integrated-care) — Fellowship viva on dual diagnosis: sequential vs integrated care, MI, stages of change, comorbidity models, systems design, recovery. #### Forensic psychiatry — duty to warn and third-party risk (1) - [Duty to warn and third-party risk — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/duty-to-warn-and-third-party-risk) — Fellowship viva on Tarasoff principles, confidentiality limits, protective options, jurisdiction humility, and documentation. #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — early-onset psychosis (1) - [Early-onset psychosis — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/early-onset-psychosis) — Fellowship viva on CAP early-onset psychosis: VEOP/EOP definitions, autism/trauma differentials, start-low antipsychotics, metabolic monitor #### Psychopharmacology — ECT and neurostimulation (1) - [ECT and neurostimulation — consultant viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/ect-and-neurostimulation) — Fellowship viva covering ECT efficacy evidence, placement/dosing, anaesthesia literacy, cognitive risks, continuation, TRS augmentation, and #### Foundations — EEG and clinical neurophysiology (1) - [EEG and clinical neurophysiology in psychiatry — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/eeg-and-clinical-neurophysiology) — Fellowship viva on psychiatric EEG literacy, NCSE, clozapine seizures, and patient communication. #### Old age psychiatry — elder abuse and vulnerability (1) - [Elder abuse and vulnerability — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/elder-abuse-and-vulnerability) — Fellowship viva covering elder abuse subtypes, capacity vs autonomy, safeguarding, and mental health care after disclosure. #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — elimination disorders (1) - [Elimination disorders — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/elimination-disorders) — Fellowship viva on enuresis and encopresis: nosology, assessment, NICE/AACAP/ICCS enuresis care, ESPGHAN constipation pathway, safety. #### Foundations — epidemiologic methods for psychiatry (1) - [Epidemiologic methods for psychiatry — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/epidemiology-methods-for-psychiatry) — Fellowship viva on prevalence vs incidence, association vs causation, bias/confounding, PAF, and screening base rates. #### Professional practice — epidemiology and public mental health (1) - [Epidemiology and public mental health — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/epidemiology-and-public-mental-health) — Fellowship viva on prevalence interpretation, GBD metrics, prevention frameworks, treatment gap, and survey appraisal. #### Specialty psychiatry — sexual medicine interface (2) - [Erectile and ejaculatory disorders — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/erectile-and-ejaculatory-disorders) — Fellowship viva spanning PDE5 use conditions, lifelong PE, SSRI sexual effects, and couple-informed care. - [Female sexual interest, arousal and pain disorders — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/female-sexual-interest-arousal-and-pain) — Fellowship viva on FSIAD/GPPPD interface: classification, mechanisms, SSRI effects, assessment, and stepped pharmacological/psychosexual car #### Forensic psychiatry — expert evidence (1) - [Expert evidence and forensic report writing — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/expert-evidence-and-report-writing) — Fellowship viva on expert roles, dual-role ethics, forensic assessment, report architecture, admissibility teaching frames, bias, and testim #### Psychotherapy — behavioural therapies (1) - [Exposure and response prevention — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/exposure-and-response-prevention) — Exposure and response prevention — structured clinical viva #### Psychopharmacology (1) - [Extrapyramidal side effects and tardive dyskinesia — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/eps-and-tardive-dyskinesia) — Fellowship viva on EPS tempo taxonomy, dystonia rescue, akathisia, TD risk and VMAT2 RCTs. #### Forensic psychiatry — FII / medical child abuse (1) - [Fabricated or induced illness — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/munchausen-by-proxy-and-fabricated-illness) — Fellowship viva on FII/MCA/FDIA terminology, safeguarding, assessment, perpetrator psychopathology, ethics of surveillance, and report limit #### General adult psychiatry — factitious disorder and malingering (1) - [Factitious disorder and malingering — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/factitious-disorder-and-malingering) — Fellowship viva covering FDIS vs malingering vs FND, Bass/Halligan principles, Mittenberg base rates, Slick/Rogers detection frameworks, Eas #### Old age psychiatry — falls polypharmacy frailty (1) - [Falls, polypharmacy and frailty — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/falls-polypharmacy-and-frailty) — Fellowship viva covering Fried/Rockwood frailty, psychotropic FRIDs, Beers/STOPP, multifactorial falls care, deprescribing, and start-low-go #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — family assessment and therapy (1) - [Family assessment and therapy in CAP — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/family-assessment-and-therapy-in-cap) — Fellowship viva on CAP family assessment, indication-matched packages, EE/accommodation, safety, and non-coercive practice. #### Professional — psychosocial interventions (1) - [Family intervention and expressed emotion — clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/family-and-systemic-interventions) — Fellowship viva on EE, family intervention evidence, models, engagement, and CASC pitfalls. #### Public and community psychiatry (1) - [First Nations mental health — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/first-nations-mental-health) — Fellowship viva on Maori mental health: Te Rau Hinengaro epidemiology, SES attenuation, Te Whare Tapa Wha formulation, Hui Process engagemen #### General adult psychiatry — early psychosis pathway (1) - [First-episode psychosis — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/first-episode-psychosis) — Fellowship viva on FEP pathway: DUP, organic work-up, OPUS/RAISE, low-dose starts, maintenance after remission, cannabis, IPS, and communica #### Psychopharmacology — first-generation antipsychotics (1) - [First-generation antipsychotics — consultant viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/first-generation-antipsychotics) — Fellowship viva covering FGA classification, landmark trials, receptor map, EPS/NMS emergencies, TD risk, depot use and treatment-resistance #### Forensic psychiatry — fitness and criminal responsibility (1) - [Fitness to stand trial and criminal responsibility — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/fitness-to-stand-trial-and-criminal-responsibility) — Fellowship viva covering fitness standards, ID and substances, instruments as adjuncts, restoration, and separation from retrospective crimi #### Intellectual disability — neurodevelopmental (2) - [Foetal alcohol spectrum disorder — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/foetal-alcohol-spectrum-disorder) — Fellowship viva on FASD criteria frameworks, neurobehaviour, comorbidity care, Streissguth secondary disabilities, and alcohol-free pregnanc - [Fragile X syndrome — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/fragile-x-syndrome) — Fellowship viva on FMR1 allele classes, Sherman paradox, full-mutation phenotype, FXTAS/FXPOI, molecular diagnosis, comorbidity care and cas #### Professional — formulation (1) - [Formulation skills — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/formulation-biopsychosocial-and-4ps) — Fellowship viva on BPS/4P formulation technique, mechanisms, cultural exploration, BPS critique, and CASC presentation structure using a dep #### Old age psychiatry — neurocognitive disorders (3) - [Frontotemporal dementia — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/frontotemporal-dementia) — Fellowship viva covering Rascovsky bvFTD, psychiatric misdiagnosis, C9orf72/MAPT/GRN, treatment limits, ALS spectrum, and medicolegal risk. - [Vascular cognitive impairment and dementia — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/vascular-cognitive-impairment-and-dementia) — Fellowship viva covering VCI spectrum, criteria evolution, phenotypes, imaging, prevention evidence, modest cognitive pharmacotherapy, and c - [Young-onset dementia — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/young-onset-dementia) — Fellowship viva covering YOD definition, epidemiology anchors, EOAD gene triad, work-up, donepezil dosing principles, Schneider mortality si #### Addiction psychiatry — behavioural addictions (2) - [Gambling disorder — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/gambling-disorder) — Fellowship viva on gambling disorder with dopamine-agonist ICD overlap, depression comorbidity, CBT first-line, and off-label naltrexone cou - [Gaming and internet addiction — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/gaming-and-internet-addiction) — Fellowship viva on gaming disorder vs special interest, ICD-11/DSM status, risk after forced limits, CBT/family care, and realistic pharmaco #### Specialty psychiatry — gender and sexuality (1) - [Gender dysphoria and affirming care — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/gender-dysphoria-and-affirming-care) — Fellowship viva on adult gender dysphoria with crisis, minority stress, residual suicide risk after GAHT, surgical readiness, and non-collus #### General adult psychiatry — anxiety disorders (6) - [Generalised anxiety disorder — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/generalised-anxiety-disorder) — Fellowship viva covering chronic GAD, benzo dependence, failed inadequate SSRI trials, CBT metacognitive/positive-belief targets, and eviden - [Panic disorder and agoraphobia — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/panic-disorder-and-agoraphobia) — Fellowship viva covering severe panic with agoraphobia, pseudo-resistance, SSRI re-trial dosing, CBT exposure, benzodiazepine discontinuatio - [Selective mutism — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/selective-mutism) — Fellowship viva covering selective mutism criteria, anxiety formulation, school-inclusive behavioural therapy, pharmacotherapy stewardship, - [Separation anxiety disorder — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/separation-anxiety-disorder) — Fellowship viva covering adult separation anxiety disorder mislabelled as panic, DSM-5 lifespan framing, exposure plan, medication stewardsh - [Social anxiety disorder — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/social-anxiety-disorder) — Fellowship viva covering chronic SAD, alcohol safety behaviour, inadequate prior SSRI trials, Clark/Wells CBT targets, and evidence-based me - [Specific phobia — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/specific-phobia) — Fellowship viva covering multi-cue specific phobia (animal + BII features), one-session treatment principles, applied tension, medication li #### Addiction psychiatry — hallucinogen-related disorders (1) - [Hallucinogen-related disorders — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/hallucinogen-use-disorders) — Fellowship viva on classic psychedelic intoxication, 5-HT2A mechanism, talk-down care, HPPD, dual formulation of psychosis, and accurate PAT #### Addiction psychiatry — public health and systems (1) - [Harm reduction — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/harm-reduction-and-public-health) — Fellowship viva integrating post-overdose care, THN, NSP, OAT re-engagement, HCV, and anti-stigma communication. #### Consultation-liaison — hepatic encephalopathy and advanced transplant psychiatry (1) - [Hepatic encephalopathy and advanced transplant psychiatry — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/hepatic-and-transplant-psychiatry-advanced) — Fellowship viva spanning HE neuropsychiatry and advanced liver transplant psychosocial evaluation. #### Foundations — historiography (1) - [History of psychiatry — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/history-of-psychiatry) — Fellowship viva on history of psychiatry landmarks, reform cycles, nosology, and clinical communication. #### Forensic psychiatry — homicide and mental disorder (1) - [Homicide and mental disorder — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/homicide-and-mental-disorder) — Fellowship viva covering epidemiology humility, FEP concentration, pathway subtypes, responsibility methodology, and temporal triad for homi #### General adult psychiatry — somatic symptom and related (1) - [Illness anxiety disorder — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/illness-anxiety-disorder) — Fellowship viva on IAD in CL cardiology: nosology, CBT, CHAMP, SSRI, collaborative care, risk. #### Addiction psychiatry — inhalant-related disorders (1) - [Inhalant-related disorders — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/inhalant-use-disorders) — Fellowship viva on petrol sniffing/chroming, sudden sniffing death, adolescent dual diagnosis, psychosocial care without licensed anti-cravi #### intellectual disability psychiatry (1) - [Intellectual disability assessment and classification — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/intellectual-disability-assessment-and-classification) — Fellowship viva on ID diagnostic triad, severity by adaptive function, CMA/fragile X/exome pathway, no core drug, multiagency supports and d #### General adult psychiatry — impulse control (2) - [Intermittent explosive disorder — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/intermittent-explosive-disorder) — Fellowship viva covering DSM-5-TR IED criteria, ASPD/mania/substance differentials, CBT and fluoxetine evidence, AED adjuncts, and violence - [Kleptomania and pyromania — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/kleptomania-and-pyromania) — Fellowship viva covering DSM-5-TR criteria for kleptomania and pyromania, instrumental crime exclusions, Grant naltrexone RCT, Koran escital #### Psychopharmacology — ketamine and esketamine (1) - [Ketamine and esketamine — consultant viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/ketamine-and-esketamine) — Fellowship viva covering TRD entry, IV vs IN protocols, trial names, safety, SI populations, and ECT comparison. #### Psychopharmacology — lamotrigine (1) - [Lamotrigine — consultant viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/lamotrigine) — Fellowship viva covering polarity evidence, titration tables, SJS stop rules, valproate and OCP interactions, restarts, and pregnancy counse #### Old age psychiatry — anxiety disorders (1) - [Late-life anxiety disorders — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/late-life-anxiety-disorders) — Fellowship viva covering late-life GAD, fear of falling, CBT/SSRI evidence, hyponatraemia, Beers benzodiazepines, and suicide lethality. #### Old age psychiatry — mood disorders (2) - [Late-life bipolar disorder — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/late-life-bipolar-disorder) — Fellowship viva covering secondary mania, organic work-up, GERI-BD, geriatric lithium targets, medical comorbidity, and suicide lethality. - [Late-life depression — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/late-life-depression) — Fellowship viva covering vascular depression phenotype, under-treatment versus true non-response, older-adult antidepressant safety, ECT, su #### Old age psychiatry — addiction interface (1) - [Late-life substance use — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/late-life-substance-use) — Fellowship viva covering missed postoperative withdrawal, polydrug late-life substance use, thiamine, CIWA-guided treatment, BZD/opioid caut #### Old age psychiatry — psychosis (1) - [Late-onset psychosis — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/late-onset-psychosis) — Fellowship viva covering Howard consensus, partition delusions, organic exclusion, DLB trap, low-dose antipsychotic, Schneider mortality fra #### Foundations — behavioural science (1) - [Learning theory and behavioural science — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/learning-theory-and-behavioural-science) — Learning theory and behavioural science — structured clinical viva #### Psychopharmacology — lithium (1) - [Lithium — consultant viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/lithium) — Fellowship viva covering lithium efficacy, TDM, organ monitoring, interactions, pregnancy, toxicity and EXTRIP. #### Psychopharmacology — long-acting injectable antipsychotics (1) - [Long-acting injectable antipsychotics — consultant viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/long-acting-injectable-antipsychotics) — Fellowship viva covering LAI indications, agent map, initiation rules, evidence ladder, PDSS, and clozapine boundary. #### General adult psychiatry — mood disorders (5) - [Major depressive disorder — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/major-depressive-disorder) — Fellowship viva covering TRD-leaning recurrent MDD, lithium augmentation, ECT indications and evidence, suicide risk, and maintenance antide - [Melancholic and atypical specifiers — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/melancholic-and-atypical-specifiers) — Fellowship viva on melancholic vs atypical depression specifiers: criteria hinge, mechanisms, ECT, Columbia MAOI evidence, washouts, pitfall - [Psychotic depression — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/psychotic-depression) — Fellowship viva on psychotic depression: DSM specifier, suicide, combination AD+AP, ECT, STOP-PD/STOP-PD II, metabolic monitoring, different - [Seasonal and atypical depression — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/seasonal-and-atypical-depression) — Fellowship viva covering seasonal pattern specifier, atypical features, Can-SAD, Golden light meta-analysis, MAOI historical evidence, CBT-S - [Treatment-resistant depression — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/treatment-resistant-depression) — Fellowship viva on established TRD after two adequate trials: lithium/T3/atypical augmentation, ECT, rTMS, ketamine/esketamine, measurement- #### Forensic psychiatry — mental health law (1) - [Mental health law and involuntary treatment — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/mental-health-law-and-involuntary-treatment) — Fellowship viva on mania, capacity/MH Act interface, least restrictive care, rights, restrictive practices, CTO evidence humility, jurisdict #### Professional skills — mental state examination (1) - [Mental state examination — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/mental-state-examination) — Fellowship viva covering full MSE structure, mania vs depression patterns, insight, scales as adjuncts, culture, and CASC performance. #### Psychopharmacology — metabolic syndrome and psychotropic monitoring (1) - [Metabolic syndrome and psychotropic monitoring — consultant viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/metabolic-syndrome-and-psychotropics) — Fellowship viva on metabolic criteria, agent hierarchy, monitoring schedule, mechanisms, metformin/switch evidence and special populations. #### Public-community — military and veteran psychiatry (1) - [Military and veteran psychiatry — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/military-and-veteran-psychiatry) — Fellowship viva covering military/veteran determinants, landmark evidence, weapons-aware risk assessment, and stepped management. #### Psychopharmacology — atypical and multimodal antidepressants (1) - [Mirtazapine, bupropion and multimodal antidepressants — consultant viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/mirtazapine-bupropion-and-multimodal) — Fellowship viva covering mechanisms, doses, seizure risk, STAR*D/CO-MED evidence, multimodal agents and counselling. #### Psychopharmacology — monoamine oxidase inhibitors (1) - [Monoamine oxidase inhibitors — consultant viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/maois) — Fellowship viva covering MAOI classification, tyramine, washouts, serotonin toxicity combinations, selegiline patch diet rules, and TRD evid #### Psychopharmacology — mood stabilisers (1) - [Mood stabilisers — levels, toxicity, teratogens and trials viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/mood-stabilisers) — Fellowship viva on mood-stabiliser mechanisms, levels, monitoring, toxicity, pregnancy hierarchy, interactions, and landmark evidence. #### Professional — psychological therapies and communication (1) - [Motivational interviewing — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/motivational-interviewing) — Motivational interviewing — structured clinical viva #### Addiction psychiatry — psychosocial interventions (1) - [Mutual-help and contingency management — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/mutual-help-and-contingency-management) — Fellowship viva on AA vs TSF vs SMART, intensive referral, CM principles, MATCH/Cochrane literacy, family mutual-help. #### General adult psychiatry — psychosis (2) - [Negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/negative-and-cognitive-symptoms-of-schizophrenia) — Fellowship viva on primary negative symptoms and cognition after secondary causes excluded: domains, scales, Green, Németh, remediation. - [Treatment-resistant schizophrenia — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/treatment-resistant-schizophrenia) — Fellowship viva on established TRS after two adequate trials: TRRIP, clozapine core, InterSePT, LAI context, ultra-TRS and ECT augmentation. #### Addiction psychiatry — neonatal abstinence (1) - [Neonatal abstinence syndrome — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/neonatal-abstinence-syndrome) — Fellowship viva on NAS/NOWS liaison: Finnegan vs ESC, non-pharmacologic care, pharmacotherapy, maternal OAT choice evidence, dyad ethics, an #### foundations — neuroscience for fellowship psychiatry (1) - [Neuroanatomy and circuits — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/neuroanatomy-circuits-for-psychiatrists) — Fellowship viva on psychiatric neuroanatomy, dopamine pathways, networks, and clinical localisation. #### Foundations — neuroimaging in psychiatry (1) - [Neuroimaging in psychiatry — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/neuroimaging-in-psychiatry) — Fellowship viva on clinical imaging decisions, modality critique, landmark evidence, and communication. #### Foundations — neurotransmitters receptors signalling (1) - [Neurotransmitters, receptors and signalling — viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/neurotransmitters-receptors-and-signalling) — Fellowship viva on monoamine, GABA, glutamate and ACh systems; GPCR cascades; drug-class mapping; serotonin toxicity vs NMS; delayed antidep #### Intellectual disability — forensic dual disability (1) - [Offending and intellectual disability — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/offending-and-intellectual-disability) — Fellowship viva covering ID and offending, suggestibility, fitness, fire-setting formulation, risk tool limits, and adapted management. #### Addiction psychiatry — substance use disorders (2) - [Opioid substitution therapy and withdrawal — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/opioid-substitution-and-withdrawal) — Fellowship viva on methadone–buprenorphine transfer, QTc, precipitated withdrawal, naltrexone timing, and retention mortality. - [Opioid use disorder — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/opioid-use-disorder) — Fellowship viva on methadone stability, missed doses, QTc, transfer to buprenorphine, naltrexone expectations, dual pain, and mortality fram #### general-adult (1) - [OSFED — purging disorder vs BN and night eating (structured viva)](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/other-specified-feeding-eating-disorders) — Fellowship viva on purging disorder and NES within OSFED: discriminators, electrolytes at normal BMI, CBT-E, avoid minimisation. #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — psychopharmacology (1) - [Paediatric psychopharmacology — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/paediatric-psychopharmacology) — Fellowship viva on cross-class paediatric prescribing: SSRI black-box, consent/capacity, metabolic antipsychotic rules, and ADHD monitoring #### Specialty psychiatry — clinical paraphilic disorders (1) - [Paraphilic disorders (clinical) — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/paraphilic-disorders-clinical) — Fellowship viva on clinical exhibitionistic disorder: interest vs disorder, risk, WFSBP ladder, ethics of drive-reduction requests. #### General adult psychiatry — perinatal (2) - [Perinatal mood and anxiety disorders — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/perinatal-mood-and-anxiety-disorders) — Fellowship viva covering EPDS interpretation, dual risk, OCD vs psychosis discriminator, postnatal antidepressant/lactation counselling, MBU - [Postpartum psychosis — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/postpartum-psychosis) — Fellowship viva covering PPP recognition, dual risk, Bergink-informed treatment, MBU, lithium monitoring, ECT, and prevention counselling. #### Psychopharmacology — pregnancy and lactation (1) - [Perinatal psychopharmacology viva — hierarchy, signals, shared decision](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/psychopharmacology-in-pregnancy-and-lactation) — Fellowship viva on perinatal psychotropic risk–benefit, class hierarchy, landmark epidemiology, and lactation principles. #### Foundations — personality science (1) - [Personality theory for psychiatrists — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/personality-theory-for-psychiatrists) — Personality theory for psychiatrists — structured clinical viva #### Addiction psychiatry — pharmaceutical and OTC misuse (1) - [Pharmaceutical and OTC drug misuse — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/pharmaceutical-and-otc-drug-misuse) — Fellowship viva on loperamide cardiotoxicity, pharmaceutical opioid dependence, OAT re-engagement, and the myth that OTC equals low risk. #### Psychopharmacology — pharmacogenomics (1) - [Pharmacogenomics in psychiatry — consultant viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/pharmacogenomics-in-psychiatry) — Fellowship viva on psychiatric PGx actionability, HLA safety, CYP dosing, trial literacy, and commercial panel pitfalls. #### foundations — philosophy of mind (1) - [Philosophy of mind and psychiatry — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/philosophy-of-mind-and-psychiatry) — Fellowship viva on philosophy of mind applied to formulation, free will, BPS, phenomenology, and capacity. #### Psychopharmacology — phototherapy and chronotherapy (1) - [Phototherapy and chronotherapy — consultant viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/phototherapy-and-chronotherapy) — Fellowship viva covering BLT parameters, circadian PRC, SAD vs nonseasonal trials, bipolar light rules, and chronotherapy packages. #### Addiction psychiatry — perinatal substance use (1) - [Pregnancy and substance use — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/pregnancy-and-substance-use) — Fellowship viva on perinatal OUD: OAT vs detox, MOTHER/Suarez framing, NAS expectation, alcohol abstinence, breastfeeding, non-punitive post #### General adult psychiatry — mood disorders / women's mental health (1) - [Premenstrual dysphoric disorder — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder) — Fellowship viva covering DSM confirmation, Schmidt add-back and allopregnanolone models, continuous vs luteal vs symptom-onset SSRI, drospir #### Old age psychiatry — psychopharmacology (1) - [Prescribing psychotropics in older adults — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/prescribing-in-older-adults) — Fellowship viva covering PIM frameworks, start-low-go-slow-but-go, anticholinergic TCA risk, SSRI sodium/QTc/bleeding, antipsychotic caution #### Foundations — prevention and early intervention (1) - [Prevention and early intervention — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/prevention-and-early-intervention) — Fellowship viva on prevention frameworks, indicated care, DUP, EIS evidence, and UHR antipsychotic restraint. #### Forensic psychiatry — prison mental health (1) - [Prison mental health — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/prison-mental-health) — Fellowship viva covering prevalence, reception, suicide/self-harm, dual diagnosis, segregation harms, equivalence of care, transfer, and pos #### Foundations — nosology (1) - [Psychiatric classification — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/psychiatric-classification-dsm5tr-icd11) — Fellowship viva covering nosology purposes, DSM-ICD dual systems, field-trial reliability, HiTOP/RDoC, ICD-11 reforms, and classification-to #### Intellectual disability psychiatry (1) - [Psychiatric disorders in intellectual disability — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/psychiatric-disorders-in-intellectual-disability) — Fellowship viva on dual diagnosis: overshadowing, pathoplastic presentation, DC-LD, Cooper epidemiology, Tyrer/Sheehan/Deb psychotropic evid #### Foundations — psychiatric genetics and epigenetics (1) - [Psychiatric genetics and epigenetics — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/psychiatric-genetics-and-epigenetics) — Fellowship viva on heritability, GWAS architecture, CNVs/22q11, PRS limits, epigenetics, and counselling ethics. #### Psychotherapy — psychoeducation and family interventions (1) - [Psychoeducation and family psychoeducation — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/psychoeducation-and-family-psychoeducation) — Psychoeducation and family psychoeducation — structured clinical viva #### Foundations — psychoneuroendocrinology and psychoimmunology (1) - [Psychoneuroendocrinology and psychoimmunology — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/psychoneuroendocrinology-and-psychoimmunology) — Fellowship viva on HPA/immune mechanisms, investigation humility, prolactin pharmacology, and clinical communication. #### General adult psychiatry — psychosis rehabilitation (1) - [Psychosocial rehabilitation in psychosis — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/psychosocial-rehabilitation-in-psychosis) — Fellowship viva on psychosocial rehabilitation in psychosis: CHIME, PORT packages, IPS, family PE, RAISE, Slade abuses. #### General adult psychiatry — secondary / organic psychosis (1) - [Psychotic disorder due to another medical condition — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/psychosis-due-to-medical-condition) — Fellowship viva on secondary psychosis: cause groups, red flags, investigation ladder, AE hand-off, cautious antipsychotics, capacity/legal #### Psychopharmacology — organ impairment (1) - [Psychotropics in renal and hepatic disease — consultant viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/psychotropics-in-renal-and-hepatic-disease) — Fellowship viva covering renal/hepatic PK, agent selection, depression-in-CKD trials, lithium toxicity, cirrhosis sedation, and DILI/HAE. #### Psychopharmacology — fitness to drive (1) - [Psychotropics, sedation and driving — consultant viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/psychotropics-and-driving) — Fellowship viva covering residual hypnotic impairment, crash epidemiology, illness vs drug effects, counselling, and licence-class standards #### Public-community — quality improvement and patient safety (1) - [Quality improvement and patient safety in psychiatry — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/quality-improvement-and-patient-safety) — Fellowship viva covering safety science applied to mental health services, measurement, culture, and evidence-linked change packages. #### Foundations — rating scales and measurement-based care (1) - [Rating scales and measurement-based care — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/rating-scales-and-measurement-based-care) — Fellowship viva covering core scales, psychometrics, MBC evidence, cut-off discipline, and implementation. #### General adult psychiatry — reactive attachment and disinhibited social engagement (1) - [Reactive attachment and DSED — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/reactive-attachment-disorder) — Fellowship viva covering RAD vs DSED, residual transition risk, APSAC red lines, caregiving-first care, and adult residual trajectories afte #### Foundations — research methods and study design (1) - [Research methods and study design — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/research-methods-and-study-design) — Fellowship viva on design selection, observational versus experimental threats, reporting standards, and evidence synthesis. #### Old age psychiatry — residential care and systems of care (1) - [Residential aged care psychiatry — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/residential-aged-care-psychiatry) — Fellowship viva covering RAC multifactorial assessment, Fossey/WHELD/Husebo non-drug evidence, Schneider mortality, cautious dosing, DART-AD #### Forensic psychiatry — risk assessment (1) - [Risk assessment in forensic settings — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/risk-assessment-in-forensic-settings) — Fellowship viva on forensic SPJ, actuarial adjuncts, protective factors, step-down scenarios, report communication, and limits of safety lan #### Psychopharmacology — rTMS, VNS and DBS (1) - [rTMS, VNS and DBS — consultant viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/tms-vns-and-dbs) — Fellowship viva on non-invasive and implanted neurostimulation for TRD — protocols, trial names, safety, and evidence honesty. #### Public and community psychiatry — rural and remote (1) - [Rural and remote psychiatry — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/rural-and-remote-psychiatry) — Fellowship viva on rural service design, tele-risk standards, suicide, workforce, and acute transfer. #### Public and community psychiatry — school and workplace mental health (1) - [School and workplace mental health — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/school-and-workplace-mental-health) — Fellowship viva on school suicide prevention evidence, multi-tier systems, workplace risk control, RTW, and ethics of screening/disclosure. #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — school refusal and school anxiety (1) - [School refusal and school anxiety — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/school-refusal-and-school-anxiety) — Fellowship viva covering functional analysis, multi-agency return-to-school, CBT and pharmacotherapy evidence for school refusal and school #### Public-community psychiatry — restrictive practices (1) - [Seclusion, restraint and least-restrictive care — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/seclusion-restraint-and-least-restrictive-care) — Fellowship viva on restrictive practices: taxonomy, least-restrictive ladder, positional safety, Chieze/Cochrane evidence, named reduction f #### Psychopharmacology — SSRIs (1) - [Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors — consultant viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/ssris) — Fellowship viva covering SSRI agents, doses, black box, QTc, discontinuation, serotonin toxicity and washouts. #### Emergency psychiatry — self-harm and crisis (1) - [Self-harm and crisis intervention — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/self-harm-and-crisis-intervention) — Fellowship viva on adolescent self-harm, NSSI vs attempt, family communication, safety planning, CAMHS disposition, and aftercare evidence. #### Specialty psychiatry — sexual dysfunction and paraphilias (1) - [Sexual dysfunction and paraphilias — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/sexual-dysfunction-and-paraphilias) — Fellowship viva spanning PDE5–nitrate contraindication, SSRI sexual SE, pedophilic interest vs disorder, and child-protection ethics. #### Forensic psychiatry — sexual offending (1) - [Sexual offending — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/sexual-offending) — Fellowship viva on sexual-offending risk assessment, formulation, treatment principles, and communication of residual uncertainty. #### Psychopharmacology — SNRIs and NRIs (1) - [SNRIs and NRIs — cross-table viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/snris-and-nris) — Fellowship viva on SNRI/NRI mechanisms, doses, comparative evidence, BP and discontinuation safety, and reboxetine publication bias. #### Foundations — social determinants of mental health (1) - [Social determinants of mental health — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/social-determinants-of-mental-health) — Fellowship viva on SDMH frameworks, gradient, mechanisms, prevention, migration, stigma, and multi-level clinical action. #### Foundations — social psychology (1) - [Social psychology and group dynamics — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/social-psychology-and-group-dynamics) — Social psychology and group dynamics — structured clinical viva #### General adult psychiatry — somatic symptom and related disorders (1) - [Somatic symptom disorder — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/somatic-symptom-disorder) — Fellowship viva on SSD alliance, criteria pivot, stepped care, CBT evidence, deprescribing risk, and anti-iatrogenesis with medical teams. #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — specific learning disorder (1) - [Specific learning disorder — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/specific-learning-disorder) — Fellowship viva on SLD: domains, identification science, dyslexia mechanisms, comorbidity and educational management. #### Professional — spirituality and religion in psychiatry (1) - [Spirituality and religion in psychiatry — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/spirituality-and-religion-in-psychiatry) — Fellowship viva covering R/S definitions, assessment tools, coping, boundaries, and integration with risk and depression care. #### Forensic psychiatry — stalking and harassment (1) - [Stalking and harassment — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/stalking-and-harassment) — Fellowship viva on intimacy-seeking/erotomanic stalking, multi-domain risk, and communication of residual uncertainty. #### Professional — stigma, recovery and rights-based care (1) - [Stigma, recovery and rights-based care — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/stigma-recovery-and-rights-based-care) — Fellowship viva covering stigma taxonomy, CHIME, SDM, rights/CRPD debate landscape, and implementation pitfalls. #### Addiction psychiatry — stimulant and methamphetamine use (1) - [Stimulant and methamphetamine use — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/stimulant-and-methamphetamine-use) — Fellowship viva on methamphetamine intoxication/MAP, cardiovascular risk, withdrawal myths, contingency management, limited pharmacotherapy, #### Addiction psychiatry — acute stimulant syndromes (1) - [Stimulant intoxication and withdrawal — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/stimulant-intoxication-and-withdrawal) — Fellowship viva on acute stimulant intoxication, MAP, medical toxicity, crash suicide risk, and absence of approved anti-craving standard wi #### Psychopharmacology — stimulants and ADHD medications (1) - [Stimulants and ADHD medications — cross-table viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/stimulants-and-adhd-medications) — Fellowship viva on ADHD drug mechanisms, doses, comparative evidence, CV safety, diversion, and switching. #### Addiction psychiatry — substance-induced mood and anxiety disorders (1) - [Substance-induced mood and anxiety — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/substance-induced-mood-anxiety-disorders) — Fellowship viva on substance-induced mood/anxiety: DSM timing rules, stimulant crash suicide window, induced vs independent, named doses, in #### General adult psychiatry — substance/medication-induced psychosis (1) - [Substance-induced psychosis — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/substance-induced-psychosis) — Fellowship viva on SIP: DSM timeline criteria, SIP vs primary vs delirium, methamphetamine medical risk, named antipsychotic, Starzer/Murrie #### Emergency psychiatry — suicide risk (1) - [Suicide risk assessment — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/suicide-risk-assessment) — Fellowship viva covering post-discharge peak risk, firearms means restriction, Stanley-Brown safety planning, lithium anti-suicide evidence, #### Professional — teaching and supervision skills (1) - [Teaching and supervision skills — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/teaching-and-supervision-skills) — Fellowship viva on clinical teaching, educational supervision, feedback models, WBA, remediation, and failure-to-fail. #### Public and community psychiatry — telepsychiatry (1) - [Telepsychiatry — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/telepsychiatry) — Fellowship viva on telepsychiatry process safety, modalities, primary-care integration, ethics, and equity. #### Forensic psychiatry — therapeutic security (1) - [Therapeutic security and secure care levels — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/therapeutic-security) — Fellowship viva covering therapeutic security domains, secure care levels, DUNDRUM triage, relational security, long-stay, and post-discharg #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — service interface (1) - [Transition from CAMHS to adult services — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/transition-from-camhs-to-adult-services) — Fellowship viva on dual-threshold exclusion, care-gap risk, pathway mapping beyond CMHT, managed transition package, and TRACK/MILESTONE evi #### Consultation-liaison — transplant and ICU psychiatry (1) - [Transplant and ICU psychiatry — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/transplant-and-icu-psychiatry) — Fellowship viva spanning transplant psychosocial evaluation/adherence and ICU delirium–capacity–PICS/PTSD interface. #### General adult psychiatry — OCRD / BFRB (1) - [Trichotillomania and excoriation disorder — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/trichotillomania-and-excoriation-disorder) — Fellowship viva on BFRB treatment hierarchy, HRT fidelity, NAC RCTs, olanzapine cautions, and medical complications. #### Forensic psychiatry — victimology (1) - [Victimology and trauma in forensic settings — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/victimology-and-trauma) — Fellowship viva on forensic victimology: dual victim–offender roles, poly-victimisation, cPTSD, trauma-informed secure care, and report safe #### Emergency psychiatry — violence risk (1) - [Violence risk assessment — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/violence-risk-assessment) — Fellowship viva covering DASA imminence, command hallucinations, SPJ formulation, dual diagnosis, least-restrictive care, and anti-stigma ep #### Forensic psychiatry — young offenders (1) - [Young offenders — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/young-offenders) — Fellowship viva covering detention prevalence, Moffitt taxonomy, SAVRY, MST/FFT, comorbidity treatment, isolation harms, special populations #### Child and adolescent psychiatry — youth self-harm and suicide (1) - [Youth self-harm and suicide — structured clinical viva](https://medvellum.com/s/psychiatry/vivas/youth-self-harm-and-suicide) — Fellowship viva on adolescent self-harm, NSSI vs attempt, family communication, Gillick/confidentiality principles, safety planning, CAMHS d ## Paediatrics Fellowship Hub: https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics RACP-primary general paediatrics, globally mapped to RCPCH/MRCPCH, ABP/ACGME, and RCPSC. ### Topics Index: https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics #### genetics-dysmorphology-and-metabolism (4) - [22q11.2 deletion syndrome](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/genetics-dysmorphology-and-metabolism/22q11-2-deletion-syndrome) — A fellowship approach to 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: recognise the multisystem fingerprint (conotruncal cardiac defect, cleft palate, neonata - [Acute metabolic decompensation: recognition and stabilisation](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/genetics-dysmorphology-and-metabolism/acute-metabolic-decompensation-recognition-and-stabilisation) — Acute metabolic decompensation is the life-threatening biochemical collapse that occurs when an inherited metabolic disorder is unmasked by - [Amino-acid disorders including phenylketonuria and MSUD](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/genetics-dysmorphology-and-metabolism/amino-acid-disorders-including-phenylketonuria-and-msud) — A fellowship approach to the inherited amino-acid disorders: recognise phenylketonuria, maple syrup urine disease, tyrosinaemia type I and h - [Chromosomal microarray, exome and genome sequencing](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/genetics-dysmorphology-and-metabolism/chromosomal-microarray-exome-and-genome-sequencing) — Fellowship approach to choosing between chromosomal microarray, whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing in a child with congenital anomalies #### acute-care-resuscitation-and-toxicology (9) - [ABCDE assessment and stabilisation of the acutely ill child](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/acute-care-resuscitation-and-toxicology/abcde-assessment-and-stabilisation-of-the-acutely-ill-child) — A fellowship approach to the systematic ABCDE assessment and immediate stabilisation of the acutely ill child. Treat each life threat as it - [Airway assessment and basic airway management](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/acute-care-resuscitation-and-toxicology/airway-assessment-and-basic-airway-management) — Fellowship guide to paediatric airway assessment and basic airway management: how the child's airway differs from the adult's, recognising t - [Altered conscious state in children](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/acute-care-resuscitation-and-toxicology/altered-conscious-state-in-children) — A fellowship approach to the child with an altered conscious state. Secure the airway with oxygen and ventilation, screen level of conscious - [Burns assessment, resuscitation and safeguarding](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/acute-care-resuscitation-and-toxicology/burns-assessment-resuscitation-and-safeguarding) — A fellowship approach to the burned child inside an organised burn-care system. Stop the burning process and cool with running water for 20 - [Button-battery and magnet ingestion](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/acute-care-resuscitation-and-toxicology/button-battery-and-magnet-ingestion) — A fellowship approach to the child with suspected button-battery or magnet ingestion. Treat any oesophageal button battery as a time-critica - [Cardiogenic and obstructive shock](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/acute-care-resuscitation-and-toxicology/cardiogenic-and-obstructive-shock) — Fellowship guide to paediatric cardiogenic and obstructive shock: recognising the low cardiac output state from pump failure versus mechanic - [Cardiorespiratory arrest and post-arrest care](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/acute-care-resuscitation-and-toxicology/cardiorespiratory-arrest-and-post-arrest-care) — Fellowship guide to paediatric cardiorespiratory arrest and post-arrest care: recognising the deteriorating child and the arrest, the high-q - [Cardiotoxic and psychotropic medication poisoning](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/acute-care-resuscitation-and-toxicology/cardiotoxic-and-psychotropic-medication-poisoning) — A fellowship approach to the child or adolescent with cardiotoxic and psychotropic medication poisoning: read the ECG and the toxidrome firs - [Care after death, unexpected child death and family support](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/acute-care-resuscitation-and-toxicology/care-after-death-unexpected-child-death-and-family-support) — Fellowship guide to care after a child's death and the unexpected child death: distinguishing expected from unexpected death, confirming dea #### investigations-procedures-and-technology (11) - [Abdominal radiograph and acute imaging decisions](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/investigations-procedures-and-technology/abdominal-radiograph-and-acute-imaging-decisions) — Fellowship guide to the abdominal radiograph and the acute paediatric imaging decision. Covers when an abdominal radiograph answers the ques - [Abscess drainage and minor procedures](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/investigations-procedures-and-technology/abscess-drainage-and-minor-procedures) — Fellowship guide to abscess drainage and minor surgical procedures in children. Covers the bedside decision between a drainable cutaneous ab - [Airway suction, oxygen devices and nebuliser technique](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/investigations-procedures-and-technology/airway-suction-oxygen-devices-and-nebuliser-technique) — Fellowship guide to three linked bedside skills: clearing a child's airway by suction, choosing and applying the right oxygen delivery devic - [Artificial intelligence and clinical decision support in paediatrics](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/investigations-procedures-and-technology/artificial-intelligence-and-clinical-decision-support-in-paediatrics) — A fellowship approach to artificial intelligence (AI) and clinical decision support (CDS) in paediatrics. Sort the tools into four classes — - [Audiology and hearing-test interpretation](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/investigations-procedures-and-technology/audiology-and-hearing-test-interpretation) — Fellowship guide to paediatric hearing-test interpretation. Covers reading the pure-tone audiogram (axes, symbols, air versus bone conductio - [Bag-mask ventilation and basic airway adjuncts](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/investigations-procedures-and-technology/bag-mask-ventilation-and-basic-airway-adjuncts) — Fellowship guide to the two skills that stand between a hypoxic child and a cardiac arrest: ventilating through a face mask, and holding a b - [Blood gas, electrolyte and acid-base interpretation](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/investigations-procedures-and-technology/blood-gas-electrolyte-and-acid-base-interpretation) — A fellowship approach to blood gas, electrolyte and acid-base interpretation in children covering the five-step systematic method (pH, PaCO2 - [Bone-marrow aspiration and biopsy principles](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/investigations-procedures-and-technology/bone-marrow-aspiration-and-biopsy-principles) — A fellowship approach to bone marrow aspiration and biopsy in children covering the principle that aspirate and trephine are two complementa - [Central venous and arterial access in children](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/investigations-procedures-and-technology/central-venous-and-arterial-access-in-children) — A fellowship approach to central venous and arterial access in children: choose the site by indication and bleeding risk, use ultrasound to - [Chest decompression and intercostal drain insertion](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/investigations-procedures-and-technology/chest-decompression-and-intercostal-drain-insertion) — A fellowship approach to chest decompression and intercostal drain insertion in children covering tension pneumothorax as a clinical diagnos - [Chest radiograph interpretation in children](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/investigations-procedures-and-technology/chest-radiograph-interpretation-in-children) — Fellowship guide to interpreting the paediatric chest radiograph. Covers why the child's chest film differs from the adult's — the thymus th #### gastroenterology-hepatology-and-nutrition (12) - [Abdominal wall and umbilical disorders](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/gastroenterology-hepatology-and-nutrition/abdominal-wall-and-umbilical-disorders) — Fellowship guide to abdominal wall and umbilical disorders in children, built around the rule that gastroschisis sits to the right of a norm - [Acute abdominal pain in children](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/gastroenterology-hepatology-and-nutrition/acute-abdominal-pain-in-children) — Fellowship guide to acute abdominal pain in children: the disciplined emergency-department approach that separates the surgical abdomen (app - [Acute gastroenteritis and infectious diarrhoea](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/gastroenterology-hepatology-and-nutrition/acute-gastroenteritis-and-infectious-diarrhoea) — Fellowship guide to acute gastroenteritis and infectious diarrhoea in children: the commonest reason a child becomes acutely dehydrated, and - [Acute liver failure](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/gastroenterology-hepatology-and-nutrition/acute-liver-failure) — Fellowship guide to paediatric acute liver failure: the PALF diagnostic criteria in which encephalopathy is not required unlike adults, the - [Acute vomiting in infants and children](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/gastroenterology-hepatology-and-nutrition/acute-vomiting-in-infants-and-children) — Fellowship guide to acute vomiting in infants and children: the bilious-vomiting surgical emergency, the age-based differential from malrota - [Appendicitis and surgical abdomen](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/gastroenterology-hepatology-and-nutrition/appendicitis-and-surgical-abdomen) — Fellowship guide to appendicitis as the paradigm of the paediatric surgical abdomen, built around the child with periumbilical pain that mig - [Ascites and peritoneal disease](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/gastroenterology-hepatology-and-nutrition/ascites-and-peritoneal-disease) — Fellowship guide to ascites and peritoneal disease in children: the serum-ascites albumin gradient as the key diagnostic tool separating por - [Bilious vomiting and intestinal obstruction](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/gastroenterology-hepatology-and-nutrition/bilious-vomiting-and-intestinal-obstruction) — Fellowship guide to bilious vomiting and intestinal obstruction in children, built around the one rule that green vomiting in a neonate is m - [Breastfeeding medicine and lactation support](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/gastroenterology-hepatology-and-nutrition/breastfeeding-medicine-and-lactation-support) — Fellowship guide to breastfeeding medicine and lactation support: the care of the breastfeeding mother-infant dyad from the physiology of pr - [Chronic and recurrent abdominal pain](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/gastroenterology-hepatology-and-nutrition/chronic-and-recurrent-abdominal-pain) — Fellowship guide to chronic and recurrent abdominal pain in children: the Rome IV functional abdominal pain disorders (functional dyspepsia, - [Chronic liver disease, cirrhosis and portal hypertension](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/gastroenterology-hepatology-and-nutrition/chronic-liver-disease-cirrhosis-and-portal-hypertension) — Fellowship guide to chronic liver disease, cirrhosis and portal hypertension in children: the prehepatic, intrahepatic and posthepatic class - [Coeliac disease](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/gastroenterology-hepatology-and-nutrition/coeliac-disease) — Fellowship guide to coeliac disease in children: the immune-mediated small-bowel enteropathy triggered by gluten in genetically susceptible #### preventive-and-community-paediatrics (9) - [Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander child health](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/preventive-and-community-paediatrics/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-child-health) — Fellowship-level culturally safe care for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children: structural inequities, ACCHO partnership, ear lung - [Adolescent preventive health care](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/preventive-and-community-paediatrics/adolescent-preventive-health-care) — A fellowship approach to adolescent preventive care: time alone, conditional confidentiality, HEADSS/HEEADSSS psychosocial assessment, integ - [Air pollution, tobacco smoke and vaping exposure](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/preventive-and-community-paediatrics/air-pollution-tobacco-smoke-and-vaping-exposure) — Fellowship-level approach to childhood air pollution, tobacco smoke and vaping exposure: ambient and household pollutants, second- and third - [Cardiovascular risk screening in childhood](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/preventive-and-community-paediatrics/cardiovascular-risk-screening-in-childhood) — Fellowship approach to childhood cardiovascular risk screening: blood pressure technique and staging, lipid screening including the universa - [Catch-up immunisation and uncertain vaccination history](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/preventive-and-community-paediatrics/catch-up-immunisation-and-uncertain-vaccination-history) — Fellowship approach to reconstructing vaccination history, classifying valid versus invalid doses, building age-banded catch-up plans, using - [Childcare attendance, exclusion and infection prevention](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/preventive-and-community-paediatrics/childcare-attendance-exclusion-and-infection-prevention) — Fellowship-level approach to infection risk in group childcare, evidence-based exclusion and return-to-care decisions, centre infection prev - [Childhood injury prevention and anticipatory guidance](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/preventive-and-community-paediatrics/childhood-injury-prevention-and-anticipatory-guidance) — Fellowship-level childhood injury prevention and anticipatory guidance: Haddon energy model, age-banded hazards, passive versus active strat - [Climate change, heat and child health](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/preventive-and-community-paediatrics/climate-change-heat-and-child-health) — Fellowship-level approach to climate-driven heat risk in children: thermoregulation, heat-illness spectrum, cool-first resuscitation, sports - [Community needs assessment and child-health advocacy](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/preventive-and-community-paediatrics/community-needs-assessment-and-child-health-advocacy) — Fellowship guide to community needs assessment and child-health advocacy: define the community, gather mixed data, map assets, prioritise wi #### neurology-neurodisability-and-neuromuscular (10) - [Absence, focal and generalised epilepsies](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/neurology-neurodisability-and-neuromuscular/absence-focal-and-generalised-epilepsies) — A fellowship approach to absence, focal and generalised epilepsies: the child with staring spells whose EEG shows three-per-second spike-and - [Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and demyelinating disease](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/neurology-neurodisability-and-neuromuscular/acute-disseminated-encephalomyelitis-and-demyelinating-disease) — A fellowship approach to the child with a first central nervous system demyelinating event. Recognise acute disseminated encephalomyelitis b - [Acute neuromuscular respiratory failure](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/neurology-neurodisability-and-neuromuscular/acute-neuromuscular-respiratory-failure) — Fellowship guide to acute neuromuscular respiratory failure in children. Covers the respiratory pump from brainstem to diaphragm and bulbar - [Antiseizure medicines: selection, adverse effects and monitoring](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/neurology-neurodisability-and-neuromuscular/antiseizure-medicines-selection-adverse-effects-and-monitoring) — A fellowship approach to antiseizure medicines in children: selecting the syndrome-matched first-choice drug, anticipating and monitoring th - [Ataxia in children](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/neurology-neurodisability-and-neuromuscular/ataxia-in-children) — Fellowship guide to ataxia in children: separating the common, benign post-infectious acute cerebellar ataxia from the dangerous posterior f - [Autoimmune encephalitis](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/neurology-neurodisability-and-neuromuscular/autoimmune-encephalitis) — Fellowship guide to autoimmune encephalitis in children. Covers the Graus 2016 diagnostic tiers of possible, probable, and definite disease - [Brain death, death by neurological criteria and organ donation](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/neurology-neurodisability-and-neuromuscular/brain-death-death-by-neurological-criteria-and-organ-donation) — Fellowship guide to brain death, death by neurological criteria and organ donation in children. Covers the irreversible cessation of all fun - [Cerebral vascular malformations](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/neurology-neurodisability-and-neuromuscular/cerebral-vascular-malformations) — Fellowship guide to cerebral vascular malformations in children. Covers the classification into high-flow arteriovenous malformation, vein o - [Concussion and mild traumatic brain injury](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/neurology-neurodisability-and-neuromuscular/concussion-and-mild-traumatic-brain-injury) — Fellowship guide to concussion and mild traumatic brain injury in children and adolescents. Covers the consensus definition of concussion as - [Congenital myopathies and muscular dystrophies](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/neurology-neurodisability-and-neuromuscular/congenital-myopathies-and-muscular-dystrophies) — Fellowship guide to congenital myopathies and muscular dystrophies in children. Covers the division into the dystrophic congenital muscular #### child-safety-and-social-paediatrics (5) - [Abusive head trauma](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/child-safety-and-social-paediatrics/abusive-head-trauma) — Fellowship guide to abusive head trauma in infants and young children: the inflicted shaking-with-or-without-impact mechanism, the clinical - [Caregiver-fabricated or induced illness](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/child-safety-and-social-paediatrics/caregiver-fabricated-or-induced-illness) — Fellowship guide to caregiver-fabricated or induced illness (FII): the modern child-centred definition that replaced Munchausen syndrome by - [Child maltreatment recognition and response](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/child-safety-and-social-paediatrics/child-maltreatment-recognition-and-response) — Fellowship hub on recognising and responding to child maltreatment across all forms (physical, sexual, emotional, neglect, fabricated or ind - [Child sexual abuse and assault assessment](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/child-safety-and-social-paediatrics/child-sexual-abuse-and-assault-assessment) — A fellowship approach to the medical assessment of a child or adolescent who may have been sexually abused or assaulted: deciding the tempo - [Children in out-of-home care and foster care](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/child-safety-and-social-paediatrics/children-in-out-of-home-care-and-foster-care) — A fellowship approach to health care for children living in out-of-home (foster, kinship, residential) care: classification of placement and #### nephrology-urology-fluids-and-electrolytes (7) - [Acid-base disorders in children](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/nephrology-urology-fluids-and-electrolytes/acid-base-disorders-in-children) — Fellowship guide to acid-base disorders in children: a systematic six-step approach to any blood gas, the anion gap and its albumin correcti - [Acute kidney injury](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/nephrology-urology-fluids-and-electrolytes/acute-kidney-injury) — Fellowship guide to paediatric acute kidney injury: the KDIGO definition and three-stage classification using creatinine and urine output cr - [Acute nephritic syndrome and glomerulonephritis](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/nephrology-urology-fluids-and-electrolytes/acute-nephritic-syndrome-and-glomerulonephritis) — Fellowship guide to the acute nephritic syndrome in children: the tetrad of haematuria, proteinuria, oedema and hypertension driven by glome - [Antenatal hydronephrosis and postnatal evaluation](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/nephrology-urology-fluids-and-electrolytes/antenatal-hydronephrosis-and-postnatal-evaluation) — Fellowship guide to antenatal hydronephrosis and postnatal evaluation. Covers the definition and the Society for Fetal Urology grading syste - [Calcium, magnesium and phosphate disorders](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/nephrology-urology-fluids-and-electrolytes/calcium-magnesium-and-phosphate-disorders) — Fellowship guide to disorders of calcium, magnesium and phosphate in children: corrected calcium and ionised fractions, neonatal early and l - [Chronic kidney disease and progression](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/nephrology-urology-fluids-and-electrolytes/chronic-kidney-disease-and-progression) — Fellowship guide to chronic kidney disease and its progression in children: the KDIGO definition (kidney abnormalities or low GFR for over t - [Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/nephrology-urology-fluids-and-electrolytes/congenital-anomalies-of-the-kidney-and-urinary-tract) — Fellowship guide to congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract, the CAKUT spectrum that accounts for the largest single cause of p #### paediatric-dermatology (4) - [Acne vulgaris in adolescents](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/paediatric-dermatology/acne-vulgaris-in-adolescents) — A fellowship approach to acne vulgaris in the adolescent: the comedones and the papules and the pustules over the sebum-rich skin of the fac - [Alopecia and hair disorders in children](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/paediatric-dermatology/alopecia-and-hair-disorders-in-children) — Fellowship guide to alopecia and hair disorders in children: the smooth non-scaly bald patch with exclamation-mark hairs of alopecia areata, - [Approach to rash in infants and children](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/paediatric-dermatology/approach-to-rash-in-infants-and-children) — A morphology-first, distribution-aware and red-flag-driven fellowship approach to any rash from the neonate to the adolescent: classify the - [Congenital melanocytic naevi and pigmentary birthmarks](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/paediatric-dermatology/congenital-melanocytic-naevi-and-pigmentary-birthmarks) — A fellowship approach to the congenital pigmentary birthmarks, built around the single decision that matters: separating the common benign l #### endocrinology-diabetes-and-growth (4) - [Acquired hypothyroidism and Hashimoto thyroiditis](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/endocrinology-diabetes-and-growth/acquired-hypothyroidism-and-hashimoto-thyroiditis) — **Acquired hypothyroidism** is thyroid-hormone deficiency that develops after a period of normal thyroid function. In iodine-sufficient regi - [Adrenal insufficiency and adrenal crisis](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/endocrinology-diabetes-and-growth/adrenal-insufficiency-and-adrenal-crisis) — Fellowship guide to adrenal insufficiency and adrenal crisis in children: the primary-versus-secondary split, autoimmune Addison disease and - [Congenital adrenal hyperplasia](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/endocrinology-diabetes-and-growth/congenital-adrenal-hyperplasia) — Fellowship guide to congenital adrenal hyperplasia: the cortisol-androgen split, the 21-hydroxylase block, the salt-wasting crisis versus vi - [Congenital hypothyroidism](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/endocrinology-diabetes-and-growth/congenital-hypothyroidism) — A fellowship approach to congenital hypothyroidism: the newborn-screening-to-treatment pipeline that prevents intellectual disability, the d #### ent-hearing-and-oral-health (5) - [Acute and chronic rhinosinusitis](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/ent-hearing-and-oral-health/acute-and-chronic-rhinosinusitis) — Fellowship topic on acute and chronic rhinosinusitis in children: the term rhinosinusitis because the nasal and sinus mucosa are one continu - [Acute otitis media](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/ent-hearing-and-oral-health/acute-otitis-media) — Fellowship guide to acute otitis media (AOM): the acute suppurative inflammation of the middle-ear mucosa behind an intact tympanic membrane - [Ankyloglossia and infant feeding](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/ent-hearing-and-oral-health/ankyloglossia-and-infant-feeding) — Fellowship topic on ankyloglossia (tongue-tie) and infant feeding — a congenital short, thick or tight lingual frenulum that tethers the und - [Cleft lip and palate](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/ent-hearing-and-oral-health/cleft-lip-and-palate) — Fellowship topic on cleft lip and palate: the embryologic origin in the failure of fusion of the frontonasal, maxillary and mandibular proce - [Congenital ear anomalies and microtia](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/ent-hearing-and-oral-health/congenital-ear-anomalies-and-microtia) — Fellowship topic on congenital ear anomalies and microtia: the bedside distinction between a deformational ear deformity (soft, structurally #### mental-behavioural-and-psychosomatic (9) - [Acute behavioural disturbance and agitation](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/mental-behavioural-and-psychosomatic/acute-behavioural-disturbance-and-agitation) — A fellowship approach to the acutely behaviourally disturbed or agitated child and adolescent: secure the environment and call help early, a - [Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/mental-behavioural-and-psychosomatic/anxiety-disorders-in-children-and-adolescents) — Fellowship guide to anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: distinguish the seven DSM-5-TR disorders from normal developmental fear, - [Attachment disorders and relational trauma](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/mental-behavioural-and-psychosomatic/attachment-disorders-and-relational-trauma) — Fellowship guide to reactive attachment disorder (RAD) and disinhibited social engagement disorder (DSED) and the wider relational-trauma pi - [Avoidant restrictive food intake disorder](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/mental-behavioural-and-psychosomatic/avoidant-restrictive-food-intake-disorder) — Fellowship approach to avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID): a DSM-5-TR/ICD-11 eating disorder of restriction that harms nutrit - [Child and adolescent suicide and self-harm assessment](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/mental-behavioural-and-psychosomatic/child-and-adolescent-suicide-and-self-harm-assessment) — A fellowship approach to assessing suicide risk and self-harm in children and adolescents: distinguishing non-suicidal self-injury from suic - [Children of parents with mental illness or substance use](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/mental-behavioural-and-psychosomatic/children-of-parents-with-mental-illness-or-substance-use) — Fellowship guide to the child of a parent with mental illness or substance use: a heightened but probabilistic — never deterministic — risk- - [Chronic fatigue and post-viral fatigue syndromes](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/mental-behavioural-and-psychosomatic/chronic-fatigue-and-post-viral-fatigue-syndromes) — A fellowship approach to chronic fatigue and post-viral fatigue in children and adolescents: separating post-viral fatigue from CFS/ME, reco - [Collaborative care with child and adolescent mental-health services](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/mental-behavioural-and-psychosomatic/collaborative-care-with-child-and-adolescent-mental-health-services) — Fellowship guide to collaborative care between the paediatrician and child and adolescent mental-health services (CAMHS): the four models of - [Conduct disorder and antisocial behaviour](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/mental-behavioural-and-psychosomatic/conduct-disorder-and-antisocial-behaviour) — Fellowship guide to conduct disorder and antisocial behaviour in children: the rights-violation definition, the Moffitt developmental taxono #### rheumatology-musculoskeletal-and-sports (8) - [Acute monoarthritis and septic arthritis](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/rheumatology-musculoskeletal-and-sports/acute-monoarthritis-and-septic-arthritis) — A fellowship approach to the child with an acutely hot, swollen joint: the Kocher clinical prediction rule that separates septic arthritis f - [ANCA-associated and other childhood vasculitides](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/rheumatology-musculoskeletal-and-sports/anca-associated-and-other-childhood-vasculitides) — Fellowship guide to ANCA-associated and other childhood vasculitides beyond IgA vasculitis. Covers the Chapel Hill 2012 vessel-size nomencla - [Angular, rotational and gait variants](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/rheumatology-musculoskeletal-and-sports/angular-rotational-and-gait-variants) — A fellowship approach to the common physiologic variants of the growing lower limb — bow legs, knock knees, and intoeing — anchored by the S - [Back pain in children and adolescents](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/rheumatology-musculoskeletal-and-sports/back-pain-in-children-and-adolescents) — A fellowship approach to back pain in children and adolescents: back pain is uncommon in the pre-school child and a red flag in its own righ - [Bone pain and malignancy red flags](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/rheumatology-musculoskeletal-and-sports/bone-pain-and-malignancy-red-flags) — A fellowship approach to paediatric bone pain and the red flags that signal malignancy: separating the child whose limb pain is benign growi - [Clubfoot and congenital limb anomalies](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/rheumatology-musculoskeletal-and-sports/clubfoot-and-congenital-limb-anomalies) — A fellowship approach to the clubfoot (congenital talipes equinovarus) and the broad family of congenital limb anomalies: the four classical - [Common paediatric fractures and growth-plate injury](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/rheumatology-musculoskeletal-and-sports/common-paediatric-fractures-and-growth-plate-injury) — A fellowship approach to the common fractures of children's long bones and the growth-plate injuries they carry: the Salter-Harris classific - [Concussion and return to learn or play](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/rheumatology-musculoskeletal-and-sports/concussion-and-return-to-learn-or-play) — A fellowship approach to sport-related concussion in the child and adolescent, anchored by the 2022 Amsterdam Consensus Statement and its to #### pain-palliative-and-end-of-life-care (3) - [Acute nociceptive pain management](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/pain-palliative-and-end-of-life-care/acute-nociceptive-pain-management) — A fellowship approach to acute nociceptive pain in a child: score the pain with an age-appropriate tool, build a multimodal foundation of re - [Care in the last days of life](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/pain-palliative-and-end-of-life-care/care-in-the-last-days-of-life) — Fellowship guide to care in the last days of life in children. Covers recognition of dying, anticipatory prescribing, syringe drivers, manag - [Chronic primary and secondary pain in children](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/pain-palliative-and-end-of-life-care/chronic-primary-and-secondary-pain-in-children) — Fellowship guide to chronic primary and secondary pain in children. Covers the ICD-11 split of chronic pain into primary, where the pain is #### cardiology (12) - [Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/cardiology/acute-rheumatic-fever-and-rheumatic-heart-disease) — A fellowship approach to acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease: the child with a sore throat whose immune response scars a mitra - [Adult congenital heart disease transition](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/cardiology/adult-congenital-heart-disease-transition) — Fellowship guide to the transition of the adolescent with congenital heart disease from paediatric to lifelong adult ACHD care: why transiti - [Aortic and pulmonary stenosis](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/cardiology/aortic-and-pulmonary-stenosis) — A fellowship approach to congenital aortic and pulmonary stenosis: classifying the obstruction by anatomic level (valvar, subvalvar, suprava - [Atrial septal defect and partial anomalous pulmonary venous return](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/cardiology/atrial-septal-defect-and-partial-anomalous-pulmonary-venous-return) — A fellowship approach to atrial septal defect and partial anomalous pulmonary venous return: the auscultatory signature of a wide fixed spli - [Atrioventricular septal defect](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/cardiology/atrioventricular-septal-defect) — Fellowship guide to atrioventricular septal defect — the shared common atrioventricular junction at the crux of the heart, the partial–trans - [Bradyarrhythmias, heart block and pacing](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/cardiology/bradyarrhythmias-heart-block-and-pacing) — Fellowship guide to bradyarrhythmias, atrioventricular block and cardiac pacing in children: how to read the slow rhythm on a 12-lead ECG, t - [Cardiac transplantation and ventricular assist devices](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/cardiology/cardiac-transplantation-and-ventricular-assist-devices) — Fellowship guide to cardiac transplantation and ventricular assist devices in children: when to escalate from medical heart-failure therapy - [Cardiogenic shock and mechanical circulatory support](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/cardiology/cardiogenic-shock-and-mechanical-circulatory-support) — Fellowship guide to cardiogenic shock in children — the state where the heart cannot pump enough blood to perfuse the body, producing low ca - [Cardiomyopathies in children](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/cardiology/cardiomyopathies-in-children) — Fellowship guide to the paediatric cardiomyopathies: the morphological framework (dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive, non-compaction, arrhyt - [Cardiovascular examination and murmur assessment](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/cardiology/cardiovascular-examination-and-murmur-assessment) — A fellowship approach to the paediatric cardiovascular examination and the heart murmur: perform a systematic inspection-palpation-auscultat - [Coarctation and interrupted aortic arch](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/cardiology/coarctation-and-interrupted-aortic-arch) — Fellowship guide to coarctation of the aorta and interrupted aortic arch: the two ductal-dependent left-heart-outflow obstructions that decl - [Congenital coronary anomalies and anomalous left coronary artery](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/cardiology/congenital-coronary-anomalies-and-anomalous-left-coronary-artery) — Fellowship guide to congenital coronary anomalies in children: the two-month-old with feeding-related pallor and irritability whose left cor #### respiratory-sleep-and-airway (10) - [Acute severe and life-threatening asthma](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/respiratory-sleep-and-airway/acute-severe-and-life-threatening-asthma) — Fellowship guide to acute severe and life-threatening asthma in children: grading severity from the whole child, the pathophysiology of the - [Aspiration, swallowing dysfunction and chronic lung injury](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/respiratory-sleep-and-airway/aspiration-swallowing-dysfunction-and-chronic-lung-injury) — Fellowship guide to aspiration, swallowing dysfunction and chronic lung injury in children: the child who mis-directs feeds, refluxed gastri - [Asthma diagnosis and long-term control](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/respiratory-sleep-and-airway/asthma-diagnosis-and-long-term-control) — Fellowship guide to the diagnosis and long-term control of asthma in children: recognising the variable, reversible airflow obstruction that - [Behavioural insomnia and circadian rhythm disorders](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/respiratory-sleep-and-airway/behavioural-insomnia-and-circadian-rhythm-disorders) — Fellowship guide to behavioural insomnia of childhood and the circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders: the sleep-onset association and limit-s - [Bronchiectasis in children](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/respiratory-sleep-and-airway/bronchiectasis-in-children) — Fellowship guide to bronchiectasis in children — the chronic wet cough that defines it, the chronic suppurative lung disease continuum that - [Bronchiolitis and viral lower respiratory tract infection](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/respiratory-sleep-and-airway/bronchiolitis-and-viral-lower-respiratory-tract-infection) — Fellowship guide to bronchiolitis and viral lower respiratory tract infection: the RSV-driven small-airway obstruction of infancy that gives - [Central sleep apnoea and hypoventilation syndromes](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/respiratory-sleep-and-airway/central-sleep-apnoea-and-hypoventilation-syndromes) — Fellowship guide to central sleep apnoea and hypoventilation syndromes in children: the disorders in which the brain fails to generate an ad - [Chronic cough: diagnostic approach](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/respiratory-sleep-and-airway/chronic-cough-diagnostic-approach) — Fellowship guide to chronic cough in children — the four-week threshold, the wet-versus-dry split that drives the whole work-up, protracted - [Community-acquired pneumonia](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/respiratory-sleep-and-airway/community-acquired-pneumonia) — Fellowship guide to community-acquired pneumonia in children: the febrile, coughing, fast-breathing child with alveolar consolidation acquir - [Congenital lung and airway malformations](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/respiratory-sleep-and-airway/congenital-lung-and-airway-malformations) — Fellowship guide to congenital lung and airway malformations — the CPAM, sequestration, lobar emphysema, bronchogenic cyst and bronchial atr #### adolescent-and-young-adult-medicine (11) - [Adolescent chronic pain and functional symptoms](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/adolescent-and-young-adult-medicine/adolescent-chronic-pain-and-functional-symptoms) — A fellowship approach to adolescent chronic pain and functional symptoms: a biopsychosocial, function-first model. Validate the symptom as r - [Adolescent consent for research and sensitive services](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/adolescent-and-young-adult-medicine/adolescent-consent-for-research-and-sensitive-services) — A fellowship approach to consent when an adolescent is asked to take part in research or to receive a sensitive clinical service. Covers inf - [Adolescent consultation, HEEADSSS assessment and confidentiality](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/adolescent-and-young-adult-medicine/adolescent-consultation-heeadsss-assessment-and-confidentiality) — A fellowship approach to running the adolescent consultation: youth-friendly setup, rapport, time alone, conditional confidentiality with it - [Adolescent health care for young people in out-of-home care](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/adolescent-and-young-adult-medicine/adolescent-health-care-for-young-people-in-out-of-home-care) — A fellowship approach to health care for adolescents living in out-of-home (foster, kinship, residential) care: classification of placement - [Adolescent health in rural and remote settings](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/adolescent-and-young-adult-medicine/adolescent-health-in-rural-and-remote-settings) — A fellowship approach to the equity gap in adolescent health in rural and remote settings: why the gap exists, how it presents clinically, a - [Adolescent pregnancy and parenting](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/adolescent-and-young-adult-medicine/adolescent-pregnancy-and-parenting) — A fellowship approach to adolescent pregnancy and parenting: non-judgemental confirmation and dating, safeguarding-aware options counselling - [Adolescent risk assessment and harm minimisation](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/adolescent-and-young-adult-medicine/adolescent-risk-assessment-and-harm-minimisation) — A fellowship approach to assessing adolescent risk across all domains and applying harm-minimisation principles: structured screening, risk - [Adolescent sexual health and contraception](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/adolescent-and-young-adult-medicine/adolescent-sexual-health-and-contraception) — A fellowship approach to adolescent sexual health and contraception: confidential, youth-centred sexual history (the 5 Ps), LARC-first couns - [Adolescent substance-use screening, brief intervention and harm reduction](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/adolescent-and-young-adult-medicine/adolescent-substance-use-screening-brief-intervention-and-harm-reduction) — A fellowship approach to adolescent substance-use screening, brief intervention and harm reduction: universal frequency-based screening (S2B - [Chronic disease self-management in young people](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/adolescent-and-young-adult-medicine/chronic-disease-self-management-in-young-people) — A fellowship approach to chronic-disease self-management in young people: what self-management is and its three task-domains; why it breaks - [Consent and confidential care for adolescents](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/adolescent-and-young-adult-medicine/consent-and-confidential-care-for-adolescents) — A fellowship approach to consent and confidential care for adolescents: informed consent, assent and parental permission; bedside capacity a #### growth-development-and-behaviour (10) - [Adolescent transition for neurodevelopmental disability](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/growth-development-and-behaviour/adolescent-transition-for-neurodevelopmental-disability) — Fellowship guide to adolescent transition for neurodevelopmental disability: structured transition frameworks, readiness assessment, portabl - [Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/growth-development-and-behaviour/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder) — Fellowship guide to paediatric ADHD: multi-setting diagnosis, differentials including sleep and learning mimics, age-banded multimodal care, - [Augmentative communication, assistive technology and adaptive equipment](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/growth-development-and-behaviour/augmentative-communication-assistive-technology-and-adaptive-equipment) — Fellowship-level prescription and coordination of AAC, assistive technology and adaptive equipment for children with complex communication a - [Autism spectrum disorder](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/growth-development-and-behaviour/autism-spectrum-disorder) — Fellowship assessment and management of autism spectrum disorder: DSM-5-TR diagnosis, multimodal evaluation, early supports, comorbidity car - [Behavioural assessment and functional analysis](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/growth-development-and-behaviour/behavioural-assessment-and-functional-analysis) — Fellowship guide to paediatric behavioural assessment and functional analysis: operational definitions, medical and communication screens, m - [Behavioural management of defiance and oppositional behaviours](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/growth-development-and-behaviour/behavioural-management-of-defiance-and-oppositional-behaviours) — Fellowship guide to behavioural management of defiance and oppositional behaviours in general paediatrics: normative noncompliance versus OD - [Cerebral palsy: early recognition and classification](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/growth-development-and-behaviour/cerebral-palsy-early-recognition-and-classification) — Fellowship approach to early recognition of cerebral palsy, motor phenotype and topography, functional classification systems (GMFCS, MACS, - [Cerebral palsy: surveillance and multidisciplinary management](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/growth-development-and-behaviour/cerebral-palsy-surveillance-and-multidisciplinary-management) — Fellowship guide to lifelong cerebral palsy surveillance and multidisciplinary management: functional classification, hip and comorbidity su - [Children with developmental disability in acute care](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/growth-development-and-behaviour/children-with-developmental-disability-in-acute-care) — Fellowship approach to children with developmental disability in ED and hospital: avoid diagnostic overshadowing, use caregiver baseline and - [Children with disability in school and community settings](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/growth-development-and-behaviour/children-with-disability-in-school-and-community-settings) — Fellowship-level paediatric role for children with disability in school and community: ICF-style function, medical home partnership, school #### clinical-pharmacology-and-therapeutics (5) - [Adverse drug reactions and pharmacovigilance](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/clinical-pharmacology-and-therapeutics/adverse-drug-reactions-and-pharmacovigilance) — A fellowship approach to adverse drug reactions and pharmacovigilance in children: Rawlins and Thompson Type A/B classification with DoTS an - [Analgesics and antipyretics](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/clinical-pharmacology-and-therapeutics/analgesics-and-antipyretics) — A fellowship approach to choosing and dosing an analgesic or antipyretic in a child: weigh the child, calculate the dose from a current paed - [Cardiovascular medicines in children](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/clinical-pharmacology-and-therapeutics/cardiovascular-medicines-in-children) — A fellowship approach to prescribing cardiovascular medicines in children, covering the diuretics, ACE inhibitors and beta-blockers used in - [Chemotherapy and supportive pharmacology](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/clinical-pharmacology-and-therapeutics/chemotherapy-and-supportive-pharmacology) — A fellowship approach to chemotherapy and supportive pharmacology in children covering the cytotoxic drug classes and their organ-specific t - [Complementary, alternative and traditional medicines](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/clinical-pharmacology-and-therapeutics/complementary-alternative-and-traditional-medicines) — Fellowship guide to complementary, alternative and traditional medicines in children: the five CAM domains, why families use them and why mo #### rural-remote-and-contextual-paediatrics (3) - [Advocacy, policy and health-service design for rural children](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/rural-remote-and-contextual-paediatrics/advocacy-policy-and-health-service-design-for-rural-children) — Fellowship guide to advocacy, policy and health-service design for rural children. Covers context-specific assessment, resource-aware pathwa - [Avoiding racism and institutional bias in child health](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/rural-remote-and-contextual-paediatrics/avoiding-racism-and-institutional-bias-in-child-health) — Fellowship guide to avoiding racism and institutional bias in child health. Covers context-specific assessment, resource-aware pathways, esc - [Child protection in small and remote communities](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/rural-remote-and-contextual-paediatrics/child-protection-in-small-and-remote-communities) — Fellowship guide to child protection in small and remote communities. Covers context-specific assessment, resource-aware pathways, escalatio #### clinical-assessment-and-reasoning (3) - [Age-specific normal vital signs and physiological ranges](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/clinical-assessment-and-reasoning/age-specific-normal-vital-signs-and-physiological-ranges) — Fellowship guide to measuring and interpreting age-banded paediatric vital signs, hospital versus community ranges, and escalation traps. - [Care of children with medical complexity and technology dependence](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/clinical-assessment-and-reasoning/care-of-children-with-medical-complexity-and-technology-dependence) — Fellowship approach to children with medical complexity and technology dependence: Cohen and Kuo definitions, PMCA and CCC identification to - [Clinical reasoning, problem representation and differential diagnosis](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/clinical-assessment-and-reasoning/clinical-reasoning-problem-representation-and-differential-diagnosis) — A fellowship approach to paediatric clinical reasoning: build an age-aware problem representation, prioritise a threat-first differential, u #### allergy-and-immunology (7) - [Allergic disease in children: integrated approach](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/allergy-and-immunology/allergic-disease-in-children-integrated-approach) — Fellowship guide to the integrated allergic child: the shared type-2 mechanism and atopic march linking eczema, food allergy, asthma and all - [Allergic rhinitis and rhinoconjunctivitis](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/allergy-and-immunology/allergic-rhinitis-and-rhinoconjunctivitis) — An IgE-mediated inflammation of the nasal and ocular mucosa driven by aeroallergen exposure, presenting with sneezing, itch, rhinorrhoea and - [Anaphylaxis prevention, action plans and autoinjectors](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/allergy-and-immunology/anaphylaxis-prevention-action-plans-and-autoinjectors) — Fellowship topic on the complete community prevention and first-aid package for a child at risk of anaphylaxis: trigger identification and a - [Anaphylaxis: recognition and emergency management](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/allergy-and-immunology/anaphylaxis-recognition-and-emergency-management) — Fellowship topic on anaphylaxis in children: the rapid, life-threatening, multisystem hypersensitivity reaction whose decisive treatment is - [Antibody deficiencies](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/allergy-and-immunology/antibody-deficiencies) — A fellowship approach to antibody deficiencies in children: recognise the recurrent-infection pattern that warrants an immunoglobulin work-u - [Atopic dermatitis and the atopic march](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/allergy-and-immunology/atopic-dermatitis-and-the-atopic-march) — A chronic, itchy, relapsing inflammatory skin disease of childhood driven by epidermal barrier failure and Th2-skewed immunity, presenting w - [Complement deficiencies](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/allergy-and-immunology/complement-deficiencies) — A fellowship approach to complement deficiencies in children: recognise the three clinical fingerprints (recurrent invasive Neisseria, unexp #### haematology-oncology-and-transfusion (8) - [Anaemia: diagnostic approach](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/haematology-oncology-and-transfusion/anaemia-diagnostic-approach) — Fellowship MCV-based diagnostic approach to confirmed paediatric anaemia: age-specific haemoglobin thresholds, the microcytic or normocytic - [Aplastic anaemia and bone-marrow failure](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/haematology-oncology-and-transfusion/aplastic-anaemia-and-bone-marrow-failure) — Fellowship guide to aplastic anaemia and inherited bone marrow failure in children. Covers the Camitta criteria for severe aplastic anaemia - [Bleeding child: diagnostic approach](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/haematology-oncology-and-transfusion/bleeding-child-diagnostic-approach) — Fellowship guide to the systematic diagnostic approach to the child who presents with bleeding or bruising. Covers recognising normal childh - [Blood-component therapy in children](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/haematology-oncology-and-transfusion/blood-component-therapy-in-children) — Fellowship guide to blood-component therapy in children, the deliberate, dose-based use of red cells, platelets, fresh frozen plasma and cry - [Bone and soft-tissue sarcomas](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/haematology-oncology-and-transfusion/bone-and-soft-tissue-sarcomas) — Fellowship guide to bone and soft-tissue sarcomas in children. Covers osteosarcoma as the commonest primary malignant bone tumour of adolesc - [Brain and spinal tumours](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/haematology-oncology-and-transfusion/brain-and-spinal-tumours) — Fellowship guide to brain and spinal tumours in children. Covers the central nervous system as the second commonest site of childhood cancer - [Cancer therapy complications and supportive care](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/haematology-oncology-and-transfusion/cancer-therapy-complications-and-supportive-care) — Fellowship guide to the complications of anticancer therapy and the supportive care that surrounds it in children. Covers chemotherapy-induc - [Childhood cancer warning signs and diagnostic pathways](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/haematology-oncology-and-transfusion/childhood-cancer-warning-signs-and-diagnostic-pathways) — Fellowship guide to the warning signs and diagnostic pathways of childhood cancer. Covers the rarity of childhood malignancy against a sea o #### infectious-diseases (8) - [Animal bites, arthropod bites and zoonoses](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/infectious-diseases/animal-bites-arthropod-bites-and-zoonoses) — Fellowship guide to animal and arthropod bites and zoonoses in children: the exposure history that drives risk stratification, dog and cat b - [Antimicrobial pharmacology, selection, dosing and stewardship in children](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/infectious-diseases/antimicrobial-pharmacology-selection-dosing-and-stewardship-in-children) — A fellowship approach to antimicrobial pharmacology, selection, dosing and stewardship in children covering developmental pharmacokinetics, - [Approach to fever by age and immune status](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/infectious-diseases/approach-to-fever-by-age-and-immune-status) — An age- and immune-status-aware fellowship approach to the febrile child: clear the threat gate first, stratify by age band with validated r - [Bacteraemia and occult bloodstream infection](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/infectious-diseases/bacteraemia-and-occult-bloodstream-infection) — An age-, appearance- and immunity-aware fellowship approach to bacteraemia and occult bloodstream infection in children: how viable bacteria - [Brain abscess and intracranial suppuration](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/infectious-diseases/brain-abscess-and-intracranial-suppuration) — Fellowship guide to brain abscess and intracranial suppuration in children: the febrile child with evolving focal neurology, the cyanotic-he - [Cellulitis, abscess and necrotising soft-tissue infection](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/infectious-diseases/cellulitis-abscess-and-necrotising-soft-tissue-infection) — Fellowship guide to paediatric cellulitis, cutaneous abscess, and necrotising soft-tissue infection: distinguishing non-purulent from purule - [Common viral exanthems, including roseola and erythema infectiosum](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/infectious-diseases/common-viral-exanthems-including-roseola-and-erythema-infectiosum) — Fellowship topic on the common benign viral exanthems of childhood, with roseola infantum (human herpesvirus 6 and 7) and erythema infectios - [Congenital syphilis and perinatal sexually transmitted infections](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/infectious-diseases/congenital-syphilis-and-perinatal-sexually-transmitted-infections) — Fellowship topic on congenital syphilis and the perinatal sexually transmitted infections: the spirochaete Treponema pallidum crossing the p #### fetal-neonatal-and-perinatal (11) - [Antenatally detected kidney and urinary-tract anomalies: newborn management](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/fetal-neonatal-and-perinatal/antenatally-detected-kidney-and-urinary-tract-anomalies-newborn-management) — Fellowship guide to the newborn with an antenatally detected kidney or urinary-tract anomaly. Covers the CAKUT spectrum, antenatal hydroneph - [Antenatally diagnosed fetal conditions: paediatric planning](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/fetal-neonatal-and-perinatal/antenatally-diagnosed-fetal-conditions-paediatric-planning) — Fellowship guide to paediatric planning for the antenatally diagnosed fetus: translating a prenatal diagnosis into a postnatal plan, running - [Apnoea of prematurity](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/fetal-neonatal-and-perinatal/apnoea-of-prematurity) — Fellowship guide to apnoea of prematurity — the definition and the three physiological types, the immature brainstem and chemoreceptor patho - [Bilious vomiting and neonatal intestinal obstruction](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/fetal-neonatal-and-perinatal/bilious-vomiting-and-neonatal-intestinal-obstruction) — Fellowship guide to bilious vomiting and neonatal intestinal obstruction: why green vomit demands an obstructive and surgical explanation, t - [Birth trauma and brachial plexus injury](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/fetal-neonatal-and-perinatal/birth-trauma-and-brachial-plexus-injury) — Fellowship guide to birth trauma and brachial plexus injury: the full spectrum from soft-tissue and skeletal injuries to the Narakas-graded - [Bronchopulmonary dysplasia and chronic neonatal lung disease](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/fetal-neonatal-and-perinatal/bronchopulmonary-dysplasia-and-chronic-neonatal-lung-disease) — Fellowship guide to bronchopulmonary dysplasia and chronic neonatal lung disease. - [Cephalhaematoma and subgaleal haemorrhage](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/fetal-neonatal-and-perinatal/cephalhaematoma-and-subgaleal-haemorrhage) — Fellowship guide to the three birth-related scalp swellings: the anatomical planes that separate caput succedaneum, cephalohaematoma and sub - [Congenital and perinatally acquired infections](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/fetal-neonatal-and-perinatal/congenital-and-perinatally-acquired-infections) — Fellowship guide to congenital and perinatally acquired infections: the expanding TORCH differential, mechanisms of mother-to-child transmis - [Congenital anomalies and dysmorphic newborn assessment](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/fetal-neonatal-and-perinatal/congenital-anomalies-and-dysmorphic-newborn-assessment) — Fellowship-level approach to the newborn with a congenital anomaly or dysmorphic features: recognising major malformations and minor anomali - [Congenital heart disease presenting in the newborn](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/fetal-neonatal-and-perinatal/congenital-heart-disease-presenting-in-the-newborn) — Fellowship guide to the newborn with congenital heart disease: the cyanotic versus duct-dependent-obstructive bedside split, pulse-oximetry - [Conjugated jaundice and neonatal cholestasis, including biliary atresia](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/fetal-neonatal-and-perinatal/conjugated-jaundice-and-neonatal-cholestasis-including-biliary-atresia) — Fellowship guide to conjugated jaundice and neonatal cholestasis: why a split bilirubin must be checked in any prolonged jaundice, the extra #### professional-practice-and-evidence (8) - [Best-interests decisions and treatment limitation](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/professional-practice-and-evidence/best-interests-decisions-and-treatment-limitation) — Fellowship-level approach to best-interests decisions and treatment limitation in paediatrics: the best-interests balance of benefits agains - [Biostatistics for paediatric exams](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/professional-practice-and-evidence/biostatistics-for-paediatric-exams) — Fellowship guide to the biostatistics a paediatric candidate must read, calculate and defend: classifying data, summarising with mean, media - [Breaking bad news and serious-illness communication](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/professional-practice-and-evidence/breaking-bad-news-and-serious-illness-communication) — Fellowship guide to breaking bad news and serious-illness communication in paediatrics: SPIKES, Ask-Tell-Ask and NURSE; goals-of-care and ad - [Clinical epidemiology and measures of effect](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/professional-practice-and-evidence/clinical-epidemiology-and-measures-of-effect) — Fellowship guide to clinical epidemiology and measures of effect in paediatrics: incidence and prevalence, the 2x2 contingency table, relati - [Clinician wellbeing, fatigue and sustainable practice](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/professional-practice-and-evidence/clinician-wellbeing-fatigue-and-sustainable-practice) — Fellowship guide to clinician wellbeing, fatigue and sustainable practice: defining burnout and the Maslach dimensions, the demands-resource - [Communicating risk and uncertainty to families](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/professional-practice-and-evidence/communicating-risk-and-uncertainty-to-families) — Fellowship guide to communicating risk and uncertainty to families in paediatrics: risk versus uncertainty, aleatory versus epistemic uncert - [Confidentiality with children and adolescents](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/professional-practice-and-evidence/confidentiality-with-children-and-adolescents) — Fellowship-level approach to confidentiality with children and adolescents: conditional confidentiality, Gillick/Fraser competence and the m - [Conflict, complaints and difficult clinical encounters](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/professional-practice-and-evidence/conflict-complaints-and-difficult-clinical-encounters) — Fellowship guide to difficult clinical encounters, conflict and complaints in paediatrics: recognising the difficult consultation and its cl #### ophthalmology (4) - [Colour vision deficiency and inherited retinal disease](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/ophthalmology/colour-vision-deficiency-and-inherited-retinal-disease) — Fellowship guide to colour vision deficiency and inherited retinal disease in children. Covers the inherited and the congenital colour visio - [Congenital cataract and glaucoma](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/ophthalmology/congenital-cataract-and-glaucoma) — Fellowship topic on congenital cataract and glaucoma: why a lens opacity or a raised intraocular pressure in the first weeks of life is an e - [Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/ophthalmology/congenital-nasolacrimal-duct-obstruction) — Fellowship topic on congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction in infants: the failure of canalisation of the membranous valve of Hasner as th - [Conjunctivitis and red eye](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/topics/ophthalmology/conjunctivitis-and-red-eye) — Fellowship topic on conjunctivitis and the red eye in children: the bacterial, viral and allergic forms of conjunctivitis and ophthalmia neo _(capped at 200; see format index for the full set)_ ### SAQs Index: https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs #### genetics-dysmorphology-and-metabolism (4) - [22q11.2 deletion syndrome — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/22q11-2-deletion-syndrome) — Formative SAQs on 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: recognising the multisystem fingerprint that earns a chromosomal microarray, staging every syst - [Acute metabolic decompensation: recognition and stabilisation](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/acute-metabolic-decompensation-recognition-and-stabilisation) — Short-answer question on recognising and resuscitating an infant with acute metabolic decompensation, including interpretation of the metabo - [Amino-acid disorders including phenylketonuria and MSUD — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/amino-acid-disorders-including-phenylketonuria-and-msud) — Formative SAQs on recognising the inherited amino-acid disorders (PKU, MSUD, tyrosinaemia type I, homocystinuria) on their metabolite and cl - [Chromosomal microarray, exome and genome sequencing — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/chromosomal-microarray-exome-and-genome-sequencing) — Formative SAQs on choosing between chromosomal microarray, whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing: the resolution ladder, diagnostic yields #### acute-care-resuscitation-and-toxicology (9) - [ABCDE assessment and stabilisation of the acutely ill child — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/abcde-assessment-and-stabilisation-of-the-acutely-ill-child) — Two MedVellum formative short-answer questions on running the systematic ABCDE primary survey of an acutely ill child: treat-as-found stabil - [Airway assessment and basic airway management: SAQ](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/airway-assessment-and-basic-airway-management) — Short-answer questions on a child with a threatened airway, covering bedside airway assessment, positioning and adjunct selection, and two-p - [Altered conscious state in children — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/altered-conscious-state-in-children) — Two MedVellum formative short-answer questions on the child with an altered conscious state: securing the airway and screening with AVPU and - [Burns assessment, resuscitation and safeguarding — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/burns-assessment-resuscitation-and-safeguarding) — Two MedVellum formative short-answer questions on the burned child: cooling and the modified-Parkland fluid plan for a scalded school-age ch - [Button-battery and magnet ingestion — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/button-battery-and-magnet-ingestion) — Two MedVellum formative short-answer questions on the child with suspected button-battery or magnet ingestion: confirming ingestion and time - [Cardiogenic and obstructive shock: SAQ](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/cardiogenic-and-obstructive-shock) — Short-answer questions on paediatric cardiogenic and obstructive shock covering a post-cardiac surgical infant with tamponade, the recogniti - [Cardiorespiratory arrest and post-arrest care — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/cardiorespiratory-arrest-and-post-arrest-care) — Formative SAQs on recognising paediatric cardiorespiratory arrest, achieving return of spontaneous circulation with high-quality CPR, adrena - [Cardiotoxic and psychotropic medication poisoning — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/cardiotoxic-and-psychotropic-medication-poisoning) — Two MedVellum formative short-answer questions on the child or adolescent with cardiotoxic and psychotropic medication poisoning: reading th - [Care after death, unexpected child death and family support — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/care-after-death-unexpected-child-death-and-family-support) — Formative SAQs on the immediate care-after-death response, the coronial referral and certification rules, the SUDI multi-agency investigatio #### investigations-procedures-and-technology (11) - [Abdominal radiograph and acute imaging decisions — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/abdominal-radiograph-and-acute-imaging-decisions) — Formative SAQs on the role of the abdominal radiograph in the acute paediatric abdomen, the ALARA principle and the Pearce 2012 radiation-ri - [Abscess drainage and minor procedures — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/abscess-drainage-and-minor-procedures) — Formative SAQs on abscess drainage and minor paediatric procedures: the bedside decision between a drainable abscess, cellulitis and a necro - [Airway suction, oxygen devices and nebuliser technique: SAQ](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/airway-suction-oxygen-devices-and-nebuliser-technique) — Short-answer questions on an infant with bronchiolitis failing low-flow oxygen, covering oxygen device classification and escalation, suctio - [Artificial intelligence and clinical decision support in paediatrics — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/artificial-intelligence-and-clinical-decision-support-in-paediatrics) — Formative SAQs on the four classes of paediatric AI, how a machine-learning prediction model is built and where it fails, the validation lad - [Audiology and hearing-test interpretation — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/audiology-and-hearing-test-interpretation) — Formative SAQs on paediatric audiogram, tympanometry, otoacoustic emissions and ABR interpretation: the degree and type of hearing loss, the - [Bag-mask ventilation and basic airway adjuncts: SAQ](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/bag-mask-ventilation-and-basic-airway-adjuncts) — Short-answer questions on an apnoeic, bradycardic infant needing immediate airway and ventilation, covering manual ventilation device classi - [Blood gas, electrolyte and acid-base interpretation — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/blood-gas-electrolyte-and-acid-base-interpretation) — Two MedVellum formative short-answer questions on paediatric blood gas, electrolyte and acid-base interpretation: the five-step systematic m - [Bone-marrow aspiration and biopsy principles — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/bone-marrow-aspiration-and-biopsy-principles) — Two MedVellum formative short-answer questions on bone marrow aspiration and biopsy in children: the principle that aspirate and trephine ar - [Central venous and arterial access in children — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/central-venous-and-arterial-access-in-children) — Formative SAQs on choosing the site, preparing the child, and performing ultrasound-guided central venous and arterial access in children, a - [Chest decompression and intercostal drain insertion — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/chest-decompression-and-intercostal-drain-insertion) — Formative SAQs on chest decompression and intercostal drain insertion in children: the clinical diagnosis of tension pneumothorax and the im - [Chest radiograph interpretation in children — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/chest-radiograph-interpretation-in-children) — Formative SAQs on the technical-quality check, the ABCDEFGH systematic approach, the normal paediatric-specific findings, the radiographic s #### gastroenterology-hepatology-and-nutrition (12) - [Abdominal wall and umbilical disorders — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/abdominal-wall-and-umbilical-disorders) — Two formative SAQs on abdominal wall and umbilical disorders in children: a newborn with bare bowel to the right of a normal cord testing th - [Acute abdominal pain in children: SAQ](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/acute-abdominal-pain-in-children) — Short-answer questions on acute abdominal pain in children covering the appendicitis history and migration of pain, the Pediatric Appendicit - [Acute gastroenteritis and infectious diarrhoea — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/acute-gastroenteritis-and-infectious-diarrhoea) — Two formative SAQs on acute gastroenteritis and infectious diarrhoea in children: a toddler with watery diarrhoea and some dehydration, test - [Acute liver failure: SAQ](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/acute-liver-failure) — Short-answer questions on paediatric acute liver failure covering a four-year-old with coagulopathy and altered consciousness, the PALF diag - [Acute vomiting in infants and children: SAQ](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/acute-vomiting-in-infants-and-children) — Short-answer questions on acute vomiting in children covering the bilious-vomiting surgical emergency, the age-based differential, the metab - [Appendicitis and surgical abdomen — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/appendicitis-and-surgical-abdomen) — Two formative SAQs on appendicitis and the surgical abdomen: a nine-year-old with migratory right iliac fossa pain, anorexia and tenderness, - [Ascites and peritoneal disease: SAQ](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/ascites-and-peritoneal-disease) — Short-answer questions on ascites and peritoneal disease in children covering an eight-year-old with biliary atresia who develops fever and - [Bilious vomiting and intestinal obstruction — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/bilious-vomiting-and-intestinal-obstruction) — Two formative SAQs on bilious vomiting and intestinal obstruction: a term neonate with sudden bilious vomiting testing the recognition and e - [Breastfeeding medicine and lactation support — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/breastfeeding-medicine-and-lactation-support) — Two formative SAQs on breastfeeding medicine and lactation support: a mother with a hot, tender, wedge-shaped breast and fever at three week - [Chronic and recurrent abdominal pain: SAQ](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/chronic-and-recurrent-abdominal-pain) — Short-answer questions on chronic and recurrent abdominal pain covering an eight-year-old with recurrent periumbilical pain, the alarm-featu - [Chronic liver disease, cirrhosis and portal hypertension: SAQ](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/chronic-liver-disease-cirrhosis-and-portal-hypertension) — Short-answer questions on chronic liver disease, cirrhosis and portal hypertension in children covering a five-year-old with biliary atresia - [Coeliac disease — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/coeliac-disease) — Two formative SAQs on coeliac disease in children: the school-age child with refractory iron-deficiency anaemia and short stature who needs #### preventive-and-community-paediatrics (9) - [Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander child health — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-child-health) — Formative SAQs on cultural safety, structural inequities, ear and lung pathways, and partnered care for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islande - [Adolescent preventive health care — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/adolescent-preventive-health-care) — Two formative short-answer questions on confidential adolescent preventive visits, HEADSS/HEEADSSS, screening and safety overrides. - [Air pollution, tobacco smoke and vaping — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/air-pollution-tobacco-smoke-and-vaping-exposure) — Formative SAQs on SHS counselling, youth vaping and household air pollution. - [Cardiovascular risk screening in childhood — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/cardiovascular-risk-screening-in-childhood) — Formative SAQs on paediatric BP and lipid screening. - [Catch-up immunisation and uncertain vaccination history — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/catch-up-immunisation-and-uncertain-vaccination-history) — Formative SAQs on dose validity, uncertain history and multi-visit catch-up planning. - [Childcare attendance, exclusion and infection prevention — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/childcare-attendance-exclusion-and-infection-prevention) — Formative SAQs on exclusion principles, infection prevention and outbreak response in early childhood education and care. - [Childhood injury prevention and anticipatory guidance — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/childhood-injury-prevention-and-anticipatory-guidance) — Formative SAQs on Haddon framing, age-banded anticipatory guidance, passive strategies and button-battery urgency. - [Climate change, heat and child health — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/climate-change-heat-and-child-health) — Formative SAQs on heat-stroke recognition, cool-first care, sports acclimatisation and climate-equity counselling. - [Community needs assessment and child-health advocacy — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/community-needs-assessment-and-child-health-advocacy) — Formative SAQs on needs-assessment cycles, partnership ethics and multi-level child-health advocacy. #### neurology-neurodisability-and-neuromuscular (10) - [Absence, focal and generalised epilepsies — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/absence-focal-and-generalised-epilepsies) — Formative SAQs on absence, focal and generalised epilepsies: classifying the seizure and the syndrome from the eyewitness account and the EE - [Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and demyelinating disease — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/acute-disseminated-encephalomyelitis-and-demyelinating-disease) — Formative SAQs on acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and the acquired demyelinating syndromes of childhood: recognising the first event an - [Acute neuromuscular respiratory failure: SAQ](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/acute-neuromuscular-respiratory-failure) — Short-answer questions on paediatric acute neuromuscular respiratory failure covering the respiratory pump and the two mechanisms of failure - [Antiseizure medicines: selection, adverse effects and monitoring — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/antiseizure-medicines-selection-adverse-effects-and-monitoring) — Formative SAQs on antiseizure medicine selection, adverse effects and monitoring: classifying the drug by spectrum and enzyme effect, choosi - [Ataxia in children: SAQ](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/ataxia-in-children) — Short-answer questions on ataxia in children covering the diagnosis and benign prognosis of post-infectious acute cerebellar ataxia, the red - [Autoimmune encephalitis: SAQ](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/autoimmune-encephalitis) — Short-answer questions on paediatric autoimmune encephalitis covering the Graus 2016 diagnostic criteria, the anti-NMDAR presentation across - [Brain death, death by neurological criteria and organ donation: SAQ](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/brain-death-death-by-neurological-criteria-and-organ-donation) — Short-answer questions on brain death and death by neurological criteria in a child, covering the irreversible cessation of all function of - [Cerebral vascular malformations: SAQ](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/cerebral-vascular-malformations) — Short-answer questions on cerebral vascular malformations in children covering the classification, the haemorrhage presentation of the arter - [Concussion and mild traumatic brain injury — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/concussion-and-mild-traumatic-brain-injury) — Two formative SAQs on concussion and mild traumatic brain injury: a fourteen-year-old rugby player who is briefly dazed after a tackle and p - [Congenital myopathies and muscular dystrophies: SAQ](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/congenital-myopathies-and-muscular-dystrophies) — Short-answer questions on paediatric congenital myopathies and congenital muscular dystrophies covering the creatine kinase fork, the merosi #### child-safety-and-social-paediatrics (5) - [Abusive head trauma — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/abusive-head-trauma) — Formative SAQs on recognising abusive head trauma, building the probability of inflicted injury, the imaging and skeletal-survey workup, saf - [Caregiver-fabricated or induced illness — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/caregiver-fabricated-or-induced-illness) — Formative SAQs on recognising caregiver-fabricated or induced illness, the child-centred definition that replaced Munchausen syndrome by pro - [Child maltreatment recognition and response — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/child-maltreatment-recognition-and-response) — Formative SAQs on the recognition-to-response bundle for a sentinel injury and the workup for suspected abusive head trauma, including the T - [Child sexual abuse and assault assessment — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/child-sexual-abuse-and-assault-assessment) — Two formative short-answer questions on the tempo of the child sexual abuse assessment, the ano-genital examination and finding interpretati - [Children in out-of-home care and foster care — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/children-in-out-of-home-care-and-foster-care) — Two formative short-answer questions on the entry-to-care health assessment, the toxic-stress mechanism, consent authority, conditional conf #### nephrology-urology-fluids-and-electrolytes (7) - [Acid-base disorders in children — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/acid-base-disorders-in-children) — Formative SAQs on paediatric acid-base disorders, covering the six-step systematic approach to a blood gas, the anion gap and its albumin co - [Acute kidney injury: SAQ](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/acute-kidney-injury) — Short-answer questions on paediatric acute kidney injury covering a six-year-old with septic shock and oliguria, the KDIGO definition and st - [Acute nephritic syndrome and glomerulonephritis — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/acute-nephritic-syndrome-and-glomerulonephritis) — Two formative SAQs on acute nephritic syndrome: a six-year-old with cola-coloured urine, periorbital oedema and a low C3 two weeks after a s - [Antenatal hydronephrosis and postnatal evaluation: SAQ](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/antenatal-hydronephrosis-and-postnatal-evaluation) — Short-answer questions on antenatal hydronephrosis and postnatal evaluation covering the grading systems, the timing of the first postnatal - [Calcium, magnesium and phosphate disorders — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/calcium-magnesium-and-phosphate-disorders) — Formative SAQs on disorders of calcium, magnesium and phosphate in children and adolescents, covering the emergency management of symptomati - [Chronic kidney disease and progression: SAQ](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/chronic-kidney-disease-and-progression) — Short-answer questions on paediatric chronic kidney disease covering a boy with posterior urethral valves and progressive CKD, the KDIGO sta - [Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract: SAQ](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/congenital-anomalies-of-the-kidney-and-urinary-tract) — Short-answer questions on congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract covering a male neonate with posterior urethral valves, the c #### paediatric-dermatology (4) - [Acne vulgaris in adolescents — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/acne-vulgaris-in-adolescents) — Formative SAQs on acne vulgaris in the adolescent: grading the comedonal versus the inflammatory disease, building the stepwise ladder of th - [Alopecia and hair disorders in children — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/alopecia-and-hair-disorders-in-children) — Two formative SAQs on alopecia and hair disorders in children: an eight-year-old with a smooth bald patch and exclamation-mark hairs testing - [Approach to rash in infants and children — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/approach-to-rash-in-infants-and-children) — Formative SAQs on the morphology-first, distribution-aware, red-flag-driven approach to a rash in an infant or child. - [Congenital melanocytic naevi and pigmentary birthmarks — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/congenital-melanocytic-naevi-and-pigmentary-birthmarks) — Formative SAQs on the congenital pigmentary birthmarks: applying the size-based classification and the risk stratification of the congenital #### endocrinology-diabetes-and-growth (4) - [Acquired hypothyroidism and Hashimoto thyroiditis — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/acquired-hypothyroidism-and-hashimoto-thyroiditis) — Formative SAQs on acquired hypothyroidism and Hashimoto thyroiditis in children and adolescents. - [Adrenal insufficiency and adrenal crisis — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/adrenal-insufficiency-and-adrenal-crisis) — Two formative SAQs on adrenal insufficiency and adrenal crisis in children: the pigmented losing-weight adolescent with primary Addison dise - [Congenital adrenal hyperplasia — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/congenital-adrenal-hyperplasia) — Two formative SAQs on congenital adrenal hyperplasia: the genitally normal male neonate who salt-wastes at two weeks, and the virilised 46,X - [Congenital hypothyroidism — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/congenital-hypothyroidism) — Formative SAQs on congenital hypothyroidism: running the newborn-screening-to-treatment pipeline, the levothyroxine dose and timing that pro #### ent-hearing-and-oral-health (5) - [Acute and chronic rhinosinusitis — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/acute-and-chronic-rhinosinusitis) — Formative SAQs on acute and chronic rhinosinusitis: the recognition and stepwise management of a child with acute bacterial rhinosinusitis u - [Acute otitis media — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/acute-otitis-media) — Formative SAQs on diagnosing acute otitis media from a bulging tympanic membrane, applying the age-and-laterality antibiotic matrix with wei - [Ankyloglossia and infant feeding — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/ankyloglossia-and-infant-feeding) — Two formative SAQs on ankyloglossia and infant feeding: a two-week-old breastfed infant with poor weight gain, a painful clicking latch and - [Cleft lip and palate — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/cleft-lip-and-palate) — Formative SAQs on cleft lip and palate: the Veau classification, the embryology of facial-process and palatal-shelf fusion, the feeding prin - [Congenital ear anomalies and microtia — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/congenital-ear-anomalies-and-microtia) — Formative SAQs on congenital ear anomalies and microtia: distinguishing a deformational deformity from a true microtia, grading by Marx, exp #### mental-behavioural-and-psychosomatic (9) - [Acute behavioural disturbance and agitation — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/acute-behavioural-disturbance-and-agitation) — Two formative short-answer questions on recognising and managing acute behavioural disturbance and agitation in a child or adolescent: the l - [Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/anxiety-disorders-in-children-and-adolescents) — Formative SAQs on distinguishing disorder from normal developmental fear, multi-informant assessment with SCARED/SCAS/RCADS, stepped care wi - [Attachment disorders and relational trauma — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/attachment-disorders-and-relational-trauma) — Two formative SAQs on the two-disorder DSM-5-TR structure, caregiving-history assessment, the BEIP / ABC / Child-Parent Psychotherapy eviden - [Avoidant restrictive food intake disorder — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/avoidant-restrictive-food-intake-disorder) — Two formative short-answer questions on avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder: holding the boundary with anorexia nervosa, classifying t - [Child and adolescent suicide and self-harm assessment — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/child-and-adolescent-suicide-and-self-harm-assessment) — Two formative short-answer questions on suicide risk assessment, distinguishing non-suicidal self-injury from suicidal self-harm, risk strat - [Children of parents with mental illness or substance use — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/children-of-parents-with-mental-illness-or-substance-use) — Two formative SAQs on the heightened-but-probabilistic offspring-risk picture, the gene-environment-interplay mechanism, the Weissman STAR*D - [Chronic fatigue and post-viral fatigue syndromes — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/chronic-fatigue-and-post-viral-fatigue-syndromes) — Two formative short-answer questions on chronic fatigue and post-viral fatigue syndromes in young people: validating biopsychosocial assessm - [Collaborative care with child and adolescent mental-health services — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/collaborative-care-with-child-and-adolescent-mental-health-services) — Formative SAQs on the four models of paediatric–CAMHS collaboration, the treatment-gap rationale, stepped-care tiers, shared assessment with - [Conduct disorder and antisocial behaviour — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/conduct-disorder-and-antisocial-behaviour) — Formative SAQs on the rights-violation definition of conduct disorder, the Moffitt taxonomy, the callous-unemotional specifier, risk and saf #### rheumatology-musculoskeletal-and-sports (8) - [Acute monoarthritis and septic arthritis — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/acute-monoarthritis-and-septic-arthritis) — Formative SAQs on acute monoarthritis and septic arthritis: applying the Kocher criteria to the febrile limping child, interpreting the syno - [ANCA-associated and other childhood vasculitides: SAQ](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/anca-associated-and-other-childhood-vasculitides) — Short-answer questions on ANCA-associated and other childhood vasculitides, covering the Chapel Hill 2012 vessel-size nomenclature, the thre - [Angular, rotational and gait variants — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/angular-rotational-and-gait-variants) — Formative SAQs on the common physiologic variants of the growing lower limb: placing the child on the Salenius and Vankka developmental curv - [Back pain in children and adolescents — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/back-pain-in-children-and-adolescents) — Formative SAQs on back pain in children and adolescents: running the red-flag screen, recognising back pain under five as a red flag demandi - [Bone pain and malignancy red flags — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/bone-pain-and-malignancy-red-flags) — Formative SAQs on paediatric bone pain and malignancy red flags: separating the child whose limb pain is benign from the child harbouring le - [Clubfoot and congenital limb anomalies: SAQ](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/clubfoot-and-congenital-limb-anomalies) — Short-answer questions on the clubfoot and congenital limb anomalies, covering the four classical deformities (cavus, adductus, varus, equin - [Common paediatric fractures and growth-plate injury — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/common-paediatric-fractures-and-growth-plate-injury) — Formative SAQs on common paediatric fractures and growth-plate injury: applying the Salter-Harris classification to a physeal injury and pre - [Concussion and return to learn or play — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/concussion-and-return-to-learn-or-play) — Formative SAQs on sport-related concussion in the child and adolescent: recognising the concussion with the age-appropriate tool, running th #### pain-palliative-and-end-of-life-care (3) - [Acute nociceptive pain management — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/acute-nociceptive-pain-management) — Two MedVellum formative short-answer questions on the management of acute nociceptive pain in children: the stepwise, multimodal, opioid-spa - [Care in the last days of life — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/care-in-the-last-days-of-life) — Formative SAQs on care in the last days of life covering definition, classification, bedside pathway, red flags, documentation and family su - [Chronic primary and secondary pain in children: SAQ](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/chronic-primary-and-secondary-pain-in-children) — Short-answer questions on chronic primary and secondary pain in children, covering the ICD-11 distinction between primary and secondary pain #### cardiology (12) - [Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/acute-rheumatic-fever-and-rheumatic-heart-disease) — Formative SAQs on acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease: applying the revised Jones criteria, recognising subclinical carditis o - [Adult congenital heart disease transition — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/adult-congenital-heart-disease-transition) — Formative SAQs on the transition of the adolescent with congenital heart disease to adult ACHD care: the structured transition process and r - [Aortic and pulmonary stenosis — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/aortic-and-pulmonary-stenosis) — Formative SAQs on aortic and pulmonary stenosis: classifying the obstruction by anatomic level, grading severity by echo peak gradient, reco - [Atrial septal defect and partial anomalous pulmonary venous return — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/atrial-septal-defect-and-partial-anomalous-pulmonary-venous-return) — Formative SAQs on atrial septal defect and partial anomalous pulmonary venous return: recognising the wide fixed split second heart sound, c - [Atrioventricular septal defect — short-answer question](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/atrioventricular-septal-defect) — Short-answer question on the anatomy, classification, ECG, and timing of surgical repair of atrioventricular septal defect, with the Down sy - [Bradyarrhythmias, heart block and pacing — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/bradyarrhythmias-heart-block-and-pacing) — Formative SAQs on paediatric bradyarrhythmias, atrioventricular block and pacing: the ECG classification of AV block and the Mobitz I versus - [Cardiac transplantation and ventricular assist devices — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/cardiac-transplantation-and-ventricular-assist-devices) — Two formative SAQs on advanced paediatric heart failure: the infant with a dilated cardiomyopathy who becomes refractory to medical therapy - [Cardiogenic shock and mechanical circulatory support — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/cardiogenic-shock-and-mechanical-circulatory-support) — Two formative SAQs on cardiogenic shock and mechanical circulatory support in children: the school-age child who presents three days after a - [Cardiomyopathies in children — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/cardiomyopathies-in-children) — Two formative SAQs on paediatric cardiomyopathy: the adolescent with exertional syncope and a family history of sudden death (hypertrophic c - [Cardiovascular examination and murmur assessment — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/cardiovascular-examination-and-murmur-assessment) — Formative SAQs on performing the systematic paediatric cardiovascular examination, recognising the innocent murmur fingerprint and the depar - [Coarctation and interrupted aortic arch — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/coarctation-and-interrupted-aortic-arch) — Two formative SAQs on coarctation of the aorta and interrupted aortic arch in children: the neonate who collapses on day three of life with - [Congenital coronary anomalies and ALCAPA — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/congenital-coronary-anomalies-and-anomalous-left-coronary-artery) — Formative SAQs on congenital coronary anomalies: the recognition and pathophysiology of ALCAPA in the two- to three-month-old infant, the ec #### respiratory-sleep-and-airway (10) - [Acute severe and life-threatening asthma — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/acute-severe-and-life-threatening-asthma) — Formative SAQs on grading acute asthma severity, the stepwise escalation from oxygen and continuous salbutamol through ipratropium and stero - [Aspiration, swallowing dysfunction and chronic lung injury — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/aspiration-swallowing-dysfunction-and-chronic-lung-injury) — Formative SAQs on recognising chronic aspiration and silent aspiration in the neurologically impaired child, characterising the route, choos - [Asthma diagnosis and long-term control — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/asthma-diagnosis-and-long-term-control) — Two formative SAQs on the diagnosis and long-term control of childhood asthma: the school-age child with recurrent cough and wheeze needing - [Behavioural insomnia and circadian rhythm disorders — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/behavioural-insomnia-and-circadian-rhythm-disorders) — Two formative SAQs on paediatric sleep-timing problems: the toddler with sleep-onset association behavioural insomnia and frequent night wak - [Bronchiectasis in children — short-answer question](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/bronchiectasis-in-children) — Short-answer question on the definition and chronic suppurative lung disease continuum, the vicious cycle, the aetiological work-up, and the - [Bronchiolitis and viral lower respiratory tract infection — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/bronchiolitis-and-viral-lower-respiratory-tract-infection) — Formative SAQs on grading bronchiolitis severity, supportive care with feeding, targeted oxygen and high-flow rescue, the drugs to withhold, - [Central sleep apnoea and hypoventilation syndromes — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/central-sleep-apnoea-and-hypoventilation-syndromes) — Two formative SAQs on central disorders of the control of breathing: a term neonate who breathes when awake but hypoventilates and desaturat - [Chronic cough in children — short-answer question](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/chronic-cough-diagnostic-approach) — Short-answer question on the definition, classification by cough quality, specific-cough pointers, and the antibiotic-first management of ch - [Community-acquired pneumonia — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/community-acquired-pneumonia) — Formative SAQs on assessing and grading childhood pneumonia severity, choosing first-line oral amoxicillin and the route of therapy, restrai - [Congenital lung and airway malformations — short-answer question](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/congenital-lung-and-airway-malformations) — Short-answer question on an antenatally detected congenital lung malformation — the classification, the postnatal work-up, the neonatal safe #### adolescent-and-young-adult-medicine (11) - [Adolescent chronic pain and functional symptoms — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/adolescent-chronic-pain-and-functional-symptoms) — Two formative short-answer questions on adolescent chronic pain and functional symptoms: biopsychosocial assessment, red-flag screening once - [Adolescent consent for research and sensitive services — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/adolescent-consent-for-research-and-sensitive-services) — Two formative short-answer questions on adolescent consent for research enrolment and for sensitive clinical services, including assent and - [Adolescent consultation, HEEADSSS and confidentiality — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/adolescent-consultation-heeadsss-assessment-and-confidentiality) — Two formative short-answer questions on running an adolescent consultation: time alone and conditional confidentiality, structured HEEADSSS, - [Adolescent health care for young people in out-of-home care — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/adolescent-health-care-for-young-people-in-out-of-home-care) — Two formative short-answer questions on the entry-to-care health assessment, the toxic-stress mechanism, consent authority, conditional conf - [Adolescent health in rural and remote settings — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/adolescent-health-in-rural-and-remote-settings) — Two formative short-answer questions on the rural adolescent access gap, its mechanism, a rural-optimised HEEADSSS, and the tiered service m - [Adolescent pregnancy and parenting — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/adolescent-pregnancy-and-parenting) — Two formative short-answer questions on adolescent pregnancy confirmation, options counselling, antenatal coordination, postpartum contracep - [Adolescent risk assessment and harm minimisation — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/adolescent-risk-assessment-and-harm-minimisation) — Two formative short-answer questions on cross-domain adolescent risk assessment, validated screening, suicide safety, and a domain-specific - [Adolescent sexual health and contraception — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/adolescent-sexual-health-and-contraception) — Two formative short-answer questions on confidential adolescent contraceptive counselling, the 5 Ps, LARC-first method choice, dual protecti - [Adolescent substance-use screening, brief intervention and harm reduction — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/adolescent-substance-use-screening-brief-intervention-and-harm-reduction) — Two formative short-answer questions on universal substance-use screening (S2BI/CRAFFT), motivational-interviewing brief intervention, the f - [Chronic disease self-management in young people — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/chronic-disease-self-management-in-young-people) — Two formative short-answer questions on chronic-disease self-management in young people: assessing adherence and transition readiness object - [Consent and confidential care for adolescents — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/consent-and-confidential-care-for-adolescents) — Two formative short-answer questions on adolescent informed consent, decision-making capacity, conditional confidentiality and lawful overri #### growth-development-and-behaviour (10) - [Adolescent transition for neurodevelopmental disability — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/adolescent-transition-for-neurodevelopmental-disability) — Formative SAQs on structured transition planning, readiness and warm handoff for neurodevelopmental disability. - [Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder) — Formative SAQs on multi-setting ADHD diagnosis, mimics and multimodal management. - [Augmentative communication, assistive technology and adaptive equipment — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/augmentative-communication-assistive-technology-and-adaptive-equipment) — Formative SAQs on AAC prescription, PECS/SGD evidence, seating/access and powered mobility for participation. - [Autism spectrum disorder — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/autism-spectrum-disorder) — Formative SAQs on autism spectrum disorder assessment and management. - [Behavioural assessment and functional analysis — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/behavioural-assessment-and-functional-analysis) — Two formative SAQs on ABC functional assessment, four functions, PBS/FCT and limited medication after formulation. - [Behavioural management of defiance and oppositional behaviours — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/behavioural-management-of-defiance-and-oppositional-behaviours) — Two formative SAQs on ODD versus CD formulation, coercive cycles, parent training first-line care and limited medication role. - [Cerebral palsy early recognition and classification — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/cerebral-palsy-early-recognition-and-classification) — Formative SAQs on CP definition, early detection tools and functional classification. - [Cerebral palsy surveillance and multidisciplinary management — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/cerebral-palsy-surveillance-and-multidisciplinary-management) — Two formative SAQs on GMFCS-linked hip surveillance, functional classification, tone pathways and medical-home coordination in cerebral pals - [Children with developmental disability in acute care — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/children-with-developmental-disability-in-acute-care) — Formative SAQs on diagnostic overshadowing, r-FLACC pain assessment and reasonable adjustments in acute care. - [Children with disability in school and community settings — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/children-with-disability-in-school-and-community-settings) — Formative SAQs on school medical letters, emergency plans and participation supports. #### clinical-pharmacology-and-therapeutics (5) - [Adverse drug reactions and pharmacovigilance — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/adverse-drug-reactions-and-pharmacovigilance) — Two formative short-answer questions on ADR classification, causality assessment, and the management and reporting of a suspected severe cut - [Analgesics and antipyretics — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/analgesics-and-antipyretics) — Two MedVellum formative short-answer questions on paediatric analgesics and antipyretics: the weight-based calculation of a paracetamol and - [Cardiovascular medicines in children — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/cardiovascular-medicines-in-children) — Formative SAQs on cardiovascular medicines in children: designing a prostaglandin E1 resuscitative plan for a duct-dependent neonate, and bu - [Chemotherapy and supportive pharmacology — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/chemotherapy-and-supportive-pharmacology) — Two MedVellum formative short-answer questions on chemotherapy and supportive pharmacology in children: dexrazoxane cardioprotection for the - [Complementary, alternative and traditional medicines — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/complementary-alternative-and-traditional-medicines) — Two formative SAQs on complementary, alternative and traditional medicines in children: the five CAM domains and why most use is undisclosed #### rural-remote-and-contextual-paediatrics (3) - [Advocacy, policy and health-service design for rural children — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/advocacy-policy-and-health-service-design-for-rural-children) — Formative SAQs on advocacy, policy and health-service design for rural children. - [Avoiding racism and institutional bias in child health — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/avoiding-racism-and-institutional-bias-in-child-health) — Formative SAQs on avoiding racism and institutional bias in child health. - [Child protection in small and remote communities — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/child-protection-in-small-and-remote-communities) — Formative SAQs on child protection in small and remote communities. #### clinical-assessment-and-reasoning (3) - [Age-specific normal vital signs and physiological ranges — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/age-specific-normal-vital-signs-and-physiological-ranges) — Formative SAQs. - [Care of children with medical complexity and technology dependence — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/care-of-children-with-medical-complexity-and-technology-dependence) — Two formative short-answer questions on CMC definition, technology-dependent deterioration, emergency planning, care coordination and caregi - [Clinical reasoning, problem representation and differential diagnosis — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/clinical-reasoning-problem-representation-and-differential-diagnosis) — Two formative short-answer questions on paediatric problem representation, threat-first differentials, cognitive traps and residual-risk han #### allergy-and-immunology (7) - [Allergic disease in children: integrated approach: SAQ](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/allergic-disease-in-children-integrated-approach) — Short-answer questions on the integrated allergic child covering the shared Th2 mechanism and atopic march, IgE versus non-IgE classificatio - [Allergic rhinitis and rhinoconjunctivitis — short-answer questions](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/allergic-rhinitis-and-rhinoconjunctivitis) — Two short-answer questions on the ARIA classification, IgE pathophysiology and stepwise management of allergic rhinitis in a school-aged chi - [Anaphylaxis prevention, action plans and autoinjectors — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/anaphylaxis-prevention-action-plans-and-autoinjectors) — Formative SAQs on the community anaphylaxis prevention package: the prevention prescription written after a first anaphylactic reaction in a - [Anaphylaxis: recognition and emergency management — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/anaphylaxis-recognition-and-emergency-management) — Formative SAQs on anaphylaxis: the stepwise emergency management of a four-year-old with peanut anaphylaxis (recognition, IM adrenaline dose - [Antibody deficiencies — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/antibody-deficiencies) — Formative SAQs on recognising the recurrent-infection pattern that earns an immunoglobulin work-up, interpreting the work-up functionally, c - [Atopic dermatitis and the atopic march — short-answer questions](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/atopic-dermatitis-and-the-atopic-march) — Two short-answer questions on the diagnostic criteria, barrier-and-Th2 pathophysiology and stepwise management of atopic dermatitis in an in - [Complement deficiencies — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/complement-deficiencies) — Formative SAQs on recognising the three clinical fingerprints that earn a complement work-up, screening with CH50 and AP50 rather than a lon #### haematology-oncology-and-transfusion (8) - [Anaemia: diagnostic approach — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/anaemia-diagnostic-approach) — Formative SAQs on the MCV-based diagnostic approach to paediatric anaemia. - [Aplastic anaemia and bone-marrow failure: SAQ](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/aplastic-anaemia-and-bone-marrow-failure) — Short-answer questions on aplastic anaemia and inherited bone marrow failure in children, covering the Camitta severity criteria, the immune - [Bleeding child: diagnostic approach: SAQ](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/bleeding-child-diagnostic-approach) — Short-answer questions covering a preschool child with immune thrombocytopenia and a separate boy with a possible haemophilia, exploring the - [Blood-component therapy in children: SAQ](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/blood-component-therapy-in-children) — Short-answer questions on blood-component therapy in children, covering the per-kilogram doses of red cells, platelets, fresh frozen plasma - [Bone and soft-tissue sarcomas — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/bone-and-soft-tissue-sarcomas) — Formative SAQs on bone and soft-tissue sarcomas in children: recognising osteosarcoma from the persistent non-mechanical limb pain and the r - [Brain and spinal tumours: SAQ](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/brain-and-spinal-tumours) — Short-answer questions on brain and spinal tumours in children, covering the recognition of raised intracranial pressure, the posterior foss - [Cancer therapy complications and supportive care: SAQ](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/cancer-therapy-complications-and-supportive-care) — Short-answer questions on the complications of anticancer therapy and the supportive care that surrounds it in children, covering chemothera - [Childhood cancer warning signs and diagnostic pathways: SAQ](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/childhood-cancer-warning-signs-and-diagnostic-pathways) — Short-answer questions on the warning signs and diagnostic pathways of childhood cancer, covering the persistent-progressive principle, the #### infectious-diseases (8) - [Animal bites, arthropod bites and zoonoses: SAQ](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/animal-bites-arthropod-bites-and-zoonoses) — Short-answer questions on paediatric animal bites and zoonoses covering an infected hand cat bite requiring prophylaxis and the hand-bite ru - [Antimicrobial pharmacology, selection, dosing and stewardship in children — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/antimicrobial-pharmacology-selection-dosing-and-stewardship-in-children) — Two MedVellum formative short-answer questions covering developmental pharmacokinetics and weight-based dosing, empiric drug selection using - [Approach to fever by age and immune status — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/approach-to-fever-by-age-and-immune-status) — Formative SAQs on the age- and immune-status-aware approach to the febrile child. - [Bacteraemia and occult bloodstream infection — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/bacteraemia-and-occult-bloodstream-infection) — Two MedVellum formative short-answer questions on bacteraemia and occult bloodstream infection: (1) the well-appearing vaccinated toddler wi - [Brain abscess and intracranial suppuration — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/brain-abscess-and-intracranial-suppuration) — Formative SAQs on recognising brain abscess and intracranial suppuration, the imaging and microbiology strategy, empiric and tailored antibi - [Cellulitis, abscess and necrotising soft-tissue infection: SAQ](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/cellulitis-abscess-and-necrotising-soft-tissue-infection) — Short-answer questions on a febrile school-age child with a rapidly progressive, painful skin lesion, covering recognition of necrotising fa - [Common viral exanthems — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/common-viral-exanthems-including-roseola-and-erythema-infectiosum) — Formative SAQs on the common viral exanthems of childhood: the assessment and management of a non-immune pregnant woman exposed to a child w - [Congenital syphilis and perinatal sexually transmitted infections — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/congenital-syphilis-and-perinatal-sexually-transmitted-infections) — Formative SAQs on congenital syphilis and the perinatal sexually transmitted infections: the stepwise management of a septic-appearing two-w #### fetal-neonatal-and-perinatal (11) - [Antenatally detected kidney and urinary-tract anomalies: newborn management — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/antenatally-detected-kidney-and-urinary-tract-anomalies-newborn-management) — Two formative SAQs on the newborn with an antenatally detected kidney or urinary-tract anomaly: a male infant with suspected posterior ureth - [Antenatally diagnosed fetal conditions: paediatric planning — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/antenatally-diagnosed-fetal-conditions-paediatric-planning) — Two formative SAQs on paediatric planning for antenatally diagnosed fetal conditions: a hypoplastic left heart syndrome with place-of-delive - [Apnoea of prematurity — short-answer question](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/apnoea-of-prematurity) — Short-answer question on the definition, pathophysiology, and caffeine-first management of apnoea of prematurity, with exclusion of secondar - [Bilious vomiting and neonatal intestinal obstruction — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/bilious-vomiting-and-neonatal-intestinal-obstruction) — Two formative SAQs on bilious vomiting and neonatal intestinal obstruction: the rule that bilious vomit is obstruction until proven otherwis - [Birth trauma and brachial plexus injury — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/birth-trauma-and-brachial-plexus-injury) — Two formative SAQs on birth trauma and brachial plexus injury: the newborn with an upper-trunk injury and the 3-month threshold decision, an - [Bronchopulmonary dysplasia and chronic neonatal lung disease](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/bronchopulmonary-dysplasia-and-chronic-neonatal-lung-disease) — Short-answer questions on BPD prevention, classification, and management. - [Cephalhaematoma and subgaleal haemorrhage — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/cephalhaematoma-and-subgaleal-haemorrhage) — Two formative SAQs on the three birth-related scalp swellings: the anatomical-plane classification and the suture-line discriminator, and th - [Congenital and perinatally acquired infections: SAQ](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/congenital-and-perinatally-acquired-infections) — Short-answer questions on congenital and perinatally acquired infections covering a neonate with suspected congenital cytomegalovirus infect - [Congenital anomalies and dysmorphic newborn assessment — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/congenital-anomalies-and-dysmorphic-newborn-assessment) — Formative SAQs on recognising the dysmorphic newborn, climbing the diagnostic ladder, and stabilising life-threatening congenital anomalies. - [Congenital heart disease presenting in the newborn — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/congenital-heart-disease-presenting-in-the-newborn) — Two formative SAQs on the newborn with congenital heart disease: the day-three collapsed neonate with coarctation, and the cyanotic newborn - [Conjugated jaundice and neonatal cholestasis: SAQ](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/conjugated-jaundice-and-neonatal-cholestasis-including-biliary-atresia) — Short-answer questions on conjugated jaundice and neonatal cholestasis covering a six-week-old infant with pale stools and jaundice, the dia #### professional-practice-and-evidence (8) - [Best-interests decisions and treatment limitation — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/best-interests-decisions-and-treatment-limitation) — Two formative SAQs on best-interests decisions and treatment limitation in paediatrics: the best-interests balance, withholding versus withd - [Biostatistics for paediatric exams — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/biostatistics-for-paediatric-exams) — Formative SAQs on descriptive and inferential statistics applied to paediatric study results, including confidence intervals, p-values, erro - [Breaking bad news and serious-illness communication — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/breaking-bad-news-and-serious-illness-communication) — Formative SAQs on structured breaking-bad-news conversations, prognostic disclosure and follow-up in paediatrics. - [Clinical epidemiology and measures of effect — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/clinical-epidemiology-and-measures-of-effect) — Formative SAQs on the computation and interpretation of measures of effect in paediatric research. - [Clinician wellbeing, fatigue and sustainable practice — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/clinician-wellbeing-fatigue-and-sustainable-practice) — Two formative SAQs on clinician wellbeing and fatigue: the Maslach burnout framework and demands-resources mechanism, the fatigue-to-error c - [Communicating risk and uncertainty to families — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/communicating-risk-and-uncertainty-to-families) — Formative SAQs on evidence-based risk and uncertainty communication with families in paediatrics. - [Confidentiality with children and adolescents — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/confidentiality-with-children-and-adolescents) — Two formative short-answer questions on conditional confidentiality, Gillick/Fraser capacity, the three override thresholds, parental reques - [Conflict, complaints and difficult clinical encounters — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/conflict-complaints-and-difficult-clinical-encounters) — Formative SAQs on de-escalating an angry parent, managing a goals-of-care dispute, and responding to a formal complaint while supporting the #### ophthalmology (4) - [Colour vision deficiency and inherited retinal disease: SAQ](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/colour-vision-deficiency-and-inherited-retinal-disease) — Short-answer questions on colour vision deficiency and inherited retinal disease in children, covering the X-linked red-green colour deficie - [Congenital cataract and glaucoma — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/congenital-cataract-and-glaucoma) — Formative SAQs on congenital cataract and glaucoma: the assessment and stepwise management of a 4-week-old infant with a dense unilateral ca - [Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/congenital-nasolacrimal-duct-obstruction) — Formative SAQs on congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction: recognising the white quiet watering eye with reflux on lacrimal-sac pressure, e - [Conjunctivitis and red eye — formative SAQs](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/saqs/conjunctivitis-and-red-eye) — Formative SAQs on conjunctivitis and the red eye in children: the triage and cause-matched management of a child with viral conjunctivitis a _(capped at 200; see format index for the full set)_ ### Cases Index: https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases #### infectious-diseases (5) - ['It hurts at the line' — suspected central-line-associated bloodstream infection structured encounter](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/device-associated-and-healthcare-associated-infection) — A bedside structured encounter testing recognition and surveillance definition of central-line-associated bloodstream infection, paired cult - ['They're not themselves' — paediatric sepsis structured encounter](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/paediatric-sepsis-diagnosis-antimicrobial-treatment-and-source-control) — A bedside structured encounter testing recognition and classification of paediatric sepsis, delivery of the first-hour bundle, fluid and vas - [Animal bites, arthropod bites and zoonoses: Case](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/animal-bites-arthropod-bites-and-zoonoses) — Clinical case of a school-age girl with cat scratch disease presenting as subacute regional lymphadenopathy after a kitten scratch, covering - [Approach to fever by age and immune status — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/approach-to-fever-by-age-and-immune-status) — OSCE counselling and clinical reasoning station for a febrile young infant and parental concern. - [Cellulitis, abscess and necrotising soft-tissue infection: Case](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/cellulitis-abscess-and-necrotising-soft-tissue-infection) — Clinical case of a febrile toddler with periorbital swelling found to have orbital cellulitis from ethmoid sinusitis, covering the periorbit #### clinical-assessment-and-reasoning (6) - [‘Please just check her ears’ — structured PE OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/structured-physical-examination-from-newborn-to-adolescent) — OSCE-style encounter testing age-adapted examination sequencing in a febrile infant, measurement technique, incomplete-exam honesty, red-fla - [‘They’re not themselves’ — seriously ill child structured encounter](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/recognising-the-seriously-ill-child-and-paediatric-assessment-triangle) — A bedside structured encounter testing recognition of serious illness, PAT, focused ABCDE, communication, early escalation, safeguarding, ha - [Age-adapted history OSCE — toddler fever and adolescent confidentiality](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/paediatric-history-and-age-adapted-consultation) — Observed structured encounter testing multi-party paediatric history, interpreter use, confidential adolescent technique, teach-back and saf - [Age-specific normal vital signs and physiological ranges — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/age-specific-normal-vital-signs-and-physiological-ranges) — OSCE station. - [Bayesian test-selection OSCE — neonate residual risk and caregiver counselling](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/diagnostic-test-selection-and-bayesian-reasoning-in-paediatrics) — Observed structured encounter testing pre-test estimation, selective investigation, residual-risk counselling after a negative marker, and h - [Contested discharge and retrieval — structured clinical encounter](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/safe-disposition-escalation-referral-and-safety-netting) — Structured encounter testing pre-discharge reassessment, caregiver concern, capability-matched disposition, I-PASS/ISBAR handover, retrieval #### investigations-procedures-and-technology (13) - [4 J per kg and resume — shockable arrest](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/defibrillation-cardioversion-and-transcutaneous-pacing) — A bedside structured clinical encounter testing recognition of a shockable cardiac arrest rhythm, the decision to deliver an unsynchronised - [60 seconds, then the bone — intraosseous access](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/intraosseous-access) — A bedside structured clinical encounter testing recognition of the 60 to 90 second rule for failed intravenous access in a shocked child, th - [Acute abdominal imaging decision — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/abdominal-radiograph-and-acute-imaging-decisions) — OSCE procedural station: assess an 8-year-old child with suspected appendicitis, define the clinical question that the imaging must answer, - [Airway suction, oxygen devices and nebuliser technique: Case](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/airway-suction-oxygen-devices-and-nebuliser-technique) — Clinical case of a bronchiolitic infant failing low-flow oxygen, covering gentle suction technique, oxygen device classification and escalat - [Artificial intelligence and clinical decision support in paediatrics — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/artificial-intelligence-and-clinical-decision-support-in-paediatrics) — OSCE clinical-reasoning and communication station in which the candidate works through three AI and decision-support scenarios with the ward - [Aspirate a suspected septic hip in a child — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/joint-aspiration) — OSCE procedural station: assess a 3-year-old febrile child with a suspected septic hip, score the prediction rule, exclude the relative cont - [Assess, clean, anaesthetise, close, dress — simple laceration repair](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/simple-laceration-repair-and-wound-management) — A bedside structured clinical encounter testing the structured assessment of a frightened child with a clean facial laceration, the topical- - [Bag-mask ventilation and basic airway adjuncts: Case](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/bag-mask-ventilation-and-basic-airway-adjuncts) — Clinical case of an apnoeic, bradycardic post-ictal infant needing immediate airway and ventilation, covering airway opening, mask sizing, t - [Central venous and arterial access in children — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/central-venous-and-arterial-access-in-children) — OSCE procedural-planning station for a child requiring central venous access, with a structured oral of site selection, ultrasound-guided Se - [Chest decompression in a ventilated neonate — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/chest-decompression-and-intercostal-drain-insertion) — OSCE procedural station: recognise tension pneumothorax in a ventilated premature neonate who suddenly deteriorates with rising airway press - [Choose and consent a genetic test after a normal microarray — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/genetic-and-metabolic-test-selection) — OSCE communication and decision-making station: escalate from a normal microarray to trio whole-exome sequencing in a 4-year-old with global - [Consent and prepare a child for a procedure — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/procedural-consent-preparation-and-child-life-support) — OSCE communication and procedural-readiness station: assess a 4-year-old for intravenous cannulation on the ward, take valid consent and ass - [Counsel a parent about radiation risk and consent for a paediatric CT — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/radiation-protection-and-imaging-stewardship) — OSCE communication and decision-making station: apply the principles of radiation protection to a child referred for a CT, justify or substi #### preventive-and-community-paediatrics (6) - [4-month health supervision OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/infant-health-supervision-3-to-6-months) — OSCE on structured 4-month visit including sleep counselling, growth, development and maternal mood. - [Aboriginal child health partnership — communication OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-child-health) — OSCE on culturally safe engagement, ear and wet-cough counselling, and ACCHO-shared planning with an Aboriginal family. - [Absolute risk and vaccine catch-up counselling — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/population-health-epidemiology-and-prevention-in-paediatrics) — OSCE on absolute versus relative risk, herd immunity limits, and non-coercive immunisation catch-up planning for a mobile family. - [Adolescent preventive visit OSCE — confidentiality, HEADSS and safety planning](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/adolescent-preventive-health-care) — Observed structured encounter testing time alone, conditional confidentiality, HEADSS interviewing, positive-screen safety action and shared - [Bilateral newborn hearing refer before rural discharge — structured clinical encounter](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/newborn-hearing-screening) — Structured encounter testing bilateral refer counselling, 1-3-6 pathway planning, residual-risk concepts and rural follow-up design for newb - [Childcare exclusion counselling — communication OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/childcare-attendance-exclusion-and-infection-prevention) — OSCE on gastroenteritis return-to-care counselling, exclusion principles and avoidance of inappropriate clearance. #### paediatric-dermatology (6) - [A child recovering from carbamazepine-induced SJS-TEN overlap — long case](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/stevens-johnson-syndrome-and-toxic-epidermal-necrolysis) — Long-case and structured-discussion OSCE on a 9-year-old girl recovering from carbamazepine-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome-toxic epidermal - [A child with bruising and a low platelet count — long case](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/petechiae-purpura-and-vasculitic-rashes) — Long-case and structured-discussion OSCE on a four-year-old boy with sudden bruising, petechiae and a platelet count of 10 × 10⁹ per litre: - [Alopecia and hair disorders in children — structured clinical encounter](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/alopecia-and-hair-disorders-in-children) — Structured encounter testing the approach to an eight-year-old with a smooth bald patch and exclamation-mark hairs: the recognition of alope - [Approach to rash in infants and children — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/approach-to-rash-in-infants-and-children) — OSCE communication and clinical reasoning station for a parent bringing an infant with a rash. - [Counsel a parent on managing their infant's nappy dermatitis — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/nappy-dermatitis) — OSCE communication and counselling station: explaining to the parent of a nine-month-old boy what a candidal nappy dermatitis is, why it fol - [Counsel a parent on their newborn's large congenital melanocytic naevus — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/congenital-melanocytic-naevi-and-pigmentary-birthmarks) — OSCE communication and counselling station: explaining to the parent of a six-week-old girl with a large congenital melanocytic naevus on th #### fetal-neonatal-and-perinatal (8) - [A jaundiced infant at 12 hours of an RhD-sensitised pregnancy — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/haemolytic-disease-of-the-fetus-and-newborn) — OSCE on the neonatal management of haemolytic disease of the newborn, testing first-24-hour jaundice recognition, the hour-specific nomogram - [A rising-FiO2 preterm on CPAP — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/respiratory-distress-syndrome-of-prematurity) — OSCE on managing a 27-week preterm whose inspired oxygen climbs on nasal CPAP, testing the surfactant threshold, the LISA approach, oxygen t - [Apnoea of prematurity — clinical case](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/apnoea-of-prematurity) — Clinical case of a very preterm infant with recurrent apnoea who deteriorates at one week of age, illustrating exclusion of secondary causes - [Birth trauma and brachial plexus injury — structured clinical encounter](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/birth-trauma-and-brachial-plexus-injury) — Structured encounter testing the approach to a newborn with a brachial plexus birth injury after shoulder dystocia: Narakas grading, the imm - [Bronchopulmonary dysplasia and chronic neonatal lung disease](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/bronchopulmonary-dysplasia-and-chronic-neonatal-lung-disease) — Clinical case of a preterm infant with severe BPD and pulmonary hypertension. - [Congenital and perinatally acquired infections: Case](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/congenital-and-perinatally-acquired-infections) — Clinical case of congenital syphilis in an infant of a mother with late antenatal presentation, covering recognition, investigation, treatme - [Congenital heart disease presenting in the newborn — structured clinical encounter](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/congenital-heart-disease-presenting-in-the-newborn) — Structured encounter testing the approach to a day-three collapsed neonate with a duct-dependent obstructive lesion: the bedside split, the - [Conjugated jaundice and neonatal cholestasis: Case](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/conjugated-jaundice-and-neonatal-cholestasis-including-biliary-atresia) — Clinical case of a five-week-old infant with biliary atresia, covering recognition of conjugated jaundice and acholic stools, the diagnostic #### growth-development-and-behaviour (6) - [AAC counselling — communication OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/augmentative-communication-assistive-technology-and-adaptive-equipment) — OSCE on early AAC counselling, myth-busting, feature-match planning and partner training for a child with complex communication needs. - [Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder) — OSCE station: ADHD assessment counselling and shared decision-making for multimodal care. - [Autism spectrum disorder — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/autism-spectrum-disorder) — OSCE counselling station after suspected autism spectrum disorder assessment. - [Behavioural assessment OSCE — function formulation and family counselling](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/behavioural-assessment-and-functional-analysis) — OSCE on multi-setting behavioural assessment, function hypothesis, PBS/FCT counselling and medication thresholds. - [Cerebral palsy surveillance OSCE — clinic visit and family counselling](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/cerebral-palsy-surveillance-and-multidisciplinary-management) — OSCE on GMFCS IV surveillance visit: domain checklist, hip counselling, tone goals and closed-loop plan. - [Confirmed bilateral hearing loss — counselling OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/hearing-impairment-and-development) — OSCE on counselling after diagnostic confirmation of permanent bilateral hearing loss and early intervention planning. #### gastroenterology-hepatology-and-nutrition (14) - [Abdominal wall and umbilical disorders — structured clinical encounter](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/abdominal-wall-and-umbilical-disorders) — Structured encounter testing the approach to a newborn delivered at a tertiary centre with bare bowel protruding beside a normal cord: the r - [Acute abdominal pain in children: Case](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/acute-abdominal-pain-in-children) — Clinical case of an adolescent girl with acute right lower quadrant abdominal pain and the gynaecological differential, working through the - [Acute gastroenteritis and infectious diarrhoea — structured clinical encounter](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/acute-gastroenteritis-and-infectious-diarrhoea) — Structured encounter testing the approach to an 18-month-old with two days of watery diarrhoea and vomiting who is mildly-to-moderately dehy - [Acute liver failure: Case](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/acute-liver-failure) — Clinical case of a sixteen-year-old girl with an acetaminophen overdose presenting with acute liver failure, covering the resuscitation, emp - [Acute vomiting in infants and children: Case](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/acute-vomiting-in-infants-and-children) — Clinical case of a toddler with acute vomiting and dehydration from gastroenteritis, working through clinical dehydration assessment, oral r - [Appendicitis and surgical abdomen — structured clinical encounter](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/appendicitis-and-surgical-abdomen) — Structured encounter testing the approach to a previously well nine-year-old with migratory right iliac fossa pain, anorexia and localised t - [Ascites and peritoneal disease: Case](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/ascites-and-peritoneal-disease) — Clinical case of a three-month-old infant presenting with progressive abdominal distension and milky ascitic fluid, covering the diagnosis o - [Bilious vomiting and intestinal obstruction — structured clinical encounter](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/bilious-vomiting-and-intestinal-obstruction) — Structured encounter testing the approach to a term neonate with sudden bilious vomiting: the recognition of malrotation with midgut volvulu - [Breastfeeding medicine and lactation support — structured clinical encounter](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/breastfeeding-medicine-and-lactation-support) — Structured encounter testing the approach to a mother at three weeks postpartum with fever and a hot, tender breast: the recognition of the - [Chronic and recurrent abdominal pain: Case](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/chronic-and-recurrent-abdominal-pain) — Clinical case of a nine-year-old with recurrent periumbilical pain and school avoidance, covering the alarm-feature approach, targeted inves - [Chronic liver disease, cirrhosis and portal hypertension: Case](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/chronic-liver-disease-cirrhosis-and-portal-hypertension) — Clinical case of a nine-year-old boy with biliary atresia and progressive portal hypertension who presents with splenomegaly, ascites, and d - [Coeliac disease — structured clinical encounter](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/coeliac-disease) — Structured encounter testing the approach to a fourteen-year-old with iron-deficiency anaemia refractory to oral iron, short stature and a f - [Constipation and faecal incontinence: Case](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/constipation-and-faecal-incontinence) — Clinical case of a six-year-old with chronic constipation and overflow soiling, covering the positive functional diagnosis, red-flag screeni - [Counsel parents of a neonate with suspected midgut volvulus — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/malrotation-and-volvulus) — OSCE communication and shared-planning station: breaking the news to the frightened parents of a three-day-old neonate whose sudden bilious #### nephrology-urology-fluids-and-electrolytes (7) - [Acid-base disorders in children — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/acid-base-disorders-in-children) — OSCE communication and clinical reasoning station for the parents of a child newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes presenting in diabetic ket - [Acute kidney injury: Case](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/acute-kidney-injury) — Clinical case of a nine-year-old boy with septic shock and acute kidney injury, covering the KDIGO staging, the staged emergency management - [Acute nephritic syndrome and glomerulonephritis — structured clinical encounter](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/acute-nephritic-syndrome-and-glomerulonephritis) — Structured encounter testing the approach to a six-year-old with classic post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis: confirmation of the glomerul - [Antenatal hydronephrosis and postnatal evaluation: Case](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/antenatal-hydronephrosis-and-postnatal-evaluation) — Clinical case of an infant with the increased-risk UTD A2-3 antenatal hydronephrosis from a ureteropelvic junction obstruction, covering the - [Calcium, magnesium and phosphate disorders — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/calcium-magnesium-and-phosphate-disorders) — OSCE communication and clinical reasoning station for the family of a child newly diagnosed with X-linked hypophosphataemic rickets presenti - [Chronic kidney disease and progression: Case](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/chronic-kidney-disease-and-progression) — Clinical long case of a seven-year-old boy with posterior urethral valves and progressive chronic kidney disease, covering KDIGO staging wit - [Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract: Case](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/congenital-anomalies-of-the-kidney-and-urinary-tract) — Clinical case of an infant with a unilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney and contralateral vesicoureteral reflux, covering the antenatal d #### endocrinology-diabetes-and-growth (11) - [Acquired hypothyroidism and Hashimoto thyroiditis — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/acquired-hypothyroidism-and-hashimoto-thyroiditis) — OSCE counselling and management station for a newly diagnosed adolescent with Hashimoto thyroiditis. - [Adrenal insufficiency and adrenal crisis — structured clinical encounter](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/adrenal-insufficiency-and-adrenal-crisis) — Structured encounter testing the approach to a pigmented, losing-weight adolescent who collapses with primary adrenal insufficiency: the dia - [Childhood obesity assessment and staged management OSCE — classification, comorbidity screening and weight-neutral planning](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/obesity-assessment-complications-and-treatment) — Observed structured encounter testing childhood obesity classification using BMI-for-age, systematic comorbidity screening, selective second - [Communicating a new Graves disease diagnosis — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/hyperthyroidism-and-graves-disease) — OSCE communication and shared decision-making station: explaining to a thirteen-year-old girl and her mother what a new Graves disease diagn - [Congenital adrenal hyperplasia — structured clinical encounter](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/congenital-adrenal-hyperplasia) — Structured encounter testing the approach to a genitally normal male neonate who collapses with salt-wasting at two weeks: the diagnosis, th - [Counsel a family given a new diagnosis of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/osteoporosis-and-fragility-fractures-in-children) — OSCE communication and shared-planning station: breaking the news of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in a steroid-treated boy with Duche - [Counsel a family given a new diagnosis of vitamin D deficiency rickets — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/rickets-and-metabolic-bone-disease) — OSCE communication and shared-planning station: breaking the news of a vitamin D deficiency rickets diagnosis in an exclusively breastfed in - [Counsel a family on a new diagnosis of central precocious puberty — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/precocious-puberty) — OSCE communication and shared decision-making station: explaining to the parents of a 6-year-old girl what a new diagnosis of progressive ce - [Counsel an adolescent boy and his family on delayed puberty — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/constitutional-delay-and-familial-short-stature) — OSCE communication and shared decision-making station: counselling a distressed fourteen-year-old boy and his parents on constitutional dela - [Counsel parents given a new diagnosis of congenital hypothyroidism — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/congenital-hypothyroidism) — OSCE communication and shared-planning station: breaking the news of a congenital hypothyroidism diagnosis confirmed after an abnormal newbo - [Counsel parents given a new finding of atypical genitalia — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/disorders-of-sex-development) — OSCE communication and shared-planning station: breaking the news of a disorder of sex development to the parents of a two-day-old infant wi #### mental-behavioural-and-psychosomatic (6) - [Acute behavioural disturbance and agitation — OSCE communication and management station](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/acute-behavioural-disturbance-and-agitation) — Observed structured encounter testing environmental safety, verbal de-escalation as first-line treatment, the least-restrictive ladder, orga - [Attachment disorders and relational trauma — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/attachment-disorders-and-relational-trauma) — OSCE communication-and-counselling station assessing a four-year-old placed in foster care six weeks ago after chronic neglect, who will not - [Avoidant restrictive food intake disorder OSCE — boundary, safety and evidence-based care](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/avoidant-restrictive-food-intake-disorder) — Observed structured encounter testing an ARFID consultation: holding the boundary with anorexia nervosa, assessing medical and refeeding saf - [Child and adolescent suicide and self-harm assessment — OSCE communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/child-and-adolescent-suicide-and-self-harm-assessment) — Observed structured encounter testing direct questioning, structured risk stratification, co-built safety planning, means restriction counse - [Children of parents with mental illness or substance use — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/children-of-parents-with-mental-illness-or-substance-use) — OSCE communication-and-counselling station assessing an eight-year-old whose mother has treatment-resistant depression, who has begun a hidd - [Chronic fatigue and post-viral fatigue syndromes OSCE — validation, energy management and school reintegration](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/chronic-fatigue-and-post-viral-fatigue-syndromes) — Observed structured encounter testing a validating, function-first chronic-fatigue consultation: biopsychosocial assessment, recognising pos #### genetics-dysmorphology-and-metabolism (19) - [Acute metabolic decompensation in propionic acidaemia — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/organic-acidaemias) — OSCE communication and shared decision-making station: explaining to parents what a new propionic acidaemia diagnosis means for their neonat - [Acute metabolic decompensation: recognition and stabilisation](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/acute-metabolic-decompensation-recognition-and-stabilisation) — Clinical case mapping recognition and resuscitation of a neonatal hyperammonaemic crisis onto the 15-examiner-dimension framework. - [Communicating a new congenital hyperinsulinism diagnosis — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/hypoglycaemia-due-to-inherited-metabolic-disease) — OSCE communication and shared decision-making station: explaining to parents what a new congenital hyperinsulinism diagnosis means for their - [Communicating a new glycogen storage disease type I diagnosis — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/glycogen-storage-and-carbohydrate-metabolism-disorders) — OSCE communication and shared decision-making station: explaining to parents what a new glycogen storage disease type Ia (von Gierke) diagno - [Communicating a new MCAD deficiency diagnosis after a metabolic crisis — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/fatty-acid-oxidation-disorders) — OSCE communication and shared decision-making station: explaining to parents what a new medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency diagn - [Communicating a new ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency diagnosis — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/urea-cycle-disorders-and-hyperammonaemia) — OSCE communication and shared decision-making station: explaining to parents what a new ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency diagnosis mean - [Communicating a new Wilson disease diagnosis — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/disorders-of-metal-metabolism-wilson-and-menkes-disease) — OSCE communication and shared decision-making station: explaining to the parents of a 13-year-old boy what a new Wilson disease diagnosis me - [Counsel a consanguineous couple on genetic risk to a future pregnancy — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/genetic-history-pedigree-construction-and-inheritance-patterns) — OSCE communication and shared decision-making station: counselling a consanguineous couple who lost a child to an undiagnosed autosomal rece - [Counsel a family on a new fragile X diagnosis and cascade testing — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/fragile-x-syndrome) — OSCE communication and shared decision-making station: explaining to parents what a new fragile X syndrome diagnosis means for their three-y - [Counsel a family on a new Prader-Willi diagnosis and the trajectory ahead — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/prader-willi-and-angelman-syndromes) — OSCE communication and shared decision-making station: explaining to parents what a new Prader-Willi syndrome diagnosis means for their hypo - [Counsel a family on a new Williams syndrome diagnosis and anaesthetic safety — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/williams-syndrome) — OSCE communication and shared decision-making station: explaining to parents what a new Williams syndrome diagnosis means for their eight-mo - [Counsel a young woman with Marfan syndrome who wishes to conceive — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/marfan-syndrome-and-heritable-connective-tissue-disorders) — OSCE communication and shared decision-making station: counselling a young woman with Marfan syndrome and an aortic root of 4.4 cm who wishe - [Counsel an adolescent and her family on a new Turner syndrome diagnosis — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/turner-syndrome) — OSCE communication and shared decision-making station: explaining to a 13-year-old girl and her parents what a new Turner syndrome diagnosis - [Counsel new parents given a postnatal diagnosis of Down syndrome — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/down-syndrome) — OSCE communication and shared-planning station: breaking the news of a postnatal Down syndrome diagnosis, explaining the genetic mechanism a - [Counsel new parents given a postnatal diagnosis of Noonan syndrome — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/noonan-syndrome-and-rasopathies) — OSCE communication and shared-planning station: breaking the news of a postnatal Noonan syndrome diagnosis, explaining the RAS/MAPK pathway - [Counsel parents after an abnormal newborn bloodspot screen for X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/peroxisomal-disorders) — OSCE communication and shared decision-making station: explaining an abnormal newborn bloodspot screen for X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy in - [Counsel parents given a new diagnosis of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/22q11-2-deletion-syndrome) — OSCE communication and shared-planning station: breaking the news of a 22q11.2 deletion syndrome diagnosis confirmed after a neonatal cardia - [Counsel parents given a prenatal diagnosis of 47,XXY Klinefelter syndrome — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/klinefelter-syndrome-and-sex-chromosome-aneuploidy) — OSCE communication and shared-planning station: counselling parents given a prenatal diagnosis of 47,XXY Klinefelter syndrome on cell-free D - [Counsel parents given an abnormal newborn bloodspot screen for Krabbe disease — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/lysosomal-storage-disorders) — OSCE communication and shared decision-making station: explaining an abnormal newborn bloodspot screen for a lysosomal storage disorder in p #### neurology-neurodisability-and-neuromuscular (9) - [Acute neuromuscular respiratory failure: Case](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/acute-neuromuscular-respiratory-failure) — Clinical case of a 7-year-old boy with acute neuromuscular respiratory failure from Guillain-Barre syndrome, covering the ascending areflexi - [Ataxia in children: Case](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/ataxia-in-children) — Clinical case of a fourteen-year-old boy with Friedreich ataxia, covering the bedside diagnosis from the cardinal constellation, the genetic - [Autoimmune encephalitis: Case](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/autoimmune-encephalitis) — Clinical case of a 13-year-old girl with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, covering the staged presentation from psychiatric change to seizur - [Brain death, death by neurological criteria and organ donation: Case](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/brain-death-death-by-neurological-criteria-and-organ-donation) — Clinical case of a child who reaches brain death after a severe traumatic brain injury, covering the prerequisite checks and the correction - [Cerebral vascular malformations: Case](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/cerebral-vascular-malformations) — Clinical case of a term neonate presenting with high-output cardiac failure from a vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation, covering the bedsi - [Concussion and mild traumatic brain injury — structured clinical encounter](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/concussion-and-mild-traumatic-brain-injury) — Structured encounter testing the assessment of an eleven-year-old girl whose daily headache, fatigue, poor concentration, and sensitivity to - [Congenital myopathies and muscular dystrophies: Case](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/congenital-myopathies-and-muscular-dystrophies) — Clinical case of a 6-month-old girl with merosin-deficient congenital muscular dystrophy from LAMA2, covering the markedly raised creatine k - [Counsel a family on a new diagnosis of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/absence-focal-and-generalised-epilepsies) — OSCE communication and shared decision-making station: explaining a new diagnosis of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy to a fifteen-year-old girl - [Counsel a family on starting levetiracetam for newly diagnosed focal epilepsy — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/antiseizure-medicines-selection-adverse-effects-and-monitoring) — OSCE communication and shared decision-making station: explaining the selection, titration and adverse-effect monitoring of levetiracetam to #### adolescent-and-young-adult-medicine (14) - [Adolescent chronic pain and functional symptoms OSCE — validation, function-first plan and school reintegration](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/adolescent-chronic-pain-and-functional-symptoms) — Observed structured encounter testing a validating, function-first adolescent chronic-pain consultation: biopsychosocial assessment, red-fla - [Adolescent consent for research and sensitive services — OSCE communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/adolescent-consent-for-research-and-sensitive-services) — Observed structured encounter testing research-enrolment consent (assent plus parental permission, waiver of parental permission), sensitive - [Adolescent consultation OSCE — time alone, confidentiality, HEEADSSS and a safety plan](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/adolescent-consultation-heeadsss-assessment-and-confidentiality) — Observed structured encounter testing negotiation of time alone, conditional confidentiality, structured HEEADSSS interviewing, same-visit r - [Adolescent contraceptive consult OSCE — confidentiality, 5 Ps, method choice and a coercion disclosure](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/adolescent-sexual-health-and-contraception) — Observed structured encounter testing private time, conditional confidentiality, the 5 Ps, LARC-first counselling, dual protection and a con - [Adolescent health care for young people in out-of-home care — OSCE communication and safeguarding station](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/adolescent-health-care-for-young-people-in-out-of-home-care) — Observed structured encounter testing trauma-informed engagement, consent-authority clarification, the entry-to-care assessment, a lawful co - [Adolescent health in rural and remote settings OSCE — engineered confidentiality, tiered care and retrieval](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/adolescent-health-in-rural-and-remote-settings) — Observed structured encounter testing a rural-optimised HEEADSSS with engineered confidentiality, a telehealth-supported plan, and early ret - [Adolescent obesity and body-image concerns OSCE — assessment, weight-neutral counselling and staged planning](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/obesity-and-body-image-concerns-in-adolescents) — Observed structured encounter testing adolescent obesity classification, comorbidity and body-image screening, weight-neutral lifestyle coun - [Adolescent PCOS OSCE — diagnostic reasoning, lifestyle counselling and management planning](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-in-adolescents) — Observed structured encounter testing adolescent PCOS diagnostic reasoning, mimic exclusion, lifestyle-first counselling with mental health - [Adolescent pregnancy and parenting OSCE — confirmation, options, safeguarding and postpartum care](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/adolescent-pregnancy-and-parenting) — Observed structured encounter testing a non-judgemental adolescent pregnancy consultation: confirmation, options counselling, safeguarding, - [Adolescent risk assessment and harm minimisation OSCE — screening, brief intervention and the harm bundle](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/adolescent-risk-assessment-and-harm-minimisation) — Observed structured encounter testing HEADSS, validated screening, motivational-interviewing brief intervention, and assembly of a domain-sp - [Adolescent STI encounter OSCE — confidentiality, site-based testing and safety](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/sexually-transmitted-infection-screening-and-management) — Observed structured encounter testing private time, conditional confidentiality, the 5 P's history, risk- and anatomy-based testing, pregnan - [Adolescent substance-use SBIRT OSCE — screening, brief intervention and the harm bundle](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/adolescent-substance-use-screening-brief-intervention-and-harm-reduction) — Observed structured encounter testing universal substance-use screening (S2BI/CRAFFT), motivational-interviewing brief intervention, assembl - [Chronic disease self-management OSCE — adolescent adherence and motivational interviewing](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/chronic-disease-self-management-in-young-people) — Observed structured encounter testing objective adherence assessment, motivational interviewing, shared goal-setting and transition planning - [Consent and confidential care for adolescents — OSCE communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/consent-and-confidential-care-for-adolescents) — Observed structured encounter testing time alone, conditional confidentiality, bedside capacity assessment, lawful override and electronic-r #### professional-practice-and-evidence (5) - [Adolescent confidentiality OSCE — conditional script, override and the portal breach](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/confidentiality-with-children-and-adolescents) — Observed structured encounter testing the conditional-confidentiality script, time alone, capacity assessment, a safety override decision an - [Appraising a trial for a shared decision — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/evidence-based-medicine-and-critical-appraisal) — OSCE on appraising a randomised trial and applying its evidence to a shared decision with a family. - [Appraising design and bias at the bedside — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/paediatric-study-design-and-bias) — OSCE on identifying study design, assessing bias, and judging applicability of evidence to a child and family. - [Best-interests decisions and treatment limitation — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/best-interests-decisions-and-treatment-limitation) — OSCE station: leading a goals-of-care and treatment-limitation conversation with the family of a child with a progressive life-limiting cond - [Consent, parental responsibility and mature-minor frameworks — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/consent-parental-responsibility-and-mature-minor-frameworks) — OSCE station: obtaining parental permission and child assent for a lumbar puncture in a school-age child, managing dissent and disagreement. #### clinical-pharmacology-and-therapeutics (6) - [Adverse drug reactions OSCE — suspected anaphylaxis and reporting](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/adverse-drug-reactions-and-pharmacovigilance) — Observed structured encounter testing recognition and immediate management of a suspected drug reaction, causality reasoning, family communi - [Anticipate before you prescribe — drug interactions and reconciliation](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/drug-interactions-and-medication-reconciliation) — A bedside structured clinical encounter testing anticipation of a cytochrome P450-mediated drug interaction, prediction of the direction and - [Asking about complementary and traditional medicines — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/complementary-alternative-and-traditional-medicines) — Communication OSCE on taking a respectful, non-judgemental complementary and alternative medicine history from a parent, screening for inter - [Assess and correct a child's inhaler technique — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/inhaled-therapies-and-device-selection) — OSCE clinical-decision and communication station: assessing and correcting a child's inhaler technique when an inhaled corticosteroid appear - [Build a precision-prescribing plan for a child starting azathioprine — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/pharmacogenomics-and-precision-therapeutics) — OSCE clinical-decision and communication station: building a TPMT and NUDT15-guided thiopurine plan for a child with newly diagnosed Crohn d - [Chemotherapy and supportive pharmacology — formative case](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/chemotherapy-and-supportive-pharmacology) — A MedVellum formative structured clinical encounter following a child starting a doxorubicin and cisplatin regimen, assessing the dexrazoxan #### acute-care-resuscitation-and-toxicology (9) - [Airway assessment and basic airway management: Case](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/airway-assessment-and-basic-airway-management) — Clinical case of an unconscious toddler with tongue airway obstruction after a seizure, covering bedside airway assessment, head tilt-chin l - [Bleed first, diagnose later — hypovolaemic and haemorrhagic shock](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/hypovolaemic-and-haemorrhagic-shock) — A bedside structured clinical encounter testing recognition of haemorrhagic shock before hypotension, bleeding control, activation of the pa - [Box jellyfish sting — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/envenomation-and-marine-bites) — OSCE on the immediate first aid and hospital management of a child with a box jellyfish sting and evolving cardiorespiratory compromise, tes - [Breaking bad news and supporting a bereaved family after a SUDI — communication OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/care-after-death-unexpected-child-death-and-family-support) — Communication OSCE station: breaking the news of an unexpected infant death to the parents using SPIKES, offering family time and memory-mak - [Bring intensive care to the child — rural retrieval of a deteriorating child](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/retrieval-transport-and-interfacility-stabilisation) — A bedside structured clinical encounter testing recognition of a deteriorating child in a rural hospital, the stay-and-stabilise retrieval p - [By the product, not the symptom — household chemical exposure station](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/hydrocarbon-caustic-and-household-chemical-exposure) — A bedside structured clinical encounter testing recognition of a household chemical exposure, identification of the product from the contain - [Cardiogenic and obstructive shock: Case](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/cardiogenic-and-obstructive-shock) — Clinical case of a 14-year-old adolescent who develops tension pneumothorax while ventilated for severe asthma, covering the clinical diagno - [Check the glucose, measure the brain — altered conscious state in children](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/altered-conscious-state-in-children) — A bedside structured clinical encounter testing recognition of a child with an altered conscious state, securing the airway, screening with - [Cool, resuscitate, safeguard — a scalded child in the resuscitation bay](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/burns-assessment-resuscitation-and-safeguarding) — A bedside structured clinical encounter testing recognition of a burned child, correct cooling, age-adjusted TBSA estimation, modified-Parkl #### allergy-and-immunology (9) - [Allergic disease in children: integrated approach: Case](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/allergic-disease-in-children-integrated-approach) — Clinical long case of a school-age child with multisystem atopic disease (severe eczema, peanut allergy with prior anaphylaxis, poorly contr - [Allergic rhinitis and rhinoconjunctivitis — clinical case](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/allergic-rhinitis-and-rhinoconjunctivitis) — A clinical case of seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in an atopic school-aged child, illustrating ARIA classification, stepwise manageme - [Atopic dermatitis and the atopic march — clinical case](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/atopic-dermatitis-and-the-atopic-march) — A clinical case of infantile atopic dermatitis in a child with a strong atopic family history, illustrating diagnostic criteria, stepwise ma - [Counsel a family on a cow's-milk protein allergy diagnosis and formula choice — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/cows-milk-protein-allergy) — OSCE communication and shared-planning station: explaining a cow's-milk protein allergy diagnosis to a family, the elimination-and-rechallen - [Counsel a family on a new X-linked agammaglobulinaemia diagnosis — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/antibody-deficiencies) — OSCE communication and shared-planning station: explaining a new antibody-deficiency diagnosis to a family, the need to confirm the defect w - [Counsel a family on deferring live vaccines while SCID is excluded — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/vaccination-of-immunocompromised-children) — OSCE communication and shared decision-making station: explaining to a frightened family why the four-month-old's routine live vaccines must - [Counsel a family on recurrent meningococcal disease and a terminal complement deficiency — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/complement-deficiencies) — OSCE communication and shared-planning station: explaining a likely terminal complement deficiency to a family after a child's second episod - [Counsel a family on rituximab-related secondary hypogammaglobulinaemia and prophylaxis — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/secondary-immunodeficiency) — OSCE communication and shared-planning station: explaining secondary immunodeficiency arising from a biologic (rituximab) given for nephroti - [Counsel and plan with a family switching from IVIG to home SCIG — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/immunoglobulin-replacement-and-antimicrobial-prophylaxis) — OSCE communication and shared-planning station: explaining a route switch from hospital intravenous to home subcutaneous immunoglobulin to t #### haematology-oncology-and-transfusion (8) - [Anaemia: diagnostic approach — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/anaemia-diagnostic-approach) — OSCE reasoning and counselling station for the MCV-based approach to a confirmed paediatric anaemia. - [Aplastic anaemia and bone-marrow failure: Case](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/aplastic-anaemia-and-bone-marrow-failure) — Clinical case of a six-year-old boy with Fanconi anaemia presenting as severe aplastic anaemia, covering the Camitta criteria, the diepoxybu - [Bleeding child: diagnostic approach: Case](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/bleeding-child-diagnostic-approach) — Clinical case of a 4-year-old boy presenting with sudden petechiae and bruising after a viral illness, worked up for immune thrombocytopenia - [Blood-component therapy in children: Case](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/blood-component-therapy-in-children) — Clinical case of a preterm neonate and an older transfused child, covering the per-kilogram doses, the restrictive thresholds of the TOP and - [Brain and spinal tumours: Case](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/brain-and-spinal-tumours) — Clinical long case of a seven-year-old girl presenting with progressive early morning headache, vomiting, a new squint and ataxia from a pos - [Cancer therapy complications and supportive care: Case](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/cancer-therapy-complications-and-supportive-care) — Clinical case of a six-year-old boy with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia on day eight of a high emetogenic induction who presents with - [Childhood cancer warning signs and diagnostic pathways: Case](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/childhood-cancer-warning-signs-and-diagnostic-pathways) — Clinical long case of a four-year-old boy presenting with six weeks of progressive night leg pain attributed to growing pains and a firm thi - [Counsel an adolescent and family on a new diagnosis of osteosarcoma — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/bone-and-soft-tissue-sarcomas) — OSCE communication and shared decision-making station: explaining a new diagnosis of a distal femoral osteosarcoma to a fourteen-year-old bo #### ent-hearing-and-oral-health (3) - [Ankyloglossia and infant feeding — structured clinical encounter](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/ankyloglossia-and-infant-feeding) — Structured encounter testing the approach to a two-week-old breastfed infant with feeding failure — poor weight gain, a painful clicking lat - [Counsel a family on a newborn cleft lip and palate — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/cleft-lip-and-palate) — OSCE communication and shared decision-making station: explaining the diagnosis of a unilateral cleft lip and palate to the parents of a new - [Counsel a family on a small, malformed ear and the hearing pathway — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/congenital-ear-anomalies-and-microtia) — OSCE communication and shared decision-making station: explaining the diagnosis of grade III microtia with aural atresia in a newborn with a #### rheumatology-musculoskeletal-and-sports (9) - [Assess a child with persistent bone pain for malignancy red flags — long case](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/bone-pain-and-malignancy-red-flags) — Long-case structured assessment of a child with persistent, progressive, night-waking bone pain: running the red-flag screen, choosing the s - [Counsel a family on a new diagnosis of IgA vasculitis and the renal monitoring — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/iga-vasculitis) — OSCE communication and safety-netting station: explaining a new diagnosis of IgA vasculitis (Henoch-Schonlein purpura) to a five-year-old bo - [Counsel a family on CVID arthritis and the need for a dual plan — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/primary-immunodeficiency-with-rheumatic-manifestations) — OSCE communication and shared-planning station: explaining to a family that their daughter's arthritis and bruising are rheumatic fingerprin - [Counsel a family on load management for an overuse knee injury — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/sports-injury-prevention-and-overuse-injuries) — OSCE communication and shared-decision station: counselling the parents and the young adolescent athlete of a thirteen-year-old basketball p - [Counsel a parent after their child's concussion and agree on the return to school — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/concussion-and-return-to-learn-or-play) — OSCE communication and shared-decision station: counselling the parent of a fourteen-year-old after a sport-related concussion, explaining t - [Counsel a parent and a young athlete on low energy availability and the return-to-running plan — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/relative-energy-deficiency-in-sport-and-athlete-nutrition) — OSCE communication and shared-decision station: explaining low energy availability and the Female Athlete Triad to the parent of a fifteen-y - [Counsel a parent on an adolescent's new diagnosis of spondylolysis and the activity plan — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/back-pain-in-children-and-adolescents) — OSCE communication and shared-decision station: explaining a new diagnosis of spondylolysis to the parent of a thirteen-year-old gymnast, ou - [Counsel a school sports coordinator on a heat-safety and emergency-action plan for the summer season — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/heat-illness-exertional-collapse-and-sudden-death-prevention) — OSCE communication and shared-decision station: explaining the prevention of exertional heat illness and sudden cardiac arrest to a school s - [Counsel an adolescent and her parent on a new scoliosis diagnosis and the bracing plan — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/scoliosis-and-spinal-deformity) — OSCE communication and shared-decision station: explaining a new diagnosis of a 32-degree adolescent idiopathic scoliosis to a 12-year-old g #### pain-palliative-and-end-of-life-care (2) - [Assess a child's pain across developmental and cognitive ability — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/pain-assessment-across-developmental-and-cognitive-abilities) — OSCE assessment station: assess the pain of a non-verbal child with severe cerebral palsy on day one after spinal fusion, select and apply t - [Chronic primary and secondary pain in children: Case](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/chronic-primary-and-secondary-pain-in-children) — Clinical long case of a thirteen-year-old girl with eight months of widespread aching, fatigue, unrefreshing sleep and falling school attend #### respiratory-sleep-and-airway (6) - [Asthma diagnosis and long-term control — structured clinical encounter](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/asthma-diagnosis-and-long-term-control) — Structured encounter testing the approach to a 6-year-old with recurrent cough and wheeze: confirming the diagnosis objectively, classifying - [Behavioural insomnia and circadian rhythm disorders — structured clinical encounter](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/behavioural-insomnia-and-circadian-rhythm-disorders) — Structured encounter testing the approach to a 15-year-old with delayed sleep-wake phase disorder and school refusal: recognition of a circa - [Bronchiectasis in children — clinical case](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/bronchiectasis-in-children) — Clinical case of a school-aged child with a chronic wet cough progressing to bronchiectasis, illustrating the suppurative lung disease conti - [Central sleep apnoea and hypoventilation syndromes — structured clinical encounter](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/central-sleep-apnoea-and-hypoventilation-syndromes) — Structured encounter testing the approach to a term neonate who breathes adequately while awake but hypoventilates and desaturates during sl - [Chronic cough in children — clinical case](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/chronic-cough-diagnostic-approach) — Clinical case of a preschool child with a chronic wet cough illustrating the wet-versus-dry branch point, the antibiotic trial for protracte - [Congenital lung and airway malformations — clinical case](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/congenital-lung-and-airway-malformations) — Clinical case of a child with recurrent same-site pneumonia found to have a congenital lung malformation, illustrating the structural-lesion #### cardiology (8) - [Atrioventricular septal defect — clinical case](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/atrioventricular-septal-defect) — Clinical case of a four-month-old girl with Down syndrome and a complete atrioventricular septal defect presenting in heart failure, illustr - [Cardiac transplantation and ventricular assist devices — structured clinical encounter](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/cardiac-transplantation-and-ventricular-assist-devices) — Structured encounter testing the approach to a four-month-old infant with a dilated cardiomyopathy who becomes refractory to medical therapy - [Cardiogenic shock and mechanical circulatory support — structured clinical encounter](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/cardiogenic-shock-and-mechanical-circulatory-support) — Structured encounter testing the approach to a six-year-old boy who presents three days after a viral illness in compensated cardiogenic sho - [Cardiomyopathies in children — structured clinical encounter](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/cardiomyopathies-in-children) — Structured encounter testing the approach to an adolescent who collapses during a race with a family history of sudden death: recognition of - [Coarctation and interrupted aortic arch — structured clinical encounter](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/coarctation-and-interrupted-aortic-arch) — Structured encounter testing the approach to a three-day-old neonate who was feeding well then collapses with shock, metabolic acidosis, wea - [Counsel a young woman with a Fontan circulation on contraception, pregnancy, and staying in care — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/adult-congenital-heart-disease-transition) — OSCE communication and shared-planning station: a 19-year-old woman with a Fontan circulation returns after a gap in care and asks about con - [Counsel parents given a new diagnosis of transposition — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/transposition-of-the-great-arteries) — OSCE communication station: breaking the news of a duct-dependent cyanotic congenital heart diagnosis (transposition of the great arteries) - [Counsel parents of a neonate with critical aortic stenosis — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/aortic-and-pulmonary-stenosis) — OSCE communication and shared-planning station: breaking the news of a critical aortic stenosis diagnosis in a neonate who presented in shoc #### child-safety-and-social-paediatrics (2) - [Child sexual abuse and assault assessment OSCE — acute adolescent assault and the non-acute normal examination](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/child-sexual-abuse-and-assault-assessment) — Observed structured encounter testing tempo recognition, conditional confidentiality, the staged acute assault bundle with its time-limited - [Children in out-of-home care and foster care — OSCE communication and safeguarding station](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/children-in-out-of-home-care-and-foster-care) — Observed structured encounter testing trauma-informed engagement with a young child and carer, consent-authority clarification, the entry-to #### ophthalmology (3) - [Colour vision deficiency and inherited retinal disease: Case](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/colour-vision-deficiency-and-inherited-retinal-disease) — Clinical long case of a ten-month-old infant presenting with the roving eye movements, the nystagmus and the poor fixation, covering the ele - [Counsel a family on a new diagnosis of accommodative esotropia and amblyopia — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/strabismus-and-ocular-motility-disorders) — OSCE communication and shared-planning station: explaining a new diagnosis of accommodative esotropia with amblyopia in a young child, the m - [Counsel a family on a sticky watering eye and teach Crigler massage — OSCE](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/cases/congenital-nasolacrimal-duct-obstruction) — OSCE communication and shared-planning station: explaining the diagnosis of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction in a young infant, the _(capped at 200; see format index for the full set)_ ### Vivas Index: https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas #### genetics-dysmorphology-and-metabolism (4) - [22q11.2 deletion syndrome — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/22q11-2-deletion-syndrome) — Branching viva on 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: recognising the multisystem fingerprint that earns a chromosomal microarray, staging every syst - [Acute metabolic decompensation: recognition and stabilisation](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/acute-metabolic-decompensation-recognition-and-stabilisation) — Viva on pattern recognition and emergency stabilisation of acute metabolic decompensation in a child. - [Amino-acid disorders including phenylketonuria and MSUD — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/amino-acid-disorders-including-phenylketonuria-and-msud) — Branching viva on the inherited amino-acid disorders: recognising PKU, MSUD, tyrosinaemia type I and homocystinuria on their metabolite and - [Chromosomal microarray, exome and genome sequencing — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/chromosomal-microarray-exome-and-genome-sequencing) — Viva on the genomic resolution ladder, tiered test selection, variant interpretation, secondary findings, and rapid sequencing in the critic #### growth-development-and-behaviour (10) - [AAC and assistive technology — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/augmentative-communication-assistive-technology-and-adaptive-equipment) — Structured oral on early AAC, PECS/SGD evidence, seating/access, powered mobility and hospital communication safety. - [Adolescent transition for neurodevelopmental disability — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/adolescent-transition-for-neurodevelopmental-disability) — Viva on structured transition, readiness, warm handoff and crisis rescue in neurodevelopmental disability. - [Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder — viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder) — Branching viva on ADHD diagnosis, mimics, multimodal treatment and monitoring. - [Autism spectrum disorder — viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/autism-spectrum-disorder) — Branching structured oral on autism spectrum disorder assessment and management. - [Behavioural assessment and functional analysis — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/behavioural-assessment-and-functional-analysis) — Branching viva on functional assessment, four functions, PBS/FCT, medical screen and medication thresholds. - [Behavioural management of defiance and oppositional behaviours — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/behavioural-management-of-defiance-and-oppositional-behaviours) — Branching viva on ODD formulation, coercive cycles, parent training, ADHD comorbidity, medication boundaries and safeguarding. - [Cerebral palsy early recognition — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/cerebral-palsy-early-recognition-and-classification) — Viva on CP definition, early detection tools, GMFCS/MACS and communication. - [Cerebral palsy surveillance — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/cerebral-palsy-surveillance-and-multidisciplinary-management) — Branching viva on CP definition, functional scales, hip surveillance, tone pathways, medical-home coordination and transition. - [Children with developmental disability in acute care — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/children-with-developmental-disability-in-acute-care) — Structured oral on diagnostic overshadowing, pain tools and reasonable adjustments in ED. - [Children with disability in school and community settings — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/children-with-disability-in-school-and-community-settings) — Structured oral on school letters, ICF function, emergency plans and transition. #### acute-care-resuscitation-and-toxicology (10) - [ABCDE assessment and stabilisation of the acutely ill child — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/abcde-assessment-and-stabilisation-of-the-acutely-ill-child) — A branching viva following one acutely ill child from the doorway through recognise-and-call, a hands-on ABCDE primary survey that treats ea - [Airway assessment and basic airway management: Viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/airway-assessment-and-basic-airway-management) — Branching structured oral on paediatric airway assessment and basic airway management: the anatomy that makes children obstruct, airway mano - [Altered conscious state in children — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/altered-conscious-state-in-children) — A branching viva following one child with an altered conscious state from the doorway through airway security, AVPU and an age-adapted Glasg - [Burns assessment, resuscitation and safeguarding — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/burns-assessment-resuscitation-and-safeguarding) — A branching viva following one burned child from pre-alert through cooling, age-adjusted TBSA estimation, modified-Parkland fluid resuscitat - [Button-battery and magnet ingestion — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/button-battery-and-magnet-ingestion) — A branching viva following one child with a suspected button-battery ingestion from the doorway through airway security, the localising radi - [By the product, not the symptom — household chemical exposure viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/hydrocarbon-caustic-and-household-chemical-exposure) — A branching viva following one child who presents after a household chemical exposure, beginning as a suspected lamp-oil ingestion and then - [Cardiogenic and obstructive shock: Viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/cardiogenic-and-obstructive-shock) — Branching clinical structured oral on paediatric cardiogenic and obstructive shock: recognising the cold low-output phenotype, distinguishin - [Cardiorespiratory arrest and post-arrest care — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/cardiorespiratory-arrest-and-post-arrest-care) — Branching viva on paediatric cardiorespiratory arrest and post-arrest care: recognising the arrest, achieving return of spontaneous circulat - [Cardiotoxic and psychotropic medication poisoning — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/cardiotoxic-and-psychotropic-medication-poisoning) — A branching viva following one adolescent who presents after a deliberate overdose of unknown tablets, through the reading of the ECG and th - [Care after death, unexpected child death and family support — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/care-after-death-unexpected-child-death-and-family-support) — Branching structured oral on the unexpected child death: the immediate care-after-death response, coronial referral and certification, the m #### investigations-procedures-and-technology (11) - [Abdominal radiograph and acute imaging decisions — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/abdominal-radiograph-and-acute-imaging-decisions) — Branching viva on the acute paediatric abdominal imaging decision: the role and the low yield of the abdominal radiograph, the ALARA princip - [Abscess drainage and minor procedures — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/abscess-drainage-and-minor-procedures) — Branching viva on abscess drainage and minor paediatric procedures: the bedside decision between a drainable abscess, cellulitis and a necro - [Airway suction, oxygen devices and nebuliser technique: Viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/airway-suction-oxygen-devices-and-nebuliser-technique) — Branching structured oral on three linked bedside skills: why oxygen devices deliver different FiO2, suction technique and its complications - [Artificial intelligence and clinical decision support in paediatrics — viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/artificial-intelligence-and-clinical-decision-support-in-paediatrics) — Branching structured oral on the four classes of paediatric AI, how a machine-learning prediction model is built and where it fails, the val - [Audiology and hearing-test interpretation — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/audiology-and-hearing-test-interpretation) — Branching viva on paediatric hearing-test interpretation: reading the pure-tone audiogram for degree and type, the Jerger tympanogram types - [Bag-mask ventilation and basic airway adjuncts: Viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/bag-mask-ventilation-and-basic-airway-adjuncts) — Branching structured oral on opening the airway and ventilating a child: manual ventilation device classification, one- and two-person techn - [Blood gas, electrolyte and acid-base interpretation — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/blood-gas-electrolyte-and-acid-base-interpretation) — A branching viva following one child through the five-step systematic blood gas method, the choice between arterial, venous and capillary sa - [Bone-marrow aspiration and biopsy principles — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/bone-marrow-aspiration-and-biopsy-principles) — A branching viva following one child with suspected acute leukaemia, through the choice of aspirate and trephine, the posterior superior ili - [Central venous and arterial access in children — viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/central-venous-and-arterial-access-in-children) — Branching structured oral on choosing the site, performing ultrasound-guided central venous and arterial access, and managing complications - [Chest decompression and intercostal drain insertion — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/chest-decompression-and-intercostal-drain-insertion) — Branching viva on chest decompression and intercostal drain insertion in children: the clinical diagnosis of tension pneumothorax and immedi - [Chest radiograph interpretation in children — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/chest-radiograph-interpretation-in-children) — Branching viva on paediatric chest radiograph interpretation: the technical-quality check before the fields, the ABCDEFGH systematic approac #### gastroenterology-hepatology-and-nutrition (12) - [Abdominal wall and umbilical disorders — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/abdominal-wall-and-umbilical-disorders) — Branching viva from a newborn with bare bowel beside a normal cord, through the distinction of gastroschisis from omphalocele, the embryolog - [Acute abdominal pain in children: Viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/acute-abdominal-pain-in-children) — Branching structured oral on the child with acute abdominal pain: separating the surgical abdomen from medical mimics, the migration of pain - [Acute gastroenteritis and infectious diarrhoea — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/acute-gastroenteritis-and-infectious-diarrhoea) — Branching viva from a toddler with watery diarrhoea and vomiting, through the clinical grading of dehydration, the mechanism of fluid loss a - [Acute liver failure: Viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/acute-liver-failure) — Branching clinical structured oral on paediatric acute liver failure: recognising the diagnosis without an encephalopathy requirement, empir - [Acute vomiting in infants and children: Viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/acute-vomiting-in-infants-and-children) — Branching structured oral on the vomiting child: recognising bilious vomiting as a surgical emergency, building the age-based differential, - [Appendicitis and surgical abdomen — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/appendicitis-and-surgical-abdomen) — Branching viva from a nine-year-old with migratory right iliac fossa pain, anorexia and tenderness, through the Pediatric Appendicitis Score - [Ascites and peritoneal disease: Viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/ascites-and-peritoneal-disease) — Branching clinical structured oral on ascites and peritoneal disease in children: recognising the clinical signs of ascites, calculating and - [Bilious vomiting and intestinal obstruction — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/bilious-vomiting-and-intestinal-obstruction) — Branching viva from a term neonate with sudden bilious vomiting, through the recognition of malrotation with midgut volvulus, the anatomy of - [Breastfeeding medicine and lactation support — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/breastfeeding-medicine-and-lactation-support) — Branching viva from a mother with a hot, tender breast and fever, through the recognition of the mastitis spectrum and its stepwise manageme - [Chronic and recurrent abdominal pain: Viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/chronic-and-recurrent-abdominal-pain) — Branching clinical structured oral on chronic and recurrent abdominal pain: distinguishing functional from organic disease, the alarm-featur - [Chronic liver disease, cirrhosis and portal hypertension: Viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/chronic-liver-disease-cirrhosis-and-portal-hypertension) — Branching clinical structured oral on chronic liver disease, cirrhosis and portal hypertension in children: recognising the presentation of - [Coeliac disease — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/coeliac-disease) — Branching viva from the definition and pathogenesis of coeliac disease through the classic toddler, the adolescent with refractory iron defi #### preventive-and-community-paediatrics (9) - [Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander child health — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-child-health) — Structured oral on cultural safety, ACCHO partnership, ear and lung inequities, racism as exposure, and ARF reasoning. - [Adolescent preventive health care — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/adolescent-preventive-health-care) — Branching viva on time alone, confidentiality, HEADSS/HEEADSSS, screens, safety overrides and transition. - [Air pollution, tobacco smoke and vaping — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/air-pollution-tobacco-smoke-and-vaping-exposure) — Structured oral on SHS, third-hand smoke, youth vaping, household air pollution and acute EVALI principles. - [Cardiovascular risk screening in childhood — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/cardiovascular-risk-screening-in-childhood) — Viva on paediatric BP technique, lipid policy and FH. - [Catch-up immunisation — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/catch-up-immunisation-and-uncertain-vaccination-history) — Viva on uncertain history, invalid doses, live-vaccine spacing and multi-visit catch-up. - [Childcare exclusion and infection prevention — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/childcare-attendance-exclusion-and-infection-prevention) — Structured oral on exclusion principles, hygiene evidence, gastroenteritis outbreaks and CMV counselling. - [Childhood injury prevention — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/childhood-injury-prevention-and-anticipatory-guidance) — Structured oral on Haddon model, age-banded anticipatory guidance, passive strategies and modern household hazards. - [Climate change, heat and child health — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/climate-change-heat-and-child-health) — Structured oral on heat-stroke cool-first care, sports prevention and climate-equity counselling. - [Community needs assessment and child-health advocacy — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/community-needs-assessment-and-child-health-advocacy) — Viva on needs assessment, multi-level advocacy, partnership ethics and acute social-crisis branching. #### neurology-neurodisability-and-neuromuscular (10) - [Absence, focal and generalised epilepsies — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/absence-focal-and-generalised-epilepsies) — Branching viva on absence, focal and generalised epilepsies: classifying the seizure from the eyewitness account, confirming the syndrome wi - [Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and demyelinating disease — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/acute-disseminated-encephalomyelitis-and-demyelinating-disease) — Branching viva on acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and the acquired demyelinating syndromes of childhood: recognising the first event an - [Acute neuromuscular respiratory failure: Viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/acute-neuromuscular-respiratory-failure) — Branching clinical structured oral on paediatric acute neuromuscular respiratory failure covering the respiratory pump and the two mechanism - [Antiseizure medicines: selection, adverse effects and monitoring — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/antiseizure-medicines-selection-adverse-effects-and-monitoring) — Branching viva on antiseizure medicine selection, adverse effects and monitoring: classifying the drug by spectrum and mechanism, choosing t - [Ataxia in children: Viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/ataxia-in-children) — Branching clinical structured oral on ataxia in children: applying the acute-versus-chronic framework, performing the bedside localisation, - [Autoimmune encephalitis: Viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/autoimmune-encephalitis) — Branching clinical structured oral on paediatric autoimmune encephalitis covering the Graus diagnostic criteria, the anti-NMDAR presentation - [Brain death, death by neurological criteria and organ donation: Viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/brain-death-death-by-neurological-criteria-and-organ-donation) — Branching clinical structured oral on brain death and death by neurological criteria in a child, covering the definition and the whole-brain - [Cerebral vascular malformations: Viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/cerebral-vascular-malformations) — Branching clinical structured oral on cerebral vascular malformations covering the classification, the neonatal high-output cardiac failure - [Concussion and mild traumatic brain injury — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/concussion-and-mild-traumatic-brain-injury) — Branching viva across three children presenting after a head injury: a fourteen-year-old rugby player dazed after a tackle who returned to p - [Congenital myopathies and muscular dystrophies: Viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/congenital-myopathies-and-muscular-dystrophies) — Branching clinical structured oral on paediatric congenital myopathies and congenital muscular dystrophies covering the creatine kinase as t #### child-safety-and-social-paediatrics (5) - [Abusive head trauma — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/abusive-head-trauma) — Branching viva on recognising abusive head trauma, building the probability of inflicted injury, the imaging and workup strategy, safeguardi - [Caregiver-fabricated or induced illness — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/caregiver-fabricated-or-induced-illness) — Branching viva on recognising caregiver-fabricated or induced illness, the child-centred definition, the RCPCH alerting features, distinguis - [Child maltreatment recognition and response — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/child-maltreatment-recognition-and-response) — Branching structured-oral viva on recognising and responding to child maltreatment: the sentinel injury, the TEN-4-FBCP bruising rule, the a - [Child sexual abuse and assault assessment — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/child-sexual-abuse-and-assault-assessment) — Branching viva on the tempo of the assessment, the normal examination, finding interpretation against the Adams consensus, the acute bundle - [Children in out-of-home care and foster care — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/children-in-out-of-home-care-and-foster-care) — Branching viva on placement and legal-status classification, consent authority, the toxic-stress mechanism and attachment, the entry-to-care #### nephrology-urology-fluids-and-electrolytes (7) - [Acid-base disorders in children — viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/acid-base-disorders-in-children) — Branching structured oral on paediatric acid-base disorders, covering the six-step systematic approach, the anion gap and albumin correction - [Acute kidney injury: Viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/acute-kidney-injury) — Branching clinical structured oral on paediatric acute kidney injury: recognising the KDIGO definition and staging, the staged emergency man - [Acute nephritic syndrome and glomerulonephritis — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/acute-nephritic-syndrome-and-glomerulonephritis) — Branching viva from the classic cola-urine presentation of post-streptococcal GN, through the complement rule and the eradication regimen, t - [Antenatal hydronephrosis and postnatal evaluation: Viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/antenatal-hydronephrosis-and-postnatal-evaluation) — Branching clinical structured oral on antenatal hydronephrosis and postnatal evaluation covering the grading systems, the timing of the firs - [Calcium, magnesium and phosphate disorders — viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/calcium-magnesium-and-phosphate-disorders) — Branching structured oral on disorders of calcium, magnesium and phosphate in children, covering the corrected calcium and ionised fraction, - [Chronic kidney disease and progression: Viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/chronic-kidney-disease-and-progression) — Branching structured oral on paediatric chronic kidney disease and progression: the KDIGO definition and staging grid, the hyperfiltration m - [Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract: Viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/congenital-anomalies-of-the-kidney-and-urinary-tract) — Branching clinical structured oral on congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract covering the classification and embryology, the a #### paediatric-dermatology (4) - [Acne vulgaris in adolescents — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/acne-vulgaris-in-adolescents) — Branching viva on acne vulgaris in the adolescent: grading the comedonal versus the inflammatory disease, building the topical retinoid and - [Alopecia and hair disorders in children — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/alopecia-and-hair-disorders-in-children) — Branching viva from an eight-year-old with a smooth bald patch and exclamation-mark hairs, through the recognition of alopecia areata, the a - [Approach to rash in infants and children — viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/approach-to-rash-in-infants-and-children) — Branching structured oral on the approach to a rash in an infant or child. - [Congenital melanocytic naevi and pigmentary birthmarks — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/congenital-melanocytic-naevi-and-pigmentary-birthmarks) — Branching viva on the congenital pigmentary birthmarks: classifying the CMN by the projected adult size, stratifying the melanoma risk, reco #### endocrinology-diabetes-and-growth (4) - [Acquired hypothyroidism and Hashimoto thyroiditis — viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/acquired-hypothyroidism-and-hashimoto-thyroiditis) — Branching structured oral on acquired hypothyroidism and Hashimoto thyroiditis. - [Adrenal insufficiency and adrenal crisis — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/adrenal-insufficiency-and-adrenal-crisis) — Branching viva from the primary-versus-secondary split, through the pigmented losing-weight adolescent with autoimmune Addison disease, the - [Congenital adrenal hyperplasia — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/congenital-adrenal-hyperplasia) — Branching viva from the salt-wasting-versus-virilisation split, through the genitally normal male who collapses at two weeks, the virilised - [Congenital hypothyroidism — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/congenital-hypothyroidism) — Branching viva on congenital hypothyroidism: running the screening-to-treatment pipeline, the levothyroxine dose and timing that protect the #### ent-hearing-and-oral-health (5) - [Acute and chronic rhinosinusitis — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/acute-and-chronic-rhinosinusitis) — Branching structured-oral viva on acute and chronic rhinosinusitis: the distinction of acute viral from acute bacterial rhinosinusitis by th - [Acute otitis media — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/acute-otitis-media) — Branching viva on diagnosing acute otitis media from a bulging tympanic membrane, applying the age-and-laterality antibiotic matrix, choosin - [Ankyloglossia and infant feeding — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/ankyloglossia-and-infant-feeding) — Branching viva from a two-week-old breastfed infant with poor weight gain, a painful clicking latch and a mother with cracked nipples and en - [Cleft lip and palate — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/cleft-lip-and-palate) — Branching viva on cleft lip and palate: recognising the cleft at birth and classifying by Veau, the embryology of facial-process and palatal - [Congenital ear anomalies and microtia — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/congenital-ear-anomalies-and-microtia) — Branching viva on congenital ear anomalies and microtia: distinguishing a deformational deformity from a true microtia at the newborn check, #### mental-behavioural-and-psychosomatic (9) - [Acute behavioural disturbance and agitation — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/acute-behavioural-disturbance-and-agitation) — Branching viva on classifying acute agitation by severity and cause, the least-restrictive ladder, verbal de-escalation, oral and parenteral - [Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/anxiety-disorders-in-children-and-adolescents) — Branching viva on distinguishing disorder from normal fear, multi-informant assessment, stepped care, CAMS and Cochrane evidence, SSRI dosin - [Attachment disorders and relational trauma — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/attachment-disorders-and-relational-trauma) — Branching viva on the two-disorder DSM-5-TR structure, caregiving-history assessment, the autism differential, the BEIP / ABC / Child-Parent - [Avoidant restrictive food intake disorder — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/avoidant-restrictive-food-intake-disorder) — Branching viva on holding the ARFID versus anorexia nervosa boundary, classifying the driver pattern, protecting medical safety and refeedin - [Child and adolescent suicide and self-harm assessment — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/child-and-adolescent-suicide-and-self-harm-assessment) — Branching viva on distinguishing non-suicidal self-injury from suicidal self-harm, structured risk stratification, safety planning, means re - [Children of parents with mental illness or substance use — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/children-of-parents-with-mental-illness-or-substance-use) — Branching viva on the heightened-but-probabilistic offspring-risk picture, the gene-environment-interplay mechanism, the Weissman STAR*D-chi - [Chronic fatigue and post-viral fatigue syndromes — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/chronic-fatigue-and-post-viral-fatigue-syndromes) — Branching viva on recognising post-exertional malaise, applying the paediatric three-month threshold, validating the illness, excluding mimi - [Collaborative care with child and adolescent mental-health services — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/collaborative-care-with-child-and-adolescent-mental-health-services) — Branching viva on defining collaborative care, classifying the four models, the treatment-gap rationale, stepped-care tiers, shared assessme - [Conduct disorder and antisocial behaviour — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/conduct-disorder-and-antisocial-behaviour) — Branching viva on the rights-violation definition, the Moffitt taxonomy, the callous-unemotional specifier, risk and safeguarding, the role #### rheumatology-musculoskeletal-and-sports (8) - [Acute monoarthritis and septic arthritis — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/acute-monoarthritis-and-septic-arthritis) — Branching viva on acute monoarthritis and septic arthritis: applying the Kocher criteria, interpreting the synovial fluid, choosing the age- - [ANCA-associated and other childhood vasculitides — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/anca-associated-and-other-childhood-vasculitides) — Branching viva on ANCA-associated and other childhood vasculitides: classifying the vasculitides by vessel size and recognising the pulmonar - [Angular, rotational and gait variants — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/angular-rotational-and-gait-variants) — Branching viva on the common physiologic variants of the growing lower limb: placing the child on the Salenius and Vankka developmental curv - [Back pain in children and adolescents — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/back-pain-in-children-and-adolescents) — Branching viva on back pain in children and adolescents: running the red-flag screen, recognising back pain under five as a red flag for dis - [Bone pain and malignancy red flags — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/bone-pain-and-malignancy-red-flags) — Branching viva on paediatric bone pain and malignancy red flags: running the red-flag screen that separates benign limb pain from leukaemia, - [Clubfoot and congenital limb anomalies: Viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/clubfoot-and-congenital-limb-anomalies) — Branching clinical structured oral on the clubfoot and the congenital limb anomalies, covering the four classical deformities and the CAVE m - [Common paediatric fractures and growth-plate injury — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/common-paediatric-fractures-and-growth-plate-injury) — Branching viva on common paediatric fractures and growth-plate injury: reproducing the Salter-Harris classification and its prognosis, disti - [Concussion and return to learn or play — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/concussion-and-return-to-learn-or-play) — Branching viva on sport-related concussion in the child and adolescent: recognising the concussion with the age-banded tool, running the red #### pain-palliative-and-end-of-life-care (3) - [Acute nociceptive pain management — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/acute-nociceptive-pain-management) — A branching viva following one postoperative child through the stepwise, multimodal management of acute nociceptive pain: the scored pain as - [Care in the last days of life — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/care-in-the-last-days-of-life) — Branching viva on care in the last days of life: definition and ethical standard, classification, stepwise plan, contested escalation, and f - [Chronic primary and secondary pain in children: Viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/chronic-primary-and-secondary-pain-in-children) — Branching clinical structured oral on chronic primary and secondary pain in children, covering the framing of chronic primary pain and centr #### cardiology (12) - [Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/acute-rheumatic-fever-and-rheumatic-heart-disease) — Branching viva on acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease: applying the revised Jones criteria, recognising subclinical carditis o - [Adult congenital heart disease transition — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/adult-congenital-heart-disease-transition) — Branching viva on the transition of the adolescent with congenital heart disease to lifelong adult ACHD care: defining transition as a proce - [Aortic and pulmonary stenosis — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/aortic-and-pulmonary-stenosis) — Branching viva on aortic and pulmonary stenosis: classifying the obstruction by anatomic level, grading severity by echo peak gradient, reco - [Atrial septal defect and partial anomalous pulmonary venous return — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/atrial-septal-defect-and-partial-anomalous-pulmonary-venous-return) — Branching viva on atrial septal defect and partial anomalous pulmonary venous return: recognising the wide fixed split second heart sound, c - [Atrioventricular septal defect — structured oral (viva)](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/atrioventricular-septal-defect) — Branching structured oral on a four-month-old girl with Down syndrome and a complete atrioventricular septal defect, testing anatomy, the EC - [Bradyarrhythmias, heart block and pacing — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/bradyarrhythmias-heart-block-and-pacing) — Branching viva on paediatric bradyarrhythmias, atrioventricular block and pacing: the ECG classification of AV block and the Mobitz I versus - [Cardiac transplantation and ventricular assist devices — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/cardiac-transplantation-and-ventricular-assist-devices) — Branching viva from the definition of transplantation and ventricular assist devices through the three-axis classification, the INTERMACS ur - [Cardiogenic shock and mechanical circulatory support — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/cardiogenic-shock-and-mechanical-circulatory-support) — Branching viva from the school-age child who presents in compensated cardiogenic shock after a viral illness, through the cautious-fluid and - [Cardiomyopathies in children — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/cardiomyopathies-in-children) — Branching viva from the definition and morphological classification of the paediatric cardiomyopathies, through the hypertrophic sudden-deat - [Cardiovascular examination and murmur assessment — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/cardiovascular-examination-and-murmur-assessment) — Branching viva on the systematic paediatric cardiovascular examination, the innocent-versus-pathological murmur decision, the four-limb bloo - [Coarctation and interrupted aortic arch — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/coarctation-and-interrupted-aortic-arch) — Branching viva from the neonate who collapses on day three of life with weak femoral pulses, through the prostaglandin-E1-first resuscitatio - [Congenital coronary anomalies and ALCAPA — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/congenital-coronary-anomalies-and-anomalous-left-coronary-artery) — Branching viva on congenital coronary anomalies: the recognition and pathophysiology of ALCAPA in the infant, the echocardiographic definiti #### respiratory-sleep-and-airway (10) - [Acute severe and life-threatening asthma — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/acute-severe-and-life-threatening-asthma) — Branching viva on acute severe and life-threatening asthma: grading severity, delivering and escalating the stepwise pathway, recognising th - [Aspiration, swallowing dysfunction and chronic lung injury — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/aspiration-swallowing-dysfunction-and-chronic-lung-injury) — Branching viva on recognising chronic and silent aspiration, characterising the route with instrumental swallow assessment, running the mult - [Asthma diagnosis and long-term control — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/asthma-diagnosis-and-long-term-control) — Branching viva from the definition and objective confirmation of childhood asthma through the phenotype and control classification, the infl - [Behavioural insomnia and circadian rhythm disorders — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/behavioural-insomnia-and-circadian-rhythm-disorders) — Branching viva from the classification of behavioural insomnia of childhood and the circadian rhythm disorders, through the two-process and - [Bronchiectasis in children — structured oral (viva)](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/bronchiectasis-in-children) — Branching structured oral on a child with a chronic wet cough, testing the suppurative lung disease continuum, the vicious cycle, the aetiol - [Bronchiolitis and viral lower respiratory tract infection — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/bronchiolitis-and-viral-lower-respiratory-tract-infection) — Branching viva on grading bronchiolitis severity, delivering supportive care, justifying why bronchodilators and steroids are withheld, reco - [Central sleep apnoea and hypoventilation syndromes — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/central-sleep-apnoea-and-hypoventilation-syndromes) — Branching viva from a neonate who hypoventilates in sleep with normal heart and lungs, through the recognition of a central control-of-breat - [Chronic cough in children — structured oral (viva)](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/chronic-cough-diagnostic-approach) — Branching structured oral on a preschool child with a chronic wet cough, testing definition, classification, specific pointers, protracted b - [Community-acquired pneumonia — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/community-acquired-pneumonia) — Branching viva on grading childhood pneumonia severity, justifying oral amoxicillin and restrained imaging, choosing the route of therapy, r - [Congenital lung and airway malformations — structured oral (viva)](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/congenital-lung-and-airway-malformations) — Branching structured oral on a large antenatally detected lung lesion progressing toward hydrops, testing antenatal risk stratification, fet #### adolescent-and-young-adult-medicine (11) - [Adolescent chronic pain and functional symptoms — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/adolescent-chronic-pain-and-functional-symptoms) — Branching viva on validating chronic pain, screening for red flags once, reframing with central sensitisation, co-building a function-first - [Adolescent consent for research and sensitive services — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/adolescent-consent-for-research-and-sensitive-services) — Branching viva on informed consent for research and sensitive services, assent and parental permission, waiver of parental permission, bedsi - [Adolescent consultation, HEEADSSS and confidentiality — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/adolescent-consultation-heeadsss-assessment-and-confidentiality) — Branching structured oral on visit structure, time alone, conditional confidentiality, HEEADSSS domains, validated screens, a suicide disclo - [Adolescent health care for young people in out-of-home care — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/adolescent-health-care-for-young-people-in-out-of-home-care) — Branching viva on classification and consent authority, the toxic-stress mechanism, the entry-to-care assessment bundle, a lawful confidenti - [Adolescent health in rural and remote settings — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/adolescent-health-in-rural-and-remote-settings) — Branching viva on the rural adolescent access gap, its mechanism, engineered confidentiality, the tiered service model, telehealth equity, a - [Adolescent pregnancy and parenting — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/adolescent-pregnancy-and-parenting) — Branching viva on pregnancy confirmation, options counselling, antenatal coordination, safeguarding, postpartum contraception and rapid repe - [Adolescent risk assessment and harm minimisation — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/adolescent-risk-assessment-and-harm-minimisation) — Branching viva on harm-minimisation philosophy, HEADSS, validated screens, suicide safety, the domain harm-reduction bundle, and confidentia - [Adolescent sexual health and contraception — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/adolescent-sexual-health-and-contraception) — Branching viva on private-time confidentiality, the 5 Ps, LARC-first method choice, dual protection, emergency contraception, a coercion dis - [Adolescent substance-use screening, brief intervention and harm reduction — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/adolescent-substance-use-screening-brief-intervention-and-harm-reduction) — Branching viva on universal substance-use screening (S2BI/CRAFFT), motivational-interviewing brief intervention, the fentanyl-era opioid har - [Chronic disease self-management in young people — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/chronic-disease-self-management-in-young-people) — Branching viva on chronic-disease self-management: adherence assessment, transition readiness, motivational interviewing, the acute non-adhe - [Consent and confidential care for adolescents — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/consent-and-confidential-care-for-adolescents) — Branching viva on informed consent, decision-making capacity, conditional confidentiality, lawful override and electronic-record confidentia #### clinical-pharmacology-and-therapeutics (5) - [Adverse drug reactions and pharmacovigilance — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/adverse-drug-reactions-and-pharmacovigilance) — Branching viva on ADR definition and classification, paediatric epidemiology, causality and severity assessment, management of anaphylaxis a - [Analgesics and antipyretics — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/analgesics-and-antipyretics) — A branching viva following one febrile, uncomfortable child through the choice of analgesic and antipyretic, the weight-based calculation of - [Cardiovascular medicines in children — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/cardiovascular-medicines-in-children) — Branching viva on cardiovascular medicines in children: the prostaglandin E1 resuscitative plan for a duct-dependent neonate, the adenosine - [Chemotherapy and supportive pharmacology — formative viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/chemotherapy-and-supportive-pharmacology) — A MedVellum formative branching structured oral on chemotherapy and supportive pharmacology in children, following a child on a doxorubicin - [Complementary, alternative and traditional medicines — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/complementary-alternative-and-traditional-medicines) — Branching oral examination on the five CAM domains, prevalence and non-disclosure, the four pathways to harm (heavy-metal contamination, her #### rural-remote-and-contextual-paediatrics (3) - [Advocacy, policy and health-service design for rural children — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/advocacy-policy-and-health-service-design-for-rural-children) — Branching viva on advocacy, policy and health-service design for rural children. - [Avoiding racism and institutional bias in child health — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/avoiding-racism-and-institutional-bias-in-child-health) — Branching viva on avoiding racism and institutional bias in child health. - [Child protection in small and remote communities — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/child-protection-in-small-and-remote-communities) — Branching viva on child protection in small and remote communities. #### clinical-assessment-and-reasoning (3) - [Age-specific normal vital signs and physiological ranges — viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/age-specific-normal-vital-signs-and-physiological-ranges) — Branching viva. - [Care of children with medical complexity and technology dependence — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/care-of-children-with-medical-complexity-and-technology-dependence) — Branching viva from ED deterioration of a technology-dependent child through CMC definition, device-versus-disease reasoning, emergency plan - [Clinical reasoning, problem representation and differential diagnosis — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/clinical-reasoning-problem-representation-and-differential-diagnosis) — Branching viva on paediatric problem representation, flexible differentials, cognitive traps, complex-child reasoning and residual-risk hand #### allergy-and-immunology (7) - [Allergic disease in children: integrated approach: Viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/allergic-disease-in-children-integrated-approach) — Branching structured oral on the integrated allergic child: classifying IgE versus non-IgE disease, the shared Th2 mechanism and the atopic - [Allergic rhinitis and rhinoconjunctivitis — viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/allergic-rhinitis-and-rhinoconjunctivitis) — Branching clinical structured oral on the assessment, ARIA classification and stepwise management of a school-aged child with seasonal aller - [Anaphylaxis prevention, action plans and autoinjectors — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/anaphylaxis-prevention-action-plans-and-autoinjectors) — Branching structured-oral viva on the community anaphylaxis prevention package: the pharmacology of adrenaline and why the intramuscular out - [Anaphylaxis: recognition and emergency management — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/anaphylaxis-recognition-and-emergency-management) — Branching structured-oral viva on anaphylaxis: the mediator cascade and why adrenaline reverses it, the NIAID/FAAN criteria and the no-skin- - [Antibody deficiencies — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/antibody-deficiencies) — Branching viva on antibody deficiencies in children: recognising the recurrent-infection pattern that earns an immunoglobulin work-up, inter - [Atopic dermatitis and the atopic march — viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/atopic-dermatitis-and-the-atopic-march) — Branching clinical structured oral on the assessment, barrier-and-Th2 pathophysiology and stepwise management of an infant with atopic derma - [Complement deficiencies — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/complement-deficiencies) — Branching viva on complement deficiencies in children: recognising the three clinical fingerprints that earn a complement work-up, screening #### haematology-oncology-and-transfusion (8) - [Anaemia: diagnostic approach — viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/anaemia-diagnostic-approach) — Branching structured oral on the MCV-based diagnostic approach to paediatric anaemia. - [Aplastic anaemia and bone-marrow failure: Viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/aplastic-anaemia-and-bone-marrow-failure) — Branching clinical structured oral on aplastic anaemia and inherited bone marrow failure in children, covering the Camitta severity criteria - [Bleeding child: diagnostic approach: Viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/bleeding-child-diagnostic-approach) — Branching clinical structured oral on the systematic diagnostic approach to a school-age girl with menorrhagia and bruising, exploring the b - [Blood-component therapy in children: Viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/blood-component-therapy-in-children) — Branching clinical structured oral on blood-component therapy in children, covering the fractionation of whole blood into four components, t - [Bone and soft-tissue sarcomas — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/bone-and-soft-tissue-sarcomas) — Branching viva on bone and soft-tissue sarcomas: recognising osteosarcoma from the persistent non-mechanical limb pain and the radiographic - [Brain and spinal tumours: Viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/brain-and-spinal-tumours) — Branching clinical structured oral on brain and spinal tumours in children, covering the recognition of raised intracranial pressure, the po - [Cancer therapy complications and supportive care: Viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/cancer-therapy-complications-and-supportive-care) — Branching clinical structured oral on the complications of anticancer therapy and the supportive care that surrounds it in children, coverin - [Childhood cancer warning signs and diagnostic pathways: Viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/childhood-cancer-warning-signs-and-diagnostic-pathways) — Branching clinical structured oral on the warning signs and diagnostic pathways of childhood cancer, covering the persistent-progressive pri #### infectious-diseases (8) - [Animal bites, arthropod bites and zoonoses: Viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/animal-bites-arthropod-bites-and-zoonoses) — Branching clinical structured oral on paediatric bites and zoonoses: a school-age boy with a puncture cat bite to the hand, the infection-ri - [Antimicrobial pharmacology, selection, dosing and stewardship in children — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/antimicrobial-pharmacology-selection-dosing-and-stewardship-in-children) — A branching structured oral following one child from empiric antimicrobial selection through developmental dosing, therapeutic drug monitori - [Approach to fever by age and immune status — viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/approach-to-fever-by-age-and-immune-status) — Branching structured oral on the age- and immune-status-aware approach to the febrile child. - [Bacteraemia and occult bloodstream infection — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/bacteraemia-and-occult-bloodstream-infection) — A branching viva following the question of bacteraemia and occult bloodstream infection across the age range, from the modern reframing of o - [Brain abscess and intracranial suppuration — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/brain-abscess-and-intracranial-suppuration) — Branching viva on recognising brain abscess and intracranial suppuration, the imaging and microbiology strategy, empiric and tailored antibi - [Cellulitis, abscess and necrotising soft-tissue infection: Viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/cellulitis-abscess-and-necrotising-soft-tissue-infection) — Branching clinical structured oral on paediatric skin and soft-tissue infection: distinguishing cellulitis, abscess, and necrotising infecti - [Common viral exanthems — roseola and erythema infectiosum — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/common-viral-exanthems-including-roseola-and-erythema-infectiosum) — Branching structured-oral viva on the common benign viral exanthems of childhood: the fever-then-rash timing that anchors roseola (HHV-6 and - [Congenital syphilis and perinatal STIs — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/congenital-syphilis-and-perinatal-sexually-transmitted-infections) — Branching structured-oral viva on congenital syphilis and the perinatal sexually transmitted infections: the transplacental spirochaetal pat #### fetal-neonatal-and-perinatal (11) - [Antenatally detected kidney and urinary-tract anomalies: newborn management — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/antenatally-detected-kidney-and-urinary-tract-anomalies-newborn-management) — Branching viva from a male fetus with bilateral hydronephrosis and a thick-walled bladder through PUV recognition, the timing of postnatal u - [Antenatally diagnosed fetal conditions: paediatric planning — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/antenatally-diagnosed-fetal-conditions-paediatric-planning) — Branching viva from a confirmed hypoplastic left heart syndrome through ductal-dependence reasoning, a diaphragmatic hernia resuscitation er - [Apnoea of prematurity — structured oral (viva)](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/apnoea-of-prematurity) — Branching structured oral on a preterm infant with recurrent apnoea, testing definition, pathophysiology, caffeine pharmacology, and exclusi - [Bilious vomiting and neonatal intestinal obstruction — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/bilious-vomiting-and-neonatal-intestinal-obstruction) — Branching viva on the rule that bilious vomiting is obstruction until proven otherwise, the proximal-versus-distal classification and imagin - [Birth trauma and brachial plexus injury — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/birth-trauma-and-brachial-plexus-injury) — Branching viva from the recognition of the newborn with an injured arm through Narakas grading and the 3-month threshold decision, the Horne - [Bronchopulmonary dysplasia and chronic neonatal lung disease](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/bronchopulmonary-dysplasia-and-chronic-neonatal-lung-disease) — Viva scenario on a preterm infant with evolving BPD requiring stepwise management discussion. - [Cephalhaematoma and subgaleal haemorrhage — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/cephalhaematoma-and-subgaleal-haemorrhage) — Branching viva on the anatomical-plane classification of birth scalp swellings, the suture-line discriminator, recognition and resuscitation - [Congenital and perinatally acquired infections: Viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/congenital-and-perinatally-acquired-infections) — Branching clinical structured oral on congenital and perinatally acquired infections: pattern recognition, diagnostic strategy, organism-spe - [Congenital anomalies and dysmorphic newborn assessment — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/congenital-anomalies-and-dysmorphic-newborn-assessment) — Viva on recognising the dysmorphic newborn, climbing the diagnostic ladder, the four mechanisms of congenital anomalies, and counselling the - [Congenital heart disease presenting in the newborn — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/congenital-heart-disease-presenting-in-the-newborn) — Branching viva from the cyanotic-versus-duct-dependent bedside split, through the day-three collapsed neonate, the positive pulse-oximetry s - [Conjugated jaundice and neonatal cholestasis: Viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/conjugated-jaundice-and-neonatal-cholestasis-including-biliary-atresia) — Branching clinical structured oral on conjugated jaundice and neonatal cholestasis: when to measure a split bilirubin, the biliary atresia e #### professional-practice-and-evidence (7) - [Best-interests decisions and treatment limitation — viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/best-interests-decisions-and-treatment-limitation) — Branching structured oral on best-interests decisions and treatment limitation: the benefits-versus-burdens balance, withholding versus with - [Breaking bad news and serious-illness communication — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/breaking-bad-news-and-serious-illness-communication) — Viva on structured breaking-bad-news conversation, prognostic disclosure and follow-up in paediatrics. - [Clinical epidemiology and measures of effect — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/clinical-epidemiology-and-measures-of-effect) — Viva on computing and interpreting measures of effect in a paediatric study. - [Clinician wellbeing, fatigue and sustainable practice — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/clinician-wellbeing-fatigue-and-sustainable-practice) — Viva on the Maslach burnout framework, the demands-resources mechanism, the fatigue-to-error cascade, the second-victim phenomenon, and the - [Communicating risk and uncertainty to families — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/communicating-risk-and-uncertainty-to-families) — Viva on evidence-based risk and uncertainty communication with families in paediatrics. - [Confidentiality with children and adolescents — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/confidentiality-with-children-and-adolescents) — Branching viva on conditional confidentiality, Gillick/Fraser capacity, the three override thresholds, parental requests, electronic-record - [Conflict, complaints and difficult clinical encounters — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/conflict-complaints-and-difficult-clinical-encounters) — Viva on de-escalating an angry parent, managing a goals-of-care dispute, responding to a complaint, and supporting the clinician as second v #### ophthalmology (4) - [Colour vision deficiency and inherited retinal disease: Viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/colour-vision-deficiency-and-inherited-retinal-disease) — Branching clinical structured oral on colour vision deficiency and inherited retinal disease in children, covering the Ishihara test and the - [Congenital cataract and glaucoma — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/congenital-cataract-and-glaucoma) — Branching structured-oral viva on congenital cataract and glaucoma: the red-reflex test and the leukocoria differential including retinoblas - [Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/congenital-nasolacrimal-duct-obstruction) — Branching viva on congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction: recognising the white quiet watering eye with reflux on lacrimal-sac pressure, e - [Conjunctivitis and red eye — branching viva](https://medvellum.com/s/paediatrics/vivas/conjunctivitis-and-red-eye) — Branching structured-oral viva on conjunctivitis and the red eye in children: the bacterial, viral and allergic forms, the adenoviral and Ig _(capped at 200; see format index for the full set)_ ## Physician Medicine Hub: https://medvellum.com/s/physician FRACP-primary physician exam atlas (DWE + DCE), globally mapped to MRCP(UK) and ABIM. ### Topics Index: https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics #### general-medicine (29) - [Abdominal Examination Routine — The DCE Short-Case Systematic Approach](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/general-medicine/abdominal-examination-routine) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to the systematic abdominal examination for the DCE short case and MRCP PACES. Covers the reproducible head - [Anaphylaxis](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/general-medicine/anaphylaxis) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to anaphylaxis — the NIAID/FAAN diagnostic criteria applied at the bedside, IgE-mediated and non-IgE mechan - [Cardiovascular System Examination — The Classic DCE Short-Case Routine](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/general-medicine/cardiovascular-examination-routine) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to the systematic cardiovascular system examination as performed in the FRACP, MRCP PACES and ABIM clinical - [Clinical Research AND Research Ethics](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/general-medicine/clinical-research-and-research-ethics) — Consultant-physician depth guide to Clinical Research AND Research Ethics for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — presentation, differentials, inves - [Confidentiality Privacy AND Mandatory Reporting](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/general-medicine/confidentiality-privacy-and-mandatory-reporting) — Consultant-physician depth guide to Confidentiality Privacy AND Mandatory Reporting for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — presentation, differenti - [Cultural Competence and Indigenous Health (ANZ Context)](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/general-medicine/cultural-competence-indigenous-health) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to cultural safety, cultural competence and the health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples (Au - [Drug Allergy and Desensitisation](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/general-medicine/drug-allergy-and-desensitisation) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to drug allergy and desensitisation for FRACP DWE and DCE — the allergy-versus-intolerance distinction, the - [END OF Life Decision Making](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/general-medicine/end-of-life-decision-making) — Consultant-physician depth guide to END OF Life Decision Making for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — presentation, differentials, investigations, - [Evidence-Based Medicine and Critical Appraisal](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/general-medicine/evidence-based-medicine-critical-appraisal) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to evidence-based medicine and critical appraisal for FRACP DWE and DCE — the Sackett definition of EBM (in - [Examination OF THE Unconscious Patient](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/general-medicine/examination-of-the-unconscious-patient) — Consultant-physician depth guide to Examination OF THE Unconscious Patient for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — presentation, differentials, inve - [Lymph Node Examination and Organomegaly — The DCE Short-Case Systematic Approach](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/general-medicine/examination-lymph-nodes-and-splenomegaly) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to the systematic examination of lymph nodes and organomegaly (splenomegaly and hepatomegaly) for the DCE s - [Medical Errors and Open Disclosure](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/general-medicine/medical-errors-and-open-disclosure) — Consultant-physician guide to medical errors and open disclosure: the four definitions that anchor the field (medical error, adverse event, - [Medical Ethics Autonomy Beneficence NON Maleficence Justice](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/general-medicine/medical-ethics-autonomy-beneficence-non-maleficence-justice) — Consultant-physician depth guide to Medical Ethics Autonomy Beneficence NON Maleficence Justice for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — presentation - [Medical Ethics, Capacity and Consent](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/general-medicine/medical-ethics-capacity-consent) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to medical ethics, capacity and consent for FRACP DWE and DCE — the four principles of biomedical ethics (B - [Multi-morbidity and Complex Care — Managing the Patient with Multiple Chronic Diseases](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/general-medicine/multi-morbidity-complex-care) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to multi-morbidity (two or more chronic conditions): epidemiology (Barnett 2012), the failure of the single - [Neurological Examination — Cranial Nerves](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/general-medicine/neurological-examination-cranial-nerves) — Classic DCE short-case routine for cranial nerve examination (CN I to XII): the systematic sequence, the signs to elicit, their localising v - [Neurological Examination — Speech and Higher Mental Function](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/general-medicine/neurological-examination-speech-and-higher-function) — Classic DCE short-case routine for speech and higher mental function: the systematic six-step speech sequence, the aphasia classification (f - [Neurological Examination of the Lower Limbs — The DCE Short-Case Routine](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/general-medicine/neurological-examination-lower-limbs) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to the systematic neurological examination of the lower limbs for the FRACP DCE short case and the MRCP PAC - [Neurological Examination of the Upper Limbs — The DCE Short-Case Routine](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/general-medicine/neurological-examination-upper-limbs) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to the systematic neurological examination of the upper limbs for the FRACP DCE short case and the MRCP PAC - [Perioperative Medicine — Physician Assessment and Optimisation Before Surgery](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/general-medicine/perioperative-medicine-physician) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to perioperative medicine: preoperative cardiac risk stratification (Revised Cardiac Risk Index, MET capaci - [Physician Wellbeing Burnout AND Professional Resilience](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/general-medicine/physician-wellbeing-burnout-and-professional-resilience) — Consultant-physician depth guide to Physician Wellbeing Burnout AND Professional Resilience for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — presentation, di - [Preoperative Medical Assessment AND Optimisation](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/general-medicine/preoperative-medical-assessment-and-optimisation) — Consultant-physician depth guide to Preoperative Medical Assessment AND Optimisation for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — presentation, different - [Primary Immunodeficiency in Adults](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/general-medicine/primary-immunodeficiency-adults) — Consultant-physician guide to when to suspect primary immunodeficiency in adults (Jeffrey Modell Foundation warning signs), the four-arm cla - [Quality AND Safety IN Medicine](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/general-medicine/quality-and-safety-in-medicine) — Consultant-physician depth guide to Quality AND Safety IN Medicine for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — presentation, differentials, investigatio - [Rapid Response Systems and MET Calls — The System That Catches the Deteriorating Patient](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/general-medicine/rapid-response-systems-and-met-calls) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to the Rapid Response System as a patient-safety structure, not a resuscitation technique. Covers the four - [Respiratory System Examination — DCE Short-Case Routine](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/general-medicine/respiratory-examination-routine) — Consultant-physician guide to the systematic respiratory system examination for the DCE short case: the eleven-step routine (end of bed, han - [Rheumatological Examination of the Hands — The DCE Short-Case Routine](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/general-medicine/rheumatological-examination-hands) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to the systematic rheumatological examination of the hands for the FRACP DCE short case and the MRCP PACES - [Rheumatological Examination Spine AND Lower Limbs](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/general-medicine/rheumatological-examination-spine-and-lower-limbs) — Consultant-physician depth guide to Rheumatological Examination Spine AND Lower Limbs for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — presentation, differen - [Skin Examination for Systemic Disease — DCE Short-Case Routine](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/general-medicine/examination-skin-manifestations-systemic-disease) — Consultant-physician guide to the systematic skin examination for the DCE short case: the six-step routine from general inspection through h #### renal (16) - [Acid-Base Disorders](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/renal/acid-base-disorders-physician) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to systematic acid-base interpretation and management — the six-step algorithm (pH, primary disorder, compe - [Acute Kidney Injury](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/renal/acute-kidney-injury) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to acute kidney injury — KDIGO definition and staging, pre-renal/intrinsic/post-renal classification, patho - [Chronic Kidney Disease](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/renal/chronic-kidney-disease) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to chronic kidney disease — KDIGO definition and CGA staging, pathophysiology of nephron loss and progressi - [Diabetic Kidney Disease](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/renal/diabetic-kidney-disease) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to diabetic kidney disease (DKD) — the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease worldwide. Covers the hype - [Electrolyte Disorders: Calcium, Magnesium and Phosphate](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/renal/electrolyte-disorders-calcium-magnesium-phosphate) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to divalent ion disorders — corrected versus ionised calcium, the PTH-first hypercalcaemia workup and sever - [Glomerulonephritis (Nephritic Spectrum)](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/renal/glomerulonephritis-nephritic) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to glomerulonephritis — nephritic syndrome, RPGN classification (anti-GBM, immune complex, pauci-immune/ANC - [Hypertensive Nephrosclerosis and Renovascular Disease](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/renal/hypertensive-nephrosclerosis-and-renovascular-disease) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to renovascular hypertension and hypertensive nephrosclerosis — when to hunt for secondary hypertension, re - [Kidney Transplantation](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/renal/kidney-transplantation) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to kidney transplantation — the indications (ESKD from any cause, refer for workup once the eGFR is below 2 - [Nephrolithiasis](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/renal/nephrolithiasis) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to nephrolithiasis — stone types (calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, uric acid, struvite, cystine), epidem - [Nephrotic Syndrome](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/renal/nephrotic-syndrome) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to nephrotic syndrome — definition (proteinuria greater than 3.5 g/day, hypoalbuminaemia, oedema, hyperlipi - [Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD)](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/renal/polycystic-kidney-disease) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease — PKD1 versus PKD2 genetics and natural history, ultrasound - [Potassium Disorders — Hyperkalaemia and Hypokalaemia](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/renal/electrolyte-potassium-disorders) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to potassium homeostasis and its two emergencies. Covers hyperkalaemia (K+ above 5.5): the renal and pharma - [Renal Cell Carcinoma AND Urothelial Malignancy](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/renal/renal-cell-carcinoma-and-urothelial-malignancy) — Consultant-physician depth guide to Renal Cell Carcinoma AND Urothelial Malignancy for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — presentation, differentia - [Renal Replacement Therapy: Haemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/renal/renal-replacement-therapy-haemodialysis-peritoneal-dialysis) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to renal replacement therapy — the transplant-first landscape, IDEAL and symptom-based dialysis initiation, - [Renal Tubular Acidoses AND Inherited Tubular Disorders](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/renal/renal-tubular-acidoses-and-inherited-tubular-disorders) — Consultant-physician depth guide to Renal Tubular Acidoses AND Inherited Tubular Disorders for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — presentation, dif - [Sodium Disorders — Hyponatraemia and Hypernatraemia](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/renal/electrolyte-sodium-disorders) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to sodium and water homeostasis. Covers hyponatraemia (the commonest inpatient electrolyte disorder): sympt #### haematological (13) - [Acute Leukaemia](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/haematological/acute-leukaemia) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to acute myeloid (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) for FRACP DWE and DCE — AML-defining genetic - [Anaemia — Systematic Workup](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/haematological/anaemia-systematic-workup) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to the systematic investigation of anaemia. Covers MCV-based classification (microcytic, normocytic, macroc - [Bleeding Disorders AND Thrombocytopenia](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/haematological/bleeding-disorders-and-thrombocytopenia) — Consultant-physician depth guide to bleeding disorders and thrombocytopenia — ITP (ASH 2019, international consensus 2019), TTP and the PLAS - [Chronic Leukaemia and Myeloid Neoplasms](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/haematological/chronic-leukaemia) — Consultant-physician guide to the chronic leukaemias and related myeloid neoplasms — the indolent clonal disorders that dominate outpatient - [Coagulation Disorders — Bleeding, Thrombosis and the Abnormal Coagulation Screen](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/haematological/coagulation-disorders) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to coagulation disorders for FRACP DWE and DCE. Covers the coagulation cascade (intrinsic, extrinsic, commo - [Haematological Investigation Blood Film Marrow Coagulation Tests](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/haematological/haematological-investigation-blood-film-marrow-coagulation-tests) — Consultant-physician depth guide to Haematological Investigation Blood Film Marrow Coagulation Tests for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — present - [Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/haematological/stem-cell-transplantation) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to autologous and allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for FRACP DWE and DCE — mobilisation - [Haemolytic Anaemia](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/haematological/haemolytic-anaemia) — Consultant-physician depth guide to Haemolytic Anaemia for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — presentation, differentials, investigations, manageme - [Iron Deficiency](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/haematological/iron-deficiency) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to iron deficiency — iron studies interpretation with the ferritin acute-phase caveat, absolute versus func - [Lymphoma — Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/haematological/lymphoma-physician) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma for FRACP DWE and DCE — Reed-Sternberg biology, Ann Arbor and Lugano st - [Multiple Myeloma](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/haematological/multiple-myeloma) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to multiple myeloma for FRACP DWE and DCE — IMWG diagnostic criteria, the CRAB and biomarker myeloma-defini - [Myelodysplastic Syndromes](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/haematological/myelodysplastic-syndromes) — Consultant-physician depth guide to Myelodysplastic Syndromes for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — presentation, differentials, investigations, m - [Myeloproliferative Neoplasms](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/haematological/myeloproliferative-neoplasms) — Consultant-physician depth guide to Myeloproliferative Neoplasms for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — presentation, differentials, investigations #### hepatic (4) - [Acute Liver Failure](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/hepatic/acute-liver-failure) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to acute liver failure — the definition (encephalopathy and coagulopathy within 26 weeks, without pre-exist - [Autoimmune Liver Disease](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/hepatic/autoimmune-liver-disease) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to the three major autoimmune liver diseases — primary biliary cholangitis (AMA-positive, cholestatic LFTs, - [Chronic Liver Disease and Cirrhosis](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/hepatic/chronic-liver-disease-cirrhosis) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to chronic liver disease and cirrhosis — aetiology, fibrosis pathophysiology, the four decompensating event - [Hepatocellular Carcinoma](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/hepatic/hepatocellular-carcinoma) — Consultant-physician guide to hepatocellular carcinoma — the cirrhosis-driven malignancy whose entire management hangs on the Barcelona Clin #### gastrointestinal (13) - [Acute Pancreatitis](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/gastrointestinal/acute-pancreatitis) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to acute pancreatitis — premature intracellular trypsin activation and the I GET SMASHED aetiology, classic - [Chronic Pancreatitis](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/gastrointestinal/chronic-pancreatitis) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to chronic pancreatitis — the irreversible fibroinflammatory destruction of pancreatic parenchyma, the TIGA - [Colorectal Cancer](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/gastrointestinal/colorectal-cancer) — Consultant-physician guide to colorectal cancer — the third most common cancer worldwide, whose prevention rests on the adenoma-carcinoma se - [Functional GI Disorders](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/gastrointestinal/functional-gi-disorders) — Consultant-physician depth guide to Functional GI Disorders for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — presentation, differentials, investigations, man - [Gallstone Disease AND Biliary Pathology](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/gastrointestinal/gallstone-disease-and-biliary-pathology) — Consultant-physician depth guide to Gallstone Disease AND Biliary Pathology for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — presentation, differentials, inv - [Gastrointestinal Bleeding](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/gastrointestinal/gi-bleeding-physician) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to acute upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding — risk stratification (Glasgow-Blatchford, Rockall), res - [GI Investigation Endoscopy Capsule Liver Biopsy Elastography](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/gastrointestinal/gi-investigation-endoscopy-capsule-liver-biopsy-elastography) — Consultant-physician depth guide to GI Investigation Endoscopy Capsule Liver Biopsy Elastography for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — presentatio - [Inflammatory Bowel Disease](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/gastrointestinal/inflammatory-bowel-disease) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to inflammatory bowel disease — pathophysiology (NOD2, ATG16L1, Th1/Th17, TNF, IL-12/23), UC versus Crohn's - [Liver Transplantation](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/gastrointestinal/liver-transplantation) — Consultant-physician depth guide to Liver Transplantation for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — presentation, differentials, investigations, manag - [Malabsorption and Small Bowel Disease](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/gastrointestinal/malabsorption-and-small-bowel-disease) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to malabsorption and small bowel disease — the three-level pathophysiology (luminal maldigestion, mucosal a - [Nutrition IN Liver AND GI Disease](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/gastrointestinal/nutrition-in-liver-and-gi-disease) — Consultant-physician depth guide to Nutrition IN Liver AND GI Disease for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — presentation, differentials, investiga - [Obstructive (Surgical) Jaundice](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/gastrointestinal/obstructive-jaundice) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to obstructive (surgical) jaundice — bilirubin above 50 micromol per litre with predominant conjugated hype - [Oesophageal Disorders](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/gastrointestinal/oesophageal-disorders) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to oesophageal disorders — the dysphagia discrimination framework, GORD and the refractory-reflux workup, B #### endocrine (11) - [Adrenal Disorders](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/endocrine/adrenal-disorders) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to adrenal disorders — adrenal physiology, Addison's disease (primary adrenal insufficiency) and adrenal cr - [Adrenal Incidentaloma AND Workup](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/endocrine/adrenal-incidentaloma-and-workup) — Consultant-physician depth guide to Adrenal Incidentaloma AND Workup for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — presentation, differentials, investigat - [Calcium and Bone Disorders](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/endocrine/calcium-and-bone-disorders) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to calcium homeostasis and bone disorders — hypercalcaemia (primary hyperparathyroidism, malignancy-associa - [Diabetes Mellitus](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/endocrine/diabetes-mellitus-physician) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to diabetes mellitus — pathophysiology, classification, diagnosis, glycaemic target individualisation, the - [Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Hyperosmolar Hyperglycaemic State](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/endocrine/dka-and-hhs) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to the two hyperglycaemic emergencies — diagnostic criteria for DKA (ketonaemia above 3 mmol/L or ketonuria - [Disorders OF Sodium AND Water Homeostasis](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/endocrine/disorders-of-sodium-and-water-homeostasis) — Consultant-physician depth guide to Disorders OF Sodium AND Water Homeostasis for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — presentation, differentials, i - [Hypoglycaemia](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/endocrine/hypoglycaemia) — Consultant-physician depth guide to hypoglycaemia for FRACP DWE/DCE — Whipple triad and the 72-hour supervised fast, insulinoma diagnosis an - [Metabolic Bone Disease AND Vitamin D Disorders](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/endocrine/metabolic-bone-disease-and-vitamin-d-disorders) — Consultant-physician depth guide to Metabolic Bone Disease AND Vitamin D Disorders for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — presentation, differentia - [Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/endocrine/multiple-endocrine-neoplasia) — Consultant-physician depth guide to multiple endocrine neoplasia — MEN1 (MENIN mutation, primary hyperparathyroidism, pancreatic neuroendocr - [Pituitary Disease](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/endocrine/pituitary-disease) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to pituitary disease — anatomy and physiology, pituitary adenoma classification, prolactinoma, acromegaly, - [Reproductive Endocrinology](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/endocrine/reproductive-endocrinology) — Consultant-physician depth guide to Reproductive Endocrinology for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — presentation, differentials, investigations, #### cardiovascular (19) - [Adult Congenital Heart Disease](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/cardiovascular/adult-congenital-heart-disease) — Consultant-physician depth guide to Adult Congenital Heart Disease for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — presentation, differentials, investigatio - [Anticoagulation and Antiplatelet Therapy (Physician-Managed)](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/cardiovascular/anticoagulation-and-antiplatelet-therapy) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to anticoagulant and antiplatelet prescribing — warfarin and the DOACs with doses and renal thresholds, VTE - [Aortic Disease](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/cardiovascular/aortic-disease) — Consultant-physician depth guide to Aortic Disease for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — presentation, differentials, investigations, management, - [Arrhythmias and Conduction Disease](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/cardiovascular/arrhythmias-and-conduction-disease) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to tachy- and bradyarrhythmias — the stability rule, SVT and adenosine, AF rate/rhythm strategy and anticoa - [Atrial Fibrillation](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/cardiovascular/atrial-fibrillation) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to atrial fibrillation — pathophysiology, classification, rate versus rhythm control, anticoagulation with - [Cardiac Investigations](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/cardiovascular/cardiac-investigations) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to cardiac investigations — echocardiography, stress testing, CT coronary angiography, coronary angiography - [Cardiac Tumours AND Systemic Manifestations OF Cardiac Disease](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/cardiovascular/cardiac-tumours-and-systemic-manifestations-of-cardiac-disease) — Consultant-physician depth guide to Cardiac Tumours AND Systemic Manifestations OF Cardiac Disease for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — presentat - [Cardiomyopathies](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/cardiovascular/cardiomyopathies) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to the four cardiomyopathy phenotypes — hypertrophic (HCM), dilated (DCM), arrhythmogenic RV (ARVC), and re - [Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/cardiovascular/cardiovascular-prevention-and-rehabilitation) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to cardiovascular prevention — absolute risk assessment, lipid targets and the statin-to-PCSK9 ladder, stat - [Coronary Artery Disease](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/cardiovascular/coronary-artery-disease) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to coronary artery disease — atherosclerotic pathophysiology, stable angina, the ACS spectrum (UA/NSTEMI/ST - [ECG Interpretation — Physician Level](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/cardiovascular/ecg-interpretation-physician-level) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to systematic 12-lead ECG interpretation: rate, rhythm, axis, intervals, chamber enlargement, conduction di - [Heart Failure](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/cardiovascular/heart-failure) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to heart failure diagnosis, classification, investigation, and the four pillars of guideline-directed medic - [Hypertension](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/cardiovascular/hypertension) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to hypertension — definition and classification across ANZ/UK/US guidelines, pathophysiology, secondary cau - [Infective Endocarditis](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/cardiovascular/infective-endocarditis) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to infective endocarditis — pathogenesis, Modified Duke criteria, microbiology, antibiotic therapy (native - [Pericardial Disease](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/cardiovascular/pericardial-disease) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to the pericardial syndromes — acute pericarditis, pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade, constrictive - [Pulmonary Hypertension](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/cardiovascular/pulmonary-hypertension) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to pulmonary hypertension — the updated ESC/ERS 2022 haemodynamic definition (mPAP above 20 mmHg), the WHO - [Rheumatic Fever AND Rheumatic Heart Disease](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/cardiovascular/rheumatic-fever-and-rheumatic-heart-disease) — Consultant-physician depth guide to rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — 2015 revised Jones criteria, - [Sudden Cardiac Death AND ICD CRT Therapy](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/cardiovascular/sudden-cardiac-death-and-icd-crt-therapy) — Consultant-physician depth guide to sudden cardiac death and device therapy — SCD definitions and burden, primary-prevention ICD thresholds - [Syncope](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/cardiovascular/syncope) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to syncope — the transient loss of consciousness from global cerebral hypoperfusion — using the 2018 ESC cl #### pharmacological (12) - [Adverse Drug Reactions — Classification, Recognition and Management](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/pharmacological/adverse-drug-reactions) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to adverse drug reactions (ADRs): the Rawlins and Thompson ABCDEF classification, causality assessment (Nar - [Australian Envenomation — Snake, Spider and Marine](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/pharmacological/envenomation) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to Australian envenomation — the five major elapid snake groups (brown, tiger, taipan, death adder, black s - [Beta Blocker AND Calcium Channel Blocker Toxicity](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/pharmacological/beta-blocker-and-calcium-channel-blocker-toxicity) — Consultant-physician depth guide to Beta Blocker AND Calcium Channel Blocker Toxicity for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — presentation, differen - [Cardiac Glycoside](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/pharmacological/cardiac-glycoside) — Consultant-physician depth guide to Cardiac Glycoside for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — presentation, differentials, investigations, managemen - [Iron Toxicity](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/pharmacological/iron-toxicity) — Consultant-physician depth guide to Iron Toxicity for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — presentation, differentials, investigations, management, c - [Lithium Toxicity](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/pharmacological/lithium-toxicity) — Consultant-physician guide to lithium toxicity — the narrow-therapeutic-index monovalent cation whose entirely renal elimination makes it vu - [Opioid Benzodiazepine AND Alcohol Withdrawal](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/pharmacological/opioid-benzodiazepine-and-alcohol-withdrawal) — Consultant-physician depth guide to withdrawal from alcohol, benzodiazepines and opioids for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — pathophysiology of - [Paracetamol Toxicity](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/pharmacological/paracetamol-toxicity) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to paracetamol (acetaminophen) toxicity — CYP2E1 metabolism to NAPQI and glutathione depletion, the toxic d - [Pharmacokinetics in Organ Failure — Renal, Hepatic and Polypharmacy Dosing](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/pharmacological/pharmacokinetics-organ-failure) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to pharmacokinetic principles in organ failure — renal and hepatic dose adjustment, estimating renal functi - [Poisoning — Approach, Decontamination and Antidotes](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/pharmacological/poisoning-approach-decontamination-antidotes) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to the systematic approach to the poisoned patient — ABCDE resuscitation, toxidrome identification (sympath - [Salicylate Toxicity](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/pharmacological/salicylate-toxicity) — Consultant-physician depth guide to Salicylate Toxicity for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — presentation, differentials, investigations, managem - [Serotonin Syndrome and Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/pharmacological/serotonin-syndrome-nms) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to the drug-induced hyperthermia syndromes — serotonin syndrome (excess serotonergic activity) and neurolep #### rheumatological (17) - [Allergic Rhinitis AND Asthma](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/rheumatological/allergic-rhinitis-and-asthma) — Consultant-physician depth guide to the united airway disease of allergic rhinitis and asthma — type 2 eosinophilic inflammation, ARIA class - [Antiphospholipid Syndrome](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/rheumatological/antiphospholipid-syndrome) — Consultant-physician depth guide to Antiphospholipid Syndrome for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — presentation, differentials, investigations, m - [Complement Deficiencies AND Recurrent Infections](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/rheumatological/complement-deficiencies-and-recurrent-infections) — Consultant-physician depth guide to complement deficiencies and recurrent infections — classical pathway defects (C1q, C1r/s, C2, C4) with a - [Crystal Arthropathies](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/rheumatological/crystal-arthropathies) — Consultant-physician depth guide to Crystal Arthropathies for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — presentation, differentials, investigations, manag - [Drug Induced Rheumatological Disease AND Biologics Safety](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/rheumatological/drug-induced-rheumatological-disease-and-biologics-safety) — Consultant-physician depth guide to Drug Induced Rheumatological Disease AND Biologics Safety for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — presentation, - [Eosinophilic Disorders](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/rheumatological/eosinophilic-disorders) — Consultant-physician depth guide to Eosinophilic Disorders for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — presentation, differentials, investigations, mana - [Fibromyalgia and Chronic Widespread Pain](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/rheumatological/fibromyalgia-and-chronic-widespread-pain) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to fibromyalgia and chronic widespread pain — central sensitisation pathophysiology (amplified CNS pain pro - [IgG4-Related Disease](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/rheumatological/igg4-related-disease) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to IgG4-related disease for FRACP DWE and DCE — the one-disease-many-organs fibroinflammatory concept linki - [Immunological Investigation Immunoglobulins Complement Flow Cytometry](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/rheumatological/immunological-investigation-immunoglobulins-complement-flow-cytometry) — Consultant-physician depth guide to Immunological Investigation Immunoglobulins Complement Flow Cytometry for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — pr - [Osteoarthritis](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/rheumatological/osteoarthritis) — Consultant-physician depth guide to Osteoarthritis for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — presentation, differentials, investigations, management, - [Rheumatoid Arthritis](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/rheumatological/rheumatoid-arthritis) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to rheumatoid arthritis — autoimmune synovitis pathophysiology (T-cell driven, B-cell antibodies, cytokine - [Rheumatological Investigation Autoantibodies Imaging Synovial Fluid](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/rheumatological/rheumatological-investigation-autoantibodies-imaging-synovial-fluid) — Consultant-physician depth guide to Rheumatological Investigation Autoantibodies Imaging Synovial Fluid for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — pres - [SJ Gren S Syndrome AND Inflammatory Myopathies](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/rheumatological/sj-gren-s-syndrome-and-inflammatory-myopathies) — Consultant-physician depth guide to SJ Gren S Syndrome AND Inflammatory Myopathies for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — presentation, differentia - [Spondyloarthropathies](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/rheumatological/spondyloarthropathies) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to the seronegative spondyloarthropathies — axial spondyloarthritis (ankylosing spondylitis, non-radiograph - [Systemic Autoinflammatory Syndromes](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/rheumatological/systemic-autoinflammatory-syndromes) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to the systemic autoinflammatory syndromes for FRACP DWE and DCE — the innate-versus-adaptive immune framew - [Systemic Lupus Erythematosus](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/rheumatological/systemic-lupus-erythematosus) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) — loss of immune tolerance, type I interferon signature, autoantibody - [Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma)](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/rheumatological/systemic-sclerosis) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to systemic sclerosis for FRACP DWE and DCE — the three-hit pathophysiology, ACR/EULAR 2013 classification, #### infectious (10) - [Antimicrobial Stewardship and Resistance](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/infectious/antimicrobial-stewardship-resistance) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to antimicrobial stewardship and resistance — the central principle that every antibiotic prescription has - [Bloodstream Infections and Infective Endocarditis](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/infectious/bloodstream-infections-and-infective-endocarditis) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to bacteraemia and infective endocarditis from the infectious-diseases side — blood culture technique, sour - [Bone AND Joint Infections](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/infectious/bone-and-joint-infections) — Consultant-physician depth guide to Bone AND Joint Infections for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — presentation, differentials, investigations, m - [Central Nervous System Infections](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/infectious/central-nervous-system-infections) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to meningitis, encephalitis and brain abscess — empirical therapy before imaging, CT-before-LP criteria, CS - [Healthcare-Associated Infections](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/infectious/healthcare-associated-infections) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to healthcare-associated infections (HAI) — the five major device-associated infection types (CRBSI/CLABSI, - [HIV and AIDS](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/infectious/hiv-aids-physician) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to HIV infection and AIDS — viral lifecycle and CD4 depletion, natural history from acute seroconversion to - [Infections in the Immunocompromised Host](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/infectious/immunocompromised-host-infections) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to the febrile immunocompromised patient — the central principle that the TYPE of immune defect predicts th - [Invasive and Mucocutaneous Fungal Infections](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/infectious/fungal-infections) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to fungal infections in the immunocompromised and critically ill host — the central principle that the type - [Sepsis and Septic Shock](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/infectious/sepsis-physician) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to sepsis and septic shock — Sepsis-3 definitions (SOFA, qSOFA), pathophysiology of the dysregulated host r - [Sexually Transmitted Infections](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/infectious/sexually-transmitted-infections) — Consultant-physician depth guide to sexually transmitted infections for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — CDC 2021 treatment guidelines, Neisseria #### respiratory (16) - [Asthma and Severe Asthma](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/respiratory/asthma-severe) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to asthma — T2 eosinophilic pathophysiology, spirometric and FeNO diagnosis, the GINA stepwise approach, se - [Bronchiectasis AND Suppurative Lung Disease](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/respiratory/bronchiectasis-and-suppurative-lung-disease) — Consultant-physician depth guide to Bronchiectasis AND Suppurative Lung Disease for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — presentation, differentials, - [Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/respiratory/copd) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to COPD — pathophysiology, spirometric diagnosis (GOLD), pharmacological and non-pharmacological management - [Diffuse Alveolar Haemorrhage and Pulmonary-Renal Syndromes](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/respiratory/diffuse-alveolar-haemorrhage-and-pulmonary-renal-syndromes) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to diffuse alveolar haemorrhage — the haemoptysis-absent trap, capillaritis versus bland versus diffuse alv - [Interstitial Lung Disease](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/respiratory/interstitial-lung-disease) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to the interstitial lung diseases — classification, HRCT pattern recognition, diagnostic approach, and evid - [Lung Cancer](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/respiratory/lung-cancer) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to lung cancer — the solitary pulmonary nodule workup, tissue and mediastinal staging, stage-mapped treatme - [Lung Transplantation](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/respiratory/lung-transplantation) — Consultant-physician depth guide to lung transplantation — candidate selection and timing, Lung Allocation Score, perioperative primary graf - [Obstructive Sleep Apnoea](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/respiratory/obstructive-sleep-apnoea) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) — pathophysiology of upper airway collapse, clinical features and Epworth - [Occupational AND Environmental Lung Disease](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/respiratory/occupational-and-environmental-lung-disease) — Consultant-physician depth guide to Occupational AND Environmental Lung Disease for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — presentation, differentials, - [Pleural Disease](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/respiratory/pleural-disease) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to pleural disease — pleural effusion (transudate vs exudate, Light's criteria, pleural fluid analysis, cau - [Pneumonia](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/respiratory/pneumonia-physician) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to pneumonia — classification (CAP, HAP, VAP, aspiration, immunocompromised), pathogen patterns by setting, - [Pulmonary Embolism](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/respiratory/pulmonary-embolism) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to pulmonary embolism — Virchow triad and risk factors, clinical probability (Wells, PERC, Revised Geneva), - [Pulmonary Vascular Disease AND COR Pulmonale](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/respiratory/pulmonary-vascular-disease-and-cor-pulmonale) — Consultant-physician depth guide to Pulmonary Vascular Disease AND COR Pulmonale for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — presentation, differentials - [Respiratory Failure and Non-Invasive Ventilation](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/respiratory/respiratory-failure-and-non-invasive-ventilation) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to acute respiratory failure — type 1 versus type 2 physiology, systematic ABG interpretation, controlled o - [Respiratory Investigation: PFTs, Bronchoscopy and Thoracoscopy](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/respiratory/respiratory-investigation-pfts-bronchoscopy-thoracoscopy) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to respiratory investigation — spirometry and flow-volume loops, lung volumes and DLCO, bronchoprovocation - [Solitary Pulmonary Nodule](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/respiratory/solitary-pulmonary-nodule) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to the solitary pulmonary nodule — the old-imaging-first principle, CT features that shift malignancy proba #### oncological (8) - [Breakthrough Cancer Pain AND Opioid Titration](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/oncological/breakthrough-cancer-pain-and-opioid-titration) — Consultant-physician depth guide to Breakthrough Cancer Pain AND Opioid Titration for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — presentation, differential - [Breast Cancer (Physician Perspective)](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/oncological/breast-cancer-physician) — Consultant-physician guide to breast cancer — the most common cancer in women worldwide and the second leading cause of cancer death. Organi - [Cancer Cachexia AND Nutritional Support](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/oncological/cancer-cachexia-and-nutritional-support) — Consultant-physician depth guide to cancer cachexia and nutritional support — the Fearon 2011 definition and 2015 weight-loss classification - [Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Toxicity](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/oncological/immunotherapy-checkpoint-inhibitor-toxicity) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to immune-related adverse events from checkpoint inhibitors — the mechanism of CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 blocka - [Oncologic Emergencies](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/oncological/oncologic-emergencies) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to the oncologic emergencies for FRACP DWE and DCE — febrile neutropenia (the one-hour door-to-antibiotic r - [Pain Management IN Cancer AND Chronic Disease](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/oncological/pain-management-in-cancer-and-chronic-disease) — Consultant-physician depth guide to Pain Management IN Cancer AND Chronic Disease for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — presentation, differential - [Palliative Care and Symptom Management](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/oncological/palliative-care-symptom-management) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to palliative care and symptom management for FRACP DWE and DCE — the WHO definition and the early-integrat - [Prostate Cancer](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/oncological/prostate-cancer) — Consultant-physician depth guide to prostate cancer for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — PSA screening controversies and USPSTF guidance, multipa #### geriatric (11) - [Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment and Frailty](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/geriatric/comprehensive-geriatric-assessment-and-frailty) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) and frailty for FRACP DWE and DCE — the multidimensional interd - [Delirium](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/geriatric/delirium-physician) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to delirium for FRACP DWE and DCE — DSM-5 definition, the Confusion Assessment Method, hyperactive versus h - [Dementia](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/geriatric/dementia) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to dementia for FRACP DWE and DCE — DSM-5 major neurocognitive disorder definition, the five major subtypes - [Elder Abuse and Safeguarding](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/geriatric/elder-abuse-and-safeguarding) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to elder abuse and safeguarding for FRACP DWE and DCE — WHO definition, the six types of abuse (physical, p - [End-of-Life Care and Advance Care Planning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/geriatric/end-of-life-care-and-advance-care-planning) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to end-of-life care and advance care planning for FRACP DWE and DCE — the definition of end-of-life care as - [Falls and Syncope in Older Adults](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/geriatric/falls-and-syncope-older-adults) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to falls and syncope in older adults for FRACP DWE and DCE — epidemiology, the multifactorial risk-factor m - [Nutrition AND Hydration IN Older Adults](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/geriatric/nutrition-and-hydration-in-older-adults) — Consultant-physician depth guide to Nutrition AND Hydration IN Older Adults for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — presentation, differentials, inv - [Orthogeriatrics AND Perioperative Medicine IN Older Adults](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/geriatric/orthogeriatrics-and-perioperative-medicine-in-older-adults) — Consultant-physician depth guide to Orthogeriatrics AND Perioperative Medicine IN Older Adults for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — presentation, - [Parkinson S Disease IN Older Adults](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/geriatric/parkinson-s-disease-in-older-adults) — Consultant-physician depth guide to Parkinson's disease in older adults for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — MDS clinical diagnostic criteria, le - [Polypharmacy and Deprescribing](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/geriatric/polypharmacy-and-deprescribing) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to polypharmacy and deprescribing for FRACP DWE and DCE — definitions of polypharmacy and hyperpolypharmacy - [Pressure Injuries AND Wound Care](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/geriatric/pressure-injuries-and-wound-care) — Consultant-physician depth guide to Pressure Injuries AND Wound Care for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — presentation, differentials, investigat #### dermatological (7) - [Cutaneous Manifestations of Systemic Disease](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/dermatological/cutaneous-manifestations-systemic-disease) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to the skin as a window to systemic disease — a system-by-system framework covering endocrine (acanthosis n - [Drug Eruptions AND Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/dermatological/drug-eruptions-and-severe-cutaneous-adverse-reactions) — Consultant-physician depth guide to drug eruptions and severe cutaneous adverse reactions — exanthematous, urticarial, pustular (AGEP), bull - [Erythema Nodosum AND Panniculitis](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/dermatological/erythema-nodosum-and-panniculitis) — Consultant-physician depth guide to erythema nodosum and the panniculitides for FRACP DWE/DCE — septal vs lobular classification, Löfgren sy - [Genodermatoses with Systemic Significance](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/dermatological/genodermatoses-with-systemic-significance) — Consultant-physician depth guide to genodermatoses with systemic significance for FRACP DWE/DCE — neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) revised dia - [Malignant Skin Lesions](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/dermatological/malignant-skin-lesions) — Consultant-physician depth guide to Malignant Skin Lesions for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — presentation, differentials, investigations, mana - [Pyoderma Gangrenosum AND Neutrophilic Dermatoses](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/dermatological/pyoderma-gangrenosum-and-neutrophilic-dermatoses) — Consultant-physician depth guide to Pyoderma Gangrenosum AND Neutrophilic Dermatoses for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — presentation, different - [Skin Signs OF Internal Malignancy](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/dermatological/skin-signs-of-internal-malignancy) — Consultant-physician depth guide to Skin Signs OF Internal Malignancy for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — presentation, differentials, investiga #### neurological (14) - [Epilepsy](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/neurological/epilepsy-physician) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to seizure classification (ILAE 2017), epilepsy syndromes, pathophysiology of neuronal hyperexcitability, E - [Guillain-Barre Syndrome](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/neurological/guillain-barre-syndrome) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to Guillain-Barre syndrome — immune-mediated demyelination of peripheral nerves via molecular mimicry and a - [Meningitis and Encephalitis](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/neurological/meningitis-encephalitis) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to central nervous system infections — bacterial meningitis empiric therapy and corticosteroid timing, HSV - [Motor Neuron Disease](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/neurological/motor-neuron-disease) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to motor neuron disease (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis): degeneration of both upper and lower motor neurons - [Movement Disorders](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/neurological/movement-disorders) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to parkinsonism and the hyperkinetic movement disorders for FRACP DWE and DCE — Parkinson's disease patholo - [Multiple Sclerosis](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/neurological/multiple-sclerosis) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to multiple sclerosis — the demyelinating autoimmune disease of the CNS. Covers the clinical course (RRMS 8 - [Myasthenia Gravis](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/neurological/myasthenia-gravis) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to myasthenia gravis: autoimmune neuromuscular junction pathology (anti-AChR, anti-MuSK), fatigable weaknes - [Neurocutaneous Syndromes](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/neurological/neurocutaneous-syndromes) — Consultant-physician depth guide to Neurocutaneous Syndromes for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — presentation, differentials, investigations, ma - [Neurological Investigation LP EMG NCS EEG Neuroimaging](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/neurological/neurological-investigation-lp-emg-ncs-eeg-neuroimaging) — Consultant-physician depth guide to neurological investigation — lumbar puncture and cerebrospinal fluid analysis (cells, glucose, protein, - [Peripheral Neuropathy](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/neurological/peripheral-neuropathy) — Consultant-physician-depth systematic approach to peripheral neuropathy. Covers the four classification axes — fibre type (motor, sensory, a - [Raised Intracranial Pressure AND Brain Tumours](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/neurological/raised-intracranial-pressure-and-brain-tumours) — Consultant-physician depth guide to raised intracranial pressure and brain tumours for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — cerebral herniation syndr - [Spinal Cord Disease](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/neurological/spinal-cord-disease) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to spinal cord anatomy, the cord syndromes (complete transection, anterior cord, Brown-Sequard, central cor - [Stroke](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/neurological/stroke-physician) — Consultant-physician-depth guide to acute stroke — classification, pathophysiology of the ischaemic penumbra, vascular territory localisatio - [Subarachnoid Haemorrhage AND Intracranial Haemorrhage](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/topics/neurological/subarachnoid-haemorrhage-and-intracranial-haemorrhage) — Consultant-physician depth guide to Subarachnoid Haemorrhage AND Intracranial Haemorrhage for FRACP DWE/DCE preparation — presentation, diff _(capped at 200; see format index for the full set)_ ### Written Answers Index: https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs #### general-medicine (29) - [Abdominal Examination Routine — Short Answer Question](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/abdominal-examination-routine) — DCE short-case preparation: structured written reasoning for the systematic abdominal examination routine, covering the twelve-step sequence - [Anaphylaxis — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/anaphylaxis) — DCE written preparation: structured clinical reasoning for anaphylaxis scenarios — bee sting with airway compromise, and refractory anaphyla - [Cardiovascular Examination — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/cardiovascular-examination-routine) — DCE written assessment: structured reasoning for the cardiovascular system examination, covering the eleven-step routine, the timing-based m - [Clinical Research AND Research Ethics — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/clinical-research-and-research-ethics) — DCE-style written reasoning for Clinical Research AND Research Ethics. - [Confidentiality Privacy AND Mandatory Reporting — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/confidentiality-privacy-and-mandatory-reporting) — DCE-style written reasoning for Confidentiality Privacy AND Mandatory Reporting. - [Cranial Nerve Examination — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/neurological-examination-cranial-nerves) — DCE short-case and long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for a pupil-involving third nerve palsy (posterior communicating arte - [Cultural Competence and Indigenous Health — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/cultural-competence-indigenous-health) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for a 48-year-old Aboriginal woman from a remote community admitted with decompensat - [Drug Allergy and Desensitisation — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/drug-allergy-and-desensitisation) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for drug allergy and desensitisation — the allergy-versus-intolerance distinction, t - [END OF Life Decision Making — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/end-of-life-decision-making) — DCE-style written reasoning for END OF Life Decision Making. - [Evidence-Based Medicine and Critical Appraisal — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/evidence-based-medicine-critical-appraisal) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for a 75-year-old woman with atrial fibrillation, moderate chronic kidney disease an - [Examination OF THE Unconscious Patient — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/examination-of-the-unconscious-patient) — DCE-style written reasoning for Examination OF THE Unconscious Patient. - [Lymph Node Examination and Organomegaly — Short Answer Question](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/examination-lymph-nodes-and-splenomegaly) — DCE short-case preparation: structured written reasoning for the systematic examination of lymph nodes and organomegaly, covering the head-t - [Medical Errors and Open Disclosure — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/medical-errors-and-open-disclosure) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for medical errors and open disclosure — the four definitions (medical error, advers - [Medical Ethics Autonomy Beneficence NON Maleficence Justice — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/medical-ethics-autonomy-beneficence-non-maleficence-justice) — DCE-style written reasoning for Medical Ethics Autonomy Beneficence NON Maleficence Justice. - [Medical Ethics, Capacity and Consent — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/medical-ethics-capacity-consent) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for a 78-year-old woman with severe dementia and pneumonia whose family demand inten - [Multi-morbidity and Complex Care — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/multi-morbidity-complex-care) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for an 82-year-old woman with heart failure, atrial fibrillation, type 2 diabetes, s - [Neurological Examination of the Lower Limbs — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/neurological-examination-lower-limbs) — DCE short-case preparation: structured written reasoning for the systematic neurological examination of the lower limbs, covering the eight- - [Neurological Examination of the Upper Limbs — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/neurological-examination-upper-limbs) — DCE short-case preparation: structured written reasoning for the systematic neurological examination of the upper limbs, covering the eight- - [Perioperative Medicine — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/perioperative-medicine-physician) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for the preoperative assessment and optimisation of a complex elderly patient with a - [Physician Wellbeing Burnout AND Professional Resilience — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/physician-wellbeing-burnout-and-professional-resilience) — DCE-style written reasoning for Physician Wellbeing Burnout AND Professional Resilience. - [Preoperative Medical Assessment AND Optimisation — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/preoperative-medical-assessment-and-optimisation) — DCE-style written reasoning for Preoperative Medical Assessment AND Optimisation. - [Primary Immunodeficiency in Adults — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/primary-immunodeficiency-adults) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for the workup of common variable immunodeficiency in an adult presenting with recur - [Quality AND Safety IN Medicine — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/quality-and-safety-in-medicine) — DCE-style written reasoning for Quality AND Safety IN Medicine. - [Rapid Response Systems and MET Calls — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/rapid-response-systems-and-met-calls) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for the post-MET-call patient, covering the four-limb RRS model, the afferent-limb a - [Respiratory Examination — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/respiratory-examination-routine) — DCE short-case preparation: structured written reasoning for the systematic respiratory examination, covering the eleven-step routine, the p - [Rheumatological Examination of the Hands — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/rheumatological-examination-hands) — DCE short-case preparation: structured written reasoning for the systematic rheumatological examination of the hands, covering the six-step - [Rheumatological Examination Spine AND Lower Limbs — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/rheumatological-examination-spine-and-lower-limbs) — DCE-style written reasoning for Rheumatological Examination Spine AND Lower Limbs. - [Skin Examination for Systemic Disease — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/examination-skin-manifestations-systemic-disease) — DCE short-case preparation: structured written reasoning for the systematic skin examination, covering the six-step routine (general inspect - [Speech and Higher Mental Function Examination — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/neurological-examination-speech-and-higher-function) — DCE short-case and long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for an acute Wernicke aphasia (stroke versus delirium distinction) an #### renal (16) - [Acid-Base Disorders — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/acid-base-disorders-physician) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for acid-base interpretation and management — applying the six-step algorithm to a c - [Acute Kidney Injury — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/acute-kidney-injury) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for acute kidney injury management, including problem-list synthesis, investigation - [Chronic Kidney Disease — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/chronic-kidney-disease) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for CKD management, including problem-list synthesis, investigation interpretation, - [Diabetic Kidney Disease — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/diabetic-kidney-disease) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for diabetic kidney disease management, including problem-list synthesis, investigat - [Electrolyte Disorders (Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphate) — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/electrolyte-disorders-calcium-magnesium-phosphate) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for divalent ion scenarios — severe hypercalcaemia with suppressed PTH in myeloma, a - [Glomerulonephritis (Nephritic Spectrum) — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/glomerulonephritis-nephritic) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for glomerulonephritis management, including problem-list synthesis, complement and - [Hypertensive Nephrosclerosis and Renovascular Disease — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/hypertensive-nephrosclerosis-and-renovascular-disease) — DCE written preparation: structured reasoning for renovascular scenarios — the young woman with a bruit and the older vascular patient with - [Kidney Transplantation — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/kidney-transplantation) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for kidney transplantation — the diagnostic approach to a rising creatinine in a tra - [Nephrolithiasis — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/nephrolithiasis) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for a recurrent stone former — the metabolic evaluation (24-hour urine, serum calciu - [Nephrotic Syndrome — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/nephrotic-syndrome) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for nephrotic syndrome management, including problem-list synthesis, investigation i - [Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/polycystic-kidney-disease) — DCE written preparation: structured reasoning for ADPKD scenarios — the new diagnosis in a young man with preserved GFR, and the tolvaptan d - [Potassium Disorders — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/electrolyte-potassium-disorders) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for severe hyperkalaemia in a CKD patient on RAAS inhibitors, the four-pillar emerge - [Renal Cell Carcinoma AND Urothelial Malignancy — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/renal-cell-carcinoma-and-urothelial-malignancy) — DCE-style written reasoning for Renal Cell Carcinoma AND Urothelial Malignancy. - [Renal Replacement Therapy — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/renal-replacement-therapy-haemodialysis-peritoneal-dialysis) — DCE long-case preparation for RRT: modality selection, IDEAL initiation, access planning, PD peritonitis, and conservative care as an active - [Renal Tubular Acidoses AND Inherited Tubular Disorders — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/renal-tubular-acidoses-and-inherited-tubular-disorders) — DCE-style written reasoning for Renal Tubular Acidoses AND Inherited Tubular Disorders. - [Sodium Disorders — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/electrolyte-sodium-disorders) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for hyponatraemia and hypernatraemia, including symptom-stratified urgency, volume-s #### haematological (13) - [Acute Leukaemia — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/acute-leukaemia) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for acute leukaemia — the APL emergency, risk-stratified AML induction and consolida - [Anaemia — Systematic Workup: Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/anaemia-systematic-workup) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for the systematic workup of anaemia — applying the MCV classification and reticuloc - [Bleeding Disorders AND Thrombocytopenia — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/bleeding-disorders-and-thrombocytopenia) — DCE-style written reasoning for Bleeding Disorders AND Thrombocytopenia. - [Chronic Leukaemia and Myeloid Neoplasms — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/chronic-leukaemia) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for chronic leukaemia and the related myeloid neoplasms. Covers the CLL watch-and-wa - [Coagulation Disorders: Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/coagulation-disorders) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for coagulation disorders — interpreting the abnormal coagulation screen with mixing - [Haematological Investigation Blood Film Marrow Coagulation Tests — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/haematological-investigation-blood-film-marrow-coagulation-tests) — DCE-style written reasoning for Haematological Investigation Blood Film Marrow Coagulation Tests. - [Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/stem-cell-transplantation) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for stem cell transplantation — acute GVHD grading and management, CMV reactivation - [Haemolytic Anaemia — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/haemolytic-anaemia) — DCE-style written reasoning for Haemolytic Anaemia. - [Iron Deficiency — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/iron-deficiency) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for iron deficiency — the GI workup and management of a 68-year-old man with severe - [Lymphoma — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/lymphoma-physician) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for lymphoma — Hodgkin staging and PET-adapted ABVD, DLBCL with R-CHOP and the CNS-I - [Multiple Myeloma — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/multiple-myeloma) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for multiple myeloma — the IMWG diagnostic criteria, cast nephropathy as a reversibl - [Myelodysplastic Syndromes — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/myelodysplastic-syndromes) — DCE-style written reasoning for Myelodysplastic Syndromes. - [Myeloproliferative Neoplasms — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/myeloproliferative-neoplasms) — DCE-style written reasoning for Myeloproliferative Neoplasms. #### hepatic (5) - [Acute Liver Failure — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/acute-liver-failure) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for acute liver failure — the definition and the three temporal subtypes, the aetiol - [Autoimmune Liver Disease — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/autoimmune-liver-disease) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for autoimmune liver disease — the classification of the three diseases by the LFT p - [Chronic Liver Disease and Cirrhosis — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/chronic-liver-disease-cirrhosis) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for decompensated cirrhosis management, including problem-list synthesis, ascites an - [Hepatocellular Carcinoma — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/hepatocellular-carcinoma) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for hepatocellular carcinoma — the BCLC staging system applied to a cirrhotic patien - [Portal Hypertension — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/portal-hypertension) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for portal hypertension management, including acute variceal bleeding, refractory as #### gastrointestinal (13) - [Acute Pancreatitis — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/acute-pancreatitis) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for acute pancreatitis — the two-of-three diagnostic criteria, the I GET SMASHED aet - [Chronic Pancreatitis — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/chronic-pancreatitis) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for chronic pancreatitis — the irreversible fibroinflammatory definition (TIGAR-O), - [Colorectal Cancer — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/colorectal-cancer) — DCE-style written reasoning for Colorectal Cancer. - [Functional GI Disorders — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/functional-gi-disorders) — DCE-style written reasoning for Functional GI Disorders. - [Gallstone Disease AND Biliary Pathology — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/gallstone-disease-and-biliary-pathology) — DCE-style written reasoning for Gallstone Disease AND Biliary Pathology. - [Gastrointestinal Bleeding — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/gi-bleeding-physician) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for acute upper GI bleeding management, including problem-list synthesis, risk strat - [GI Investigation Endoscopy Capsule Liver Biopsy Elastography — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/gi-investigation-endoscopy-capsule-liver-biopsy-elastography) — DCE-style written reasoning for GI Investigation Endoscopy Capsule Liver Biopsy Elastography. - [Inflammatory Bowel Disease — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/inflammatory-bowel-disease) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for inflammatory bowel disease management, including problem-list synthesis, investi - [Liver Transplantation — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/liver-transplantation) — DCE-style written reasoning for Liver Transplantation. - [Malabsorption and Small Bowel Disease — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/malabsorption-and-small-bowel-disease) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for malabsorption and small bowel disease — the three-level pathophysiology (luminal - [Nutrition IN Liver AND GI Disease — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/nutrition-in-liver-and-gi-disease) — DCE-style written reasoning for Nutrition IN Liver AND GI Disease. - [Obstructive Jaundice — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/obstructive-jaundice) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for obstructive (surgical) jaundice — the conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia with elevat - [Oesophageal Disorders — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/oesophageal-disorders) — DCE-style written reasoning for oesophageal scenarios: progressive dysphagia with alarm features in an older smoker, and recurrent food bolu #### endocrine (11) - [Adrenal Disorders — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/adrenal-disorders) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for adrenal disorders — Addison's disease presenting as adrenal crisis, the three-st - [Adrenal Incidentaloma AND Workup — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/adrenal-incidentaloma-and-workup) — DCE-style written reasoning for Adrenal Incidentaloma AND Workup. - [Calcium and Bone Disorders — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/calcium-and-bone-disorders) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for calcium and bone disorders, including primary hyperparathyroidism with osteoporo - [Diabetes Mellitus — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/diabetes-mellitus-physician) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for diabetes management, including problem-list synthesis, investigation interpretat - [Disorders OF Sodium AND Water Homeostasis — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/disorders-of-sodium-and-water-homeostasis) — DCE-style written reasoning for Disorders OF Sodium AND Water Homeostasis. - [DKA and HHS — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/dka-and-hhs) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for the management of a hyperglycaemic emergency — applying the JBDS diagnostic crit - [Hypoglycaemia — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/hypoglycaemia) — DCE-style written reasoning for Hypoglycaemia. - [Metabolic Bone Disease AND Vitamin D Disorders — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/metabolic-bone-disease-and-vitamin-d-disorders) — DCE-style written reasoning for Metabolic Bone Disease AND Vitamin D Disorders. - [Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/multiple-endocrine-neoplasia) — DCE-style written reasoning for Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia. - [Pituitary Disease — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/pituitary-disease) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for pituitary disease management, including acromegaly workup and treatment, pituita - [Reproductive Endocrinology — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/reproductive-endocrinology) — DCE-style written reasoning for Reproductive Endocrinology. #### cardiovascular (19) - [Adult Congenital Heart Disease — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/adult-congenital-heart-disease) — DCE-style written reasoning for Adult Congenital Heart Disease. - [Anticoagulation and Antiplatelet Therapy — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/anticoagulation-and-antiplatelet-therapy) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for perioperative anticoagulation planning and for major gastrointestinal bleeding o - [Aortic Disease — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/aortic-disease) — DCE-style written reasoning for Aortic Disease. - [Arrhythmias and Conduction Disease — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/arrhythmias-and-conduction-disease) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for arrhythmia scenarios — new AF with rapid ventricular response in sepsis, and syn - [Atrial Fibrillation — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/atrial-fibrillation) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for atrial fibrillation management, including CHA₂DS₂-VASc decision-making, rate ver - [Cardiac Investigations — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/cardiac-investigations) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for cardiac investigation selection, including stress test choice, CT coronary angio - [Cardiac Tumours AND Systemic Manifestations OF Cardiac Disease — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/cardiac-tumours-and-systemic-manifestations-of-cardiac-disease) — DCE-style written reasoning for Cardiac Tumours AND Systemic Manifestations OF Cardiac Disease. - [Cardiomyopathies — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/cardiomyopathies) — DCE long-case and short-case preparation: structured written reasoning for the approach to the newly diagnosed cardiomyopathy, covering the - [Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/cardiovascular-prevention-and-rehabilitation) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for cardiovascular prevention scenarios — primary prevention assessment with a stron - [Coronary Artery Disease — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/coronary-artery-disease) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for acute coronary syndrome management, including problem-list synthesis, investigat - [ECG Interpretation — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/ecg-interpretation-physician-level) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for physician-level ECG interpretation, including the systematic approach, ischaemia - [Heart Failure — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/heart-failure) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for heart failure management, including problem-list synthesis, investigation interp - [Hypertension — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/hypertension) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for hypertension management, including problem-list synthesis, secondary cause worku - [Infective Endocarditis — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/infective-endocarditis) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for infective endocarditis management, including problem-list synthesis, Modified Du - [Pericardial Disease — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/pericardial-disease) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for pericardial disease management, including problem-list synthesis, investigation - [Pulmonary Hypertension — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/pulmonary-hypertension) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for pulmonary hypertension, including the haemodynamic definition and WHO classifica - [Rheumatic Fever AND Rheumatic Heart Disease — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/rheumatic-fever-and-rheumatic-heart-disease) — DCE-style written reasoning for Rheumatic Fever AND Rheumatic Heart Disease. - [Sudden Cardiac Death AND ICD CRT Therapy — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/sudden-cardiac-death-and-icd-crt-therapy) — DCE-style written reasoning for Sudden Cardiac Death AND ICD CRT Therapy. - [Syncope — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/syncope) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for syncope, including the ESC 2018 three-category classification, the directed inve #### pharmacological (12) - [Adverse Drug Reactions — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/adverse-drug-reactions) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for a complex patient with a severe adverse drug reaction (DRESS to allopurinol in c - [Australian Envenomation — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/envenomation) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for Australian snake bite envenomation — the five clinical syndromes of elapid enven - [Beta Blocker AND Calcium Channel Blocker Toxicity — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/beta-blocker-and-calcium-channel-blocker-toxicity) — DCE-style written reasoning for Beta Blocker AND Calcium Channel Blocker Toxicity. - [Cardiac Glycoside — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/cardiac-glycoside) — DCE-style written reasoning for Cardiac Glycoside. - [Iron Toxicity — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/iron-toxicity) — DCE-style written reasoning for Iron Toxicity. - [Lithium Toxicity — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/lithium-toxicity) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for a complex elderly patient with chronic lithium toxicity precipitated by a drug i - [Opioid Benzodiazepine AND Alcohol Withdrawal — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/opioid-benzodiazepine-and-alcohol-withdrawal) — DCE-style written reasoning for Opioid Benzodiazepine AND Alcohol Withdrawal. - [Paracetamol Toxicity — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/paracetamol-toxicity) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for paracetamol toxicity — the single acute overdose and the nomogram decision, the - [Pharmacokinetics in Organ Failure — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/pharmacokinetics-organ-failure) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for medication review and dose adjustment in organ failure — applying pharmacokineti - [Poisoning — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/poisoning-approach-decontamination-antidotes) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for the poisoned patient — applying the ABCDE-plus-toxidrome approach, the decontami - [Salicylate Toxicity — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/salicylate-toxicity) — DCE-style written reasoning for Salicylate Toxicity. - [Serotonin Syndrome and NMS — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/serotonin-syndrome-nms) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for the recognition and management of serotonin syndrome and neuroleptic malignant s #### rheumatological (15) - [Allergic Rhinitis AND Asthma — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/allergic-rhinitis-and-asthma) — DCE-style written reasoning for Allergic Rhinitis AND Asthma. - [Antiphospholipid Syndrome — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/antiphospholipid-syndrome) — DCE-style written reasoning for Antiphospholipid Syndrome. - [Complement Deficiencies AND Recurrent Infections — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/complement-deficiencies-and-recurrent-infections) — DCE-style written reasoning for Complement Deficiencies AND Recurrent Infections. - [Crystal Arthropathies — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/crystal-arthropathies) — DCE-style written reasoning for Crystal Arthropathies. - [Drug Induced Rheumatological Disease AND Biologics Safety — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/drug-induced-rheumatological-disease-and-biologics-safety) — DCE-style written reasoning for Drug Induced Rheumatological Disease AND Biologics Safety. - [Eosinophilic Disorders — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/eosinophilic-disorders) — DCE-style written reasoning for Eosinophilic Disorders. - [Fibromyalgia and Chronic Widespread Pain — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/fibromyalgia-and-chronic-widespread-pain) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for the patient with fibromyalgia and comorbid inflammatory disease, covering the 20 - [IgG4-Related Disease — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/igg4-related-disease) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for a 62-year-old man with IgG4-related disease presenting as painless jaundice, bil - [Immunological Investigation Immunoglobulins Complement Flow Cytometry — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/immunological-investigation-immunoglobulins-complement-flow-cytometry) — DCE-style written reasoning for Immunological Investigation Immunoglobulins Complement Flow Cytometry. - [Osteoarthritis — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/osteoarthritis) — DCE-style written reasoning for Osteoarthritis. - [Rheumatoid Arthritis — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/rheumatoid-arthritis) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for a patient with newly diagnosed seropositive rheumatoid arthritis requiring treat - [Rheumatological Investigation Autoantibodies Imaging Synovial Fluid — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/rheumatological-investigation-autoantibodies-imaging-synovial-fluid) — DCE-style written reasoning for Rheumatological Investigation Autoantibodies Imaging Synovial Fluid. - [SJ Gren S Syndrome AND Inflammatory Myopathies — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/sj-gren-s-syndrome-and-inflammatory-myopathies) — DCE-style written reasoning for SJ Gren S Syndrome AND Inflammatory Myopathies. - [Spondyloarthropathies — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/spondyloarthropathies) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for a patient with newly diagnosed axial spondyloarthritis (ankylosing spondylitis) - [Systemic Autoinflammatory Syndromes — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/systemic-autoinflammatory-syndromes) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for the systemic autoinflammatory syndromes — the innate-versus-adaptive immune fram #### infectious (10) - [Antimicrobial Stewardship and Resistance — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/antimicrobial-stewardship-resistance) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for severe Clostridioides difficile infection complicating broad-spectrum antibiotic - [Bloodstream Infections and Infective Endocarditis — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/bloodstream-infections-and-infective-endocarditis) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for bloodstream infection scenarios — S. aureus bacteraemia in a dialysis catheter p - [Bone AND Joint Infections — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/bone-and-joint-infections) — DCE-style written reasoning for Bone AND Joint Infections. - [CNS Infections — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/central-nervous-system-infections) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for suspected bacterial meningitis and for encephalitis, including management sequen - [Fungal Infections — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/fungal-infections) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in a neutropenic patient after AML induction (t - [Healthcare-Associated Infections — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/healthcare-associated-infections) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for a postoperative patient who develops a catheter-related bloodstream infection an - [HIV and AIDS — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/hiv-aids-physician) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for HIV — ART initiation in a complex patient with TB co-infection, hepatitis B co-i - [Infections in the Immunocompromised Host — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/immunocompromised-host-infections) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for febrile neutropenia in the post-chemotherapy patient (door-to-antibiotic protoco - [Sepsis and Septic Shock — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/sepsis-physician) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for the Surviving Sepsis Campaign Hour-1 Bundle in a patient with septic shock, vaso - [Sexually Transmitted Infections — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/sexually-transmitted-infections) — DCE-style written reasoning for Sexually Transmitted Infections. #### respiratory (16) - [Asthma and Severe Asthma — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/asthma-severe) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for severe asthma management, including problem-list synthesis, phenotype-driven bio - [Bronchiectasis AND Suppurative Lung Disease — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/bronchiectasis-and-suppurative-lung-disease) — DCE-style written reasoning for Bronchiectasis AND Suppurative Lung Disease. - [COPD — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/copd) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for COPD exacerbation management, problem-list synthesis, investigation interpretati - [Diffuse Alveolar Haemorrhage — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/diffuse-alveolar-haemorrhage-and-pulmonary-renal-syndromes) — DCE written preparation: structured reasoning for diffuse alveolar haemorrhage scenarios — diagnosis when haemoptysis is absent, and managem - [Interstitial Lung Disease — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/interstitial-lung-disease) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for interstitial lung disease management, including problem-list synthesis, HRCT int - [Lung Cancer — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/lung-cancer) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for lung cancer scenarios — the growing solitary pulmonary nodule in a smoker, and S - [Lung Transplantation — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/lung-transplantation) — DCE-style written reasoning for Lung Transplantation. - [Obstructive Sleep Apnoea — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/obstructive-sleep-apnoea) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for severe obstructive sleep apnoea with excessive daytime sleepiness, resistant hyp - [Occupational AND Environmental Lung Disease — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/occupational-and-environmental-lung-disease) — DCE-style written reasoning for Occupational AND Environmental Lung Disease. - [Pleural Disease — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/pleural-disease) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for pleural effusion (Light's criteria, pleural fluid analysis, parapneumonic effusi - [Pneumonia — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/pneumonia-physician) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for severe CAP management — severity stratification, empiric therapy, corticosteroid - [Pulmonary Embolism — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/pulmonary-embolism) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for pulmonary embolism, including diagnostic algorithm application (Wells, D-dimer, - [Pulmonary Vascular Disease AND COR Pulmonale — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/pulmonary-vascular-disease-and-cor-pulmonale) — DCE-style written reasoning for Pulmonary Vascular Disease AND COR Pulmonale. - [Respiratory Failure and Non-Invasive Ventilation — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/respiratory-failure-and-non-invasive-ventilation) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for acute respiratory failure — the acidotic COPD exacerbation and the hypoxaemic pn - [Respiratory Investigation — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/respiratory-investigation-pfts-bronchoscopy-thoracoscopy) — DCE written preparation: structured reasoning for respiratory investigation scenarios — interpreting three PFT panels (ILD vs obesity vs neu - [Solitary Pulmonary Nodule — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/solitary-pulmonary-nodule) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for solitary pulmonary nodule scenarios — the 9 mm solid nodule in a 60-year-old smo #### oncological (8) - [Breakthrough Cancer Pain AND Opioid Titration — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/breakthrough-cancer-pain-and-opioid-titration) — DCE-style written reasoning for Breakthrough Cancer Pain AND Opioid Titration. - [Breast Cancer — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/breast-cancer-physician) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for breast cancer — the receptor subtype framework (ER/PR, HER2, triple-negative) ap - [Cancer Cachexia AND Nutritional Support — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/cancer-cachexia-and-nutritional-support) — DCE-style written reasoning for Cancer Cachexia AND Nutritional Support. - [Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Toxicity — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/immunotherapy-checkpoint-inhibitor-toxicity) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for a patient on combination checkpoint inhibition presenting with multisystem immun - [Oncologic Emergencies — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/oncologic-emergencies) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for two high-yield oncologic emergencies — a lymphoma patient who develops febrile n - [Pain Management IN Cancer AND Chronic Disease — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/pain-management-in-cancer-and-chronic-disease) — DCE-style written reasoning for Pain Management IN Cancer AND Chronic Disease. - [Palliative Care — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/palliative-care-symptom-management) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for a complex patient with metastatic cancer presenting with multiple uncontrolled s - [Prostate Cancer — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/prostate-cancer) — DCE-style written reasoning for Prostate Cancer. #### geriatric (11) - [Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment and Frailty — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/comprehensive-geriatric-assessment-and-frailty) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for a complex frail older woman with multiple comorbidities, functional decline, fal - [Delirium — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/delirium-physician) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for a complex elderly patient with postoperative delirium superimposed on dementia, - [Dementia — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/dementia) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for a complex elderly patient with mixed Alzheimer and vascular dementia presenting - [Elder Abuse and Safeguarding — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/elder-abuse-and-safeguarding) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for an 82-year-old woman with moderate Alzheimer disease admitted with dehydration a - [End-of-Life Care and Advance Care Planning — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/end-of-life-care-and-advance-care-planning) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for an 82-year-old man with end-stage heart failure and chronic kidney disease admit - [Falls and Syncope in Older Adults — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/falls-and-syncope-older-adults) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for a complex older patient with multifactorial falls and drug-induced orthostatic h - [Nutrition AND Hydration IN Older Adults — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/nutrition-and-hydration-in-older-adults) — DCE-style written reasoning for Nutrition AND Hydration IN Older Adults. - [Orthogeriatrics AND Perioperative Medicine IN Older Adults — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/orthogeriatrics-and-perioperative-medicine-in-older-adults) — DCE-style written reasoning for Orthogeriatrics AND Perioperative Medicine IN Older Adults. - [Parkinson S Disease IN Older Adults — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/parkinson-s-disease-in-older-adults) — DCE-style written reasoning for Parkinson S Disease IN Older Adults. - [Polypharmacy and Deprescribing — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/polypharmacy-and-deprescribing) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for a complex elderly patient with polypharmacy, frailty, falls and an adverse drug - [Pressure Injuries AND Wound Care — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/pressure-injuries-and-wound-care) — DCE-style written reasoning for Pressure Injuries AND Wound Care. #### dermatological (7) - [Cutaneous Manifestations of Systemic Disease — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/cutaneous-manifestations-systemic-disease) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for a patient with adult-onset dermatomyositis as a paraneoplastic marker requiring - [Drug Eruptions AND Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/drug-eruptions-and-severe-cutaneous-adverse-reactions) — DCE-style written reasoning for Drug Eruptions AND Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions. - [Erythema Nodosum AND Panniculitis — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/erythema-nodosum-and-panniculitis) — DCE-style written reasoning for Erythema Nodosum AND Panniculitis. - [Genodermatoses with Systemic Significance — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/genodermatoses-with-systemic-significance) — DCE-style written reasoning for Genodermatoses with Systemic Significance. - [Malignant Skin Lesions — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/malignant-skin-lesions) — DCE-style written reasoning for Malignant Skin Lesions. - [Pyoderma Gangrenosum AND Neutrophilic Dermatoses — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/pyoderma-gangrenosum-and-neutrophilic-dermatoses) — DCE-style written reasoning for Pyoderma Gangrenosum AND Neutrophilic Dermatoses. - [Skin Signs OF Internal Malignancy — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/skin-signs-of-internal-malignancy) — DCE-style written reasoning for Skin Signs OF Internal Malignancy. #### neurological (15) - [Epilepsy — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/epilepsy-physician) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for status epilepticus management, syndrome-based drug selection, and women-with-epi - [Guillain-Barre Syndrome — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/guillain-barre-syndrome) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for a patient with severe post-Campylobacter Guillain-Barre syndrome at the respirat - [Headache — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/headache) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for thunderclap headache and subarachnoid haemorrhage workup, giant cell arteritis u - [Meningitis and Encephalitis — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/meningitis-encephalitis) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for empiric therapy in suspected bacterial meningitis with immunocompromise, CSF int - [Motor Neuron Disease — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/motor-neuron-disease) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for the integrated management of bulbar-onset ALS with respiratory muscle weakness a - [Movement Disorders — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/movement-disorders) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for Parkinson's disease with motor complications and hallucinations, plus a young pa - [Multiple Sclerosis — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/multiple-sclerosis) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for multiple sclerosis — the clinical course (RRMS 85 per cent, SPMS, PPMS 15 per ce - [Myasthenia Gravis — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/myasthenia-gravis) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for myasthenic crisis management and the integrated management of AChR-positive gene - [Neurocutaneous Syndromes — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/neurocutaneous-syndromes) — DCE-style written reasoning for Neurocutaneous Syndromes. - [Neurological Investigation LP EMG NCS EEG Neuroimaging — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/neurological-investigation-lp-emg-ncs-eeg-neuroimaging) — DCE-style written reasoning for Neurological Investigation LP EMG NCS EEG Neuroimaging. - [Peripheral Neuropathy — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/peripheral-neuropathy) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for peripheral neuropathy — the four classification axes (fibre type, distribution, - [Raised Intracranial Pressure AND Brain Tumours — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/raised-intracranial-pressure-and-brain-tumours) — DCE-style written reasoning for Raised Intracranial Pressure AND Brain Tumours. - [Spinal Cord Disease — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/spinal-cord-disease) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for a patient with metastatic spinal cord compression requiring emergency management - [Stroke — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/stroke-physician) — DCE long-case preparation: structured written reasoning for acute stroke management, including problem-list synthesis, investigation interpr - [Subarachnoid Haemorrhage AND Intracranial Haemorrhage — Written Clinical Reasoning](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/saqs/subarachnoid-haemorrhage-and-intracranial-haemorrhage) — DCE-style written reasoning for Subarachnoid Haemorrhage AND Intracranial Haemorrhage. _(capped at 200; see format index for the full set)_ ### Clinical Cases Index: https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases #### general-medicine (29) - [Abdominal Examination Routine — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/abdominal-examination-routine) — DCE clinical case: a 54-year-old woman with primary biliary cholangitis examined in the short-case station — the twelve-step routine, the co - [Anaphylaxis — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/anaphylaxis) — DCE long-case station: post-anaphylaxis review of a young woman with two reactions in eight months — history reconstruction, examination for - [Cardiovascular Examination — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/cardiovascular-examination-routine) — DCE short-case clinical station: the systematic cardiovascular examination of a 72-year-old man with severe aortic stenosis, covering the el - [Clinical Research AND Research Ethics — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/clinical-research-and-research-ethics) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Clinical Research AND Research Ethics. - [Confidentiality Privacy AND Mandatory Reporting — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/confidentiality-privacy-and-mandatory-reporting) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Confidentiality Privacy AND Mandatory Reporting. - [Cranial Nerve Examination — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/neurological-examination-cranial-nerves) — DCE short-case and long-case clinical station: a patient with a pupil-involving posterior communicating artery aneurysm causing a third nerv - [Cultural Competence and Indigenous Health — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/cultural-competence-indigenous-health) — DCE long-case clinical station: comprehensive assessment of a 48-year-old Aboriginal woman from a remote community admitted with decompensat - [Drug Allergy and Desensitisation — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/drug-allergy-and-desensitisation) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station for drug allergy and desensitisation: comprehensive patient assessment, presentation and discu - [END OF Life Decision Making — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/end-of-life-decision-making) — DCE long-case and short-case station for END OF Life Decision Making. - [Evidence-Based Medicine and Critical Appraisal — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/evidence-based-medicine-critical-appraisal) — DCE long-case clinical station: comprehensive appraisal, application and shared decision-making for a 75-year-old woman with non-valvular at - [Examination OF THE Unconscious Patient — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/examination-of-the-unconscious-patient) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Examination OF THE Unconscious Patient. - [Lymph Node Examination and Organomegaly — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/examination-lymph-nodes-and-splenomegaly) — DCE clinical case: a 34-year-old man with generalised lymphadenopathy from Hodgkin lymphoma examined in the short-case station — the head-to - [Medical Errors and Open Disclosure — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/medical-errors-and-open-disclosure) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station for medical errors and open disclosure: comprehensive patient assessment, presentation and dis - [Medical Ethics Autonomy Beneficence NON Maleficence Justice — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/medical-ethics-autonomy-beneficence-non-maleficence-justice) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Medical Ethics Autonomy Beneficence NON Maleficence Justice. - [Medical Ethics, Capacity and Consent — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/medical-ethics-capacity-consent) — DCE long-case clinical station: comprehensive assessment of a 78-year-old woman with advanced Alzheimer disease and aspiration pneumonia who - [Multi-morbidity and Complex Care — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/multi-morbidity-complex-care) — DCE long-case clinical station: comprehensive assessment of an 82-year-old woman with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, atrial f - [Neurological Examination of the Lower Limbs — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/neurological-examination-lower-limbs) — DCE short-case clinical station: a 24-year-old man examined neurologically in the lower limbs who has Friedreich ataxia — the eight-step rou - [Neurological Examination of the Upper Limbs — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/neurological-examination-upper-limbs) — DCE short-case clinical station: a 64-year-old man examined neurologically in the upper limbs who has the combined UMN and LMN signs of moto - [Perioperative Medicine — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/perioperative-medicine-physician) — DCE long-case clinical station: comprehensive perioperative assessment and management of a complex elderly patient with atrial fibrillation - [Physician Wellbeing Burnout AND Professional Resilience — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/physician-wellbeing-burnout-and-professional-resilience) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Physician Wellbeing Burnout AND Professional Resilience. - [Preoperative Medical Assessment AND Optimisation — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/preoperative-medical-assessment-and-optimisation) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Preoperative Medical Assessment AND Optimisation. - [Primary Immunodeficiency in Adults — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/primary-immunodeficiency-adults) — DCE long-case clinical station: comprehensive assessment of a 22-year-old man presenting with his second episode of invasive meningococcal d - [Quality AND Safety IN Medicine — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/quality-and-safety-in-medicine) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Quality AND Safety IN Medicine. - [Rapid Response Systems and MET Calls — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/rapid-response-systems-and-met-calls) — DCE long-case clinical station: comprehensive post-MET-call management of a 68-year-old man admitted with cellulitis who deteriorates to sep - [Respiratory Examination — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/respiratory-examination-routine) — DCE short-case clinical station: a systematic respiratory examination of a 66-year-old woman with progressive exertional dyspnoea, weight lo - [Rheumatological Examination of the Hands — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/rheumatological-examination-hands) — DCE short-case clinical station: a 52-year-old woman examined by hand examination who has the classic symmetrical inflammatory polyarthritis - [Rheumatological Examination Spine AND Lower Limbs — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/rheumatological-examination-spine-and-lower-limbs) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Rheumatological Examination Spine AND Lower Limbs. - [Skin Examination for Systemic Disease — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/examination-skin-manifestations-systemic-disease) — DCE short-case clinical station: a systematic skin examination of a 28-year-old woman with photosensitive facial rash and oral ulcers, prese - [Speech and Higher Mental Function Examination — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/neurological-examination-speech-and-higher-function) — DCE short-case and long-case clinical station: a patient with an acute Wernicke aphasia from a dominant-hemisphere stroke for the speech-and #### renal (16) - [Acid-Base Disorders — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/acid-base-disorders-physician) — DCE long-case clinical station: comprehensive acid-base interpretation and integrated management in a complex septic, diabetic patient with - [Acute Kidney Injury — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/acute-kidney-injury) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station: comprehensive patient assessment, presentation, and discussion for acute kidney injury, inclu - [Chronic Kidney Disease — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/chronic-kidney-disease) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station: comprehensive patient assessment, presentation, and discussion for chronic kidney disease, in - [Diabetic Kidney Disease — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/diabetic-kidney-disease) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station: comprehensive patient assessment, presentation, and discussion for diabetic kidney disease, i - [Electrolyte Disorders (Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphate) — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/electrolyte-disorders-calcium-magnesium-phosphate) — DCE short-case station: examination for tetany and latent hypocalcaemia — Chvostek and Trousseau technique with honest sensitivity, the calc - [Glomerulonephritis (Nephritic Spectrum) — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/glomerulonephritis-nephritic) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station: comprehensive patient assessment, presentation, and discussion for glomerulonephritis, includ - [Hypertensive Nephrosclerosis and Renovascular Disease — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/hypertensive-nephrosclerosis-and-renovascular-disease) — DCE short-case station: the hypertension examination with renovascular detection built in — correct measurement, fundi, bruits, kidneys and - [Kidney Transplantation — Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/kidney-transplantation) — DCE long case for kidney transplantation: a 52-year-old man with diabetic kidney disease, six months post deceased-donor kidney transplant, - [Nephrolithiasis — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/nephrolithiasis) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station for nephrolithiasis: comprehensive assessment of a 48-year-old man with Crohn disease and recu - [Nephrotic Syndrome — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/nephrotic-syndrome) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station: comprehensive patient assessment, presentation, and discussion for nephrotic syndrome, includ - [Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/polycystic-kidney-disease) — DCE short-case station: the abdominal examination in ADPKD — bilateral ballotable renal masses, cystic hepatomegaly, hernias, blood pressure - [Potassium Disorders — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/electrolyte-potassium-disorders) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station: comprehensive patient assessment, presentation, and discussion for potassium disorders. The l - [Renal Cell Carcinoma AND Urothelial Malignancy — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/renal-cell-carcinoma-and-urothelial-malignancy) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Renal Cell Carcinoma AND Urothelial Malignancy. - [Renal Replacement Therapy (Haemodialysis, Peritoneal Dialysis) — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/renal-replacement-therapy-haemodialysis-peritoneal-dialysis) — DCE short-case station: examination of the dialysis patient — the arteriovenous fistula (thrill, bruit, aneurysm, steal signs), the PD cathe - [Renal Tubular Acidoses AND Inherited Tubular Disorders — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/renal-tubular-acidoses-and-inherited-tubular-disorders) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Renal Tubular Acidoses AND Inherited Tubular Disorders. - [Sodium Disorders — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/electrolyte-sodium-disorders) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station: comprehensive patient assessment, presentation, and discussion for sodium disorders, includin #### haematological (13) - [Acute Leukaemia — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/acute-leukaemia) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station for acute leukaemia: comprehensive patient assessment, presentation, and discussion for newly - [Anaemia — Systematic Workup: DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/anaemia-systematic-workup) — DCE long-case clinical station: comprehensive investigation and management of iron deficiency anaemia in a complex patient with possible gas - [Bleeding Disorders AND Thrombocytopenia — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/bleeding-disorders-and-thrombocytopenia) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Bleeding Disorders AND Thrombocytopenia. - [Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia with Comorbidity — Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/chronic-leukaemia) — DCE long case for chronic myeloid leukaemia: a 58-year-old man with newly diagnosed chronic-phase CML and significant cardiovascular comorbi - [Coagulation Disorders: DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/coagulation-disorders) — DCE long-case clinical station: comprehensive assessment of a young man with severe haemophilia A on emicizumab presenting with an acute ble - [Haematological Investigation Blood Film Marrow Coagulation Tests — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/haematological-investigation-blood-film-marrow-coagulation-tests) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Haematological Investigation Blood Film Marrow Coagulation Tests. - [Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation — Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/stem-cell-transplantation) — DCE long case — a transplant survivor with chronic graft-versus-host disease and late effects, modelling the full patient assessment, openin - [Haemolytic Anaemia — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/haemolytic-anaemia) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Haemolytic Anaemia. - [Iron Deficiency — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/iron-deficiency) — DCE short-case station: examine this patient for signs of iron deficiency anaemia — a systematic routine from hands to mouth to cause-hunt, - [Lymphoma — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/lymphoma-physician) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station for lymphoma: comprehensive patient assessment, presentation, and discussion for newly diagnos - [Multiple Myeloma — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/multiple-myeloma) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station for multiple myeloma: comprehensive patient assessment, presentation, and discussion for newly - [Myelodysplastic Syndromes — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/myelodysplastic-syndromes) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Myelodysplastic Syndromes. - [Myeloproliferative Neoplasms — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/myeloproliferative-neoplasms) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Myeloproliferative Neoplasms. #### hepatic (5) - [Acute Liver Failure — Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/acute-liver-failure) — DCE long case for acute liver failure: a 19-year-old woman with Wilson disease acute liver failure presenting with jaundice, confusion and C - [Autoimmune Liver Disease — Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/autoimmune-liver-disease) — DCE long case for autoimmune liver disease: a 54-year-old woman with an AIH-PBC overlap syndrome presenting with fatigue, pruritus and jaund - [Chronic Liver Disease and Cirrhosis — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/chronic-liver-disease-cirrhosis) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station: comprehensive patient assessment, structured presentation, and discussion for chronic liver d - [Hepatocellular Carcinoma — Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/hepatocellular-carcinoma) — DCE long case for hepatocellular carcinoma: a 62-year-old man with HCV cirrhosis (post-SVR) found to have a LI-RADS 5 lesion on surveillance - [Portal Hypertension — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/portal-hypertension) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station: comprehensive patient assessment, presentation, and discussion for portal hypertension examin #### gastrointestinal (13) - [Acute Pancreatitis — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/acute-pancreatitis) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station for acute pancreatitis: comprehensive patient assessment, presentation and discussion for seve - [Chronic Pancreatitis — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/chronic-pancreatitis) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station for chronic pancreatitis: comprehensive assessment of a 49-year-old man with alcohol-related c - [Colorectal Cancer — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/colorectal-cancer) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Colorectal Cancer. - [Functional GI Disorders — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/functional-gi-disorders) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Functional GI Disorders. - [Gallstone Disease AND Biliary Pathology — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/gallstone-disease-and-biliary-pathology) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Gallstone Disease AND Biliary Pathology. - [Gastrointestinal Bleeding — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/gi-bleeding-physician) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station: comprehensive patient assessment, presentation, and discussion for acute gastrointestinal ble - [GI Investigation Endoscopy Capsule Liver Biopsy Elastography — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/gi-investigation-endoscopy-capsule-liver-biopsy-elastography) — DCE long-case and short-case station for GI Investigation Endoscopy Capsule Liver Biopsy Elastography. - [Inflammatory Bowel Disease — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/inflammatory-bowel-disease) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station: comprehensive patient assessment, structured presentation, and discussion for inflammatory bo - [Liver Transplantation — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/liver-transplantation) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Liver Transplantation. - [Malabsorption and Small Bowel Disease — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/malabsorption-and-small-bowel-disease) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station for malabsorption and small bowel disease: comprehensive assessment of a 42-year-old woman wit - [Nutrition IN Liver AND GI Disease — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/nutrition-in-liver-and-gi-disease) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Nutrition IN Liver AND GI Disease. - [Obstructive Jaundice — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/obstructive-jaundice) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station for obstructive jaundice: comprehensive assessment of a 68-year-old man with painless progress - [Oesophageal Disorders — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/oesophageal-disorders) — DCE long-case station: progressive dysphagia with weight loss — the discriminating history, the epigastric and general examination, staging #### endocrine (11) - [Adrenal Disorders — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/adrenal-disorders) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station: comprehensive patient assessment, presentation, and discussion for Cushing disease with integ - [Adrenal Incidentaloma AND Workup — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/adrenal-incidentaloma-and-workup) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Adrenal Incidentaloma AND Workup. - [Calcium and Bone Disorders — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/calcium-and-bone-disorders) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station: comprehensive patient assessment, presentation, and discussion for primary hyperparathyroidis - [Diabetes Mellitus — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/diabetes-mellitus-physician) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station: comprehensive patient assessment, presentation, and discussion for diabetes mellitus examinat - [Disorders OF Sodium AND Water Homeostasis — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/disorders-of-sodium-and-water-homeostasis) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Disorders OF Sodium AND Water Homeostasis. - [DKA and HHS — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/dka-and-hhs) — DCE long-case clinical station: comprehensive assessment and integrated management of a young man with severe DKA precipitated by insulin om - [Hypoglycaemia — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/hypoglycaemia) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Hypoglycaemia. - [Metabolic Bone Disease AND Vitamin D Disorders — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/metabolic-bone-disease-and-vitamin-d-disorders) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Metabolic Bone Disease AND Vitamin D Disorders. - [Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/multiple-endocrine-neoplasia) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia. - [Pituitary Disease — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/pituitary-disease) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station: comprehensive patient assessment, presentation, and discussion for acromegaly with multisyste - [Reproductive Endocrinology — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/reproductive-endocrinology) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Reproductive Endocrinology. #### cardiovascular (19) - [Adult Congenital Heart Disease — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/adult-congenital-heart-disease) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Adult Congenital Heart Disease. - [Anticoagulation and Antiplatelet Therapy — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/anticoagulation-and-antiplatelet-therapy) — DCE long-case station: unprovoked pulmonary embolism leading to a new cancer diagnosis — occult malignancy workup, anticoagulant choice and - [Aortic Disease — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/aortic-disease) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Aortic Disease. - [Arrhythmias and Conduction Disease — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/arrhythmias-and-conduction-disease) — DCE short-case station: the irregular pulse — examination technique, the AF workup discussion, anticoagulation and rate/rhythm reasoning, wi - [Atrial Fibrillation — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/atrial-fibrillation) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station: comprehensive patient assessment, structured presentation, and discussion for atrial fibrilla - [Cardiac Investigations — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/cardiac-investigations) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station: comprehensive patient assessment, presentation, and investigation planning for cardiac diseas - [Cardiac Tumours AND Systemic Manifestations OF Cardiac Disease — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/cardiac-tumours-and-systemic-manifestations-of-cardiac-disease) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Cardiac Tumours AND Systemic Manifestations OF Cardiac Disease. - [Cardiomyopathies — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/cardiomyopathies) — DCE clinical case for the cardiomyopathies: long case of a young cricketer with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, a striking family history of su - [Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/cardiovascular-prevention-and-rehabilitation) — DCE short-case station: the cardiovascular risk-factor examination — xanthelasma, corneal arcus, tendon xanthomata, blood pressure technique - [Coronary Artery Disease — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/coronary-artery-disease) — DCE long-case clinical station: comprehensive patient assessment, structured presentation, and integrated management plan for a post-NSTEMI - [ECG Interpretation — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/ecg-interpretation-physician-level) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station: comprehensive ECG interpretation in a complex cardiac patient, structured presentation, and d - [Heart Failure — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/heart-failure) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station: comprehensive patient assessment, presentation, and discussion for heart failure examination - [Hypertension — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/hypertension) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station: comprehensive patient assessment, presentation, and discussion for hypertension examination p - [Infective Endocarditis — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/infective-endocarditis) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station: comprehensive patient assessment, presentation, and discussion for infective endocarditis exa - [Pericardial Disease — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/pericardial-disease) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station: comprehensive patient assessment, presentation, and discussion for pericardial disease — cove - [Pulmonary Hypertension — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/pulmonary-hypertension) — DCE clinical case for pulmonary hypertension: long case of a woman with limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis and exertional syncope requirin - [Rheumatic Fever AND Rheumatic Heart Disease — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/rheumatic-fever-and-rheumatic-heart-disease) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Rheumatic Fever AND Rheumatic Heart Disease. - [Sudden Cardiac Death AND ICD CRT Therapy — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/sudden-cardiac-death-and-icd-crt-therapy) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Sudden Cardiac Death AND ICD CRT Therapy. - [Syncope — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/syncope) — DCE clinical case for syncope: long case of a 62-year-old man with recurrent unexplained syncope and bifascicular block requiring risk strat #### pharmacological (12) - [Adverse Drug Reactions — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/adverse-drug-reactions) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station: comprehensive assessment, presentation and discussion for a complex elderly man with heparin- - [Australian Envenomation — Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/envenomation) — DCE long case for Australian snake bite envenomation: a 42-year-old farmer in rural Victoria bitten by a brown snake, presenting with venom- - [Beta Blocker AND Calcium Channel Blocker Toxicity — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/beta-blocker-and-calcium-channel-blocker-toxicity) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Beta Blocker AND Calcium Channel Blocker Toxicity. - [Cardiac Glycoside — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/cardiac-glycoside) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Cardiac Glycoside. - [Iron Toxicity — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/iron-toxicity) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Iron Toxicity. - [Lithium Toxicity — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/lithium-toxicity) — DCE long-case clinical station: comprehensive assessment, presentation and discussion for a complex elderly patient with chronic lithium tox - [Opioid Benzodiazepine AND Alcohol Withdrawal — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/opioid-benzodiazepine-and-alcohol-withdrawal) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Opioid Benzodiazepine AND Alcohol Withdrawal. - [Paracetamol Toxicity — Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/paracetamol-toxicity) — DCE long case for paracetamol toxicity: a 38-year-old man with chronic alcohol use who presents 14 hours after a 24 g single paracetamol ove - [Pharmacokinetics in Organ Failure — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/pharmacokinetics-organ-failure) — DCE long-case clinical station: comprehensive medication review and dose adjustment in organ failure in a complex elderly patient with CKD, - [Poisoning — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/poisoning-approach-decontamination-antidotes) — DCE long-case clinical station: comprehensive management of a complex mixed overdose (tricyclic antidepressant, paracetamol and alcohol) — t - [Salicylate Toxicity — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/salicylate-toxicity) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Salicylate Toxicity. - [Serotonin Syndrome and NMS — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/serotonin-syndrome-nms) — DCE long-case clinical station: comprehensive assessment of a patient recovering from severe neuroleptic malignant syndrome complicated by r #### rheumatological (15) - [Allergic Rhinitis AND Asthma — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/allergic-rhinitis-and-asthma) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Allergic Rhinitis AND Asthma. - [Antiphospholipid Syndrome — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/antiphospholipid-syndrome) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Antiphospholipid Syndrome. - [Complement Deficiencies AND Recurrent Infections — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/complement-deficiencies-and-recurrent-infections) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Complement Deficiencies AND Recurrent Infections. - [Crystal Arthropathies — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/crystal-arthropathies) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Crystal Arthropathies. - [Drug Induced Rheumatological Disease AND Biologics Safety — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/drug-induced-rheumatological-disease-and-biologics-safety) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Drug Induced Rheumatological Disease AND Biologics Safety. - [Eosinophilic Disorders — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/eosinophilic-disorders) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Eosinophilic Disorders. - [Fibromyalgia and Chronic Widespread Pain — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/fibromyalgia-and-chronic-widespread-pain) — DCE long-case clinical station: comprehensive management of a 48-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis and secondary fibromyalgia present - [IgG4-Related Disease — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/igg4-related-disease) — DCE long-case clinical station: comprehensive management of a 62-year-old retired engineer who presents with six weeks of painless obstructi - [Immunological Investigation Immunoglobulins Complement Flow Cytometry — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/immunological-investigation-immunoglobulins-complement-flow-cytometry) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Immunological Investigation Immunoglobulins Complement Flow Cytometry. - [Osteoarthritis — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/osteoarthritis) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Osteoarthritis. - [Rheumatoid Arthritis — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/rheumatoid-arthritis) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station for rheumatoid arthritis: comprehensive patient assessment, presentation and discussion for lo - [Rheumatological Investigation Autoantibodies Imaging Synovial Fluid — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/rheumatological-investigation-autoantibodies-imaging-synovial-fluid) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Rheumatological Investigation Autoantibodies Imaging Synovial Fluid. - [SJ Gren S Syndrome AND Inflammatory Myopathies — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/sj-gren-s-syndrome-and-inflammatory-myopathies) — DCE long-case and short-case station for SJ Gren S Syndrome AND Inflammatory Myopathies. - [Spondyloarthropathies — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/spondyloarthropathies) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station for the spondyloarthropathies: comprehensive patient assessment, presentation and discussion f - [Systemic Autoinflammatory Syndromes — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/systemic-autoinflammatory-syndromes) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station for the systemic autoinflammatory syndromes: comprehensive patient assessment, presentation an #### infectious (10) - [Antimicrobial Stewardship and Resistance — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/antimicrobial-stewardship-resistance) — DCE long-case/short-case station for antimicrobial stewardship and antimicrobial resistance. - [Bloodstream Infections and Infective Endocarditis — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/bloodstream-infections-and-infective-endocarditis) — DCE short-case station: 'Examine this patient for signs of infective endocarditis' — a systematic examination routine for peripheral stigmat - [Bone AND Joint Infections — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/bone-and-joint-infections) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Bone AND Joint Infections. - [CNS Infections — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/central-nervous-system-infections) — DCE short-case station: examination of the patient with suspected meningeal irritation and altered cognition — systematic routine, presentat - [Fungal Infections — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/fungal-infections) — DCE long-case clinical station: comprehensive assessment of a 34-year-old man with HIV (CD4 24) who presents with a 3-week history of progre - [Healthcare-Associated Infections — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/healthcare-associated-infections) — DCE long-case clinical station: comprehensive assessment of a 68-year-old man who is day 7 post-emergency laparotomy for perforated sigmoid - [HIV and AIDS — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/hiv-aids-physician) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station for HIV: comprehensive patient assessment, presentation and discussion for a late-presenter wi - [Infections in the Immunocompromised Host — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/immunocompromised-host-infections) — DCE long-case clinical station: comprehensive assessment of a 45-year-old kidney transplant recipient 4 months post-transplant who presents - [Sepsis and Septic Shock — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/sepsis-physician) — DCE long-case clinical station: comprehensive assessment of a sepsis survivor 6 weeks post-ICU discharge, covering post-sepsis syndrome (cog - [Sexually Transmitted Infections — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/sexually-transmitted-infections) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Sexually Transmitted Infections. #### respiratory (16) - [Asthma and Severe Asthma — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/asthma-severe) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station: comprehensive patient assessment, presentation, and discussion for severe eosinophilic asthma - [Bronchiectasis AND Suppurative Lung Disease — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/bronchiectasis-and-suppurative-lung-disease) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Bronchiectasis AND Suppurative Lung Disease. - [COPD — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/copd) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station: comprehensive patient assessment, presentation, and discussion for COPD with cor pulmonale an - [Diffuse Alveolar Haemorrhage — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/diffuse-alveolar-haemorrhage-and-pulmonary-renal-syndromes) — DCE long-case station: granulomatosis with polyangiitis presenting as pulmonary-renal syndrome — the systemic vasculitis examination (purpur - [Interstitial Lung Disease — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/interstitial-lung-disease) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station: comprehensive patient assessment, presentation, and discussion for interstitial lung disease - [Lung Cancer — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/lung-cancer) — DCE short-case station: respiratory examination in suspected lung cancer — clubbing, supraclavicular node and lobar collapse signs — with pr - [Lung Transplantation — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/lung-transplantation) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Lung Transplantation. - [Obstructive Sleep Apnoea — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/obstructive-sleep-apnoea) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station: comprehensive patient assessment, presentation, and discussion for severe obstructive sleep a - [Occupational AND Environmental Lung Disease — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/occupational-and-environmental-lung-disease) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Occupational AND Environmental Lung Disease. - [Pleural Disease — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/pleural-disease) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station: comprehensive patient assessment, presentation, and discussion for malignant pleural mesothel - [Pneumonia — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/pneumonia-physician) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station: comprehensive patient assessment, presentation, and discussion for severe community-acquired - [Pulmonary Embolism — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/pulmonary-embolism) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station: comprehensive patient assessment, presentation, and discussion for pulmonary embolism with ri - [Pulmonary Vascular Disease AND COR Pulmonale — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/pulmonary-vascular-disease-and-cor-pulmonale) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Pulmonary Vascular Disease AND COR Pulmonale. - [Respiratory Failure and Non-Invasive Ventilation — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/respiratory-failure-and-non-invasive-ventilation) — DCE short-case station: respiratory examination of the breathless patient — work of breathing, cyanosis, CO2 retention signs, hyperinflation - [Respiratory Investigation — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/respiratory-investigation-pfts-bronchoscopy-thoracoscopy) — DCE short-case data station: integrated interpretation of spirometry, flow-volume loop, lung volumes and DLCO in a patient with progressive - [Solitary Pulmonary Nodule — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/solitary-pulmonary-nodule) — DCE data-interpretation station: a CT report describing an incidental pulmonary nodule plus a brief history — structured reading, risk strat #### oncological (8) - [Breakthrough Cancer Pain AND Opioid Titration — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/breakthrough-cancer-pain-and-opioid-titration) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Breakthrough Cancer Pain AND Opioid Titration. - [Breast Cancer — Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/breast-cancer-physician) — DCE long case for breast cancer: a 62-year-old woman who is 7 years post-diagnosis of ER-positive breast cancer, presenting as a breast canc - [Cancer Cachexia AND Nutritional Support — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/cancer-cachexia-and-nutritional-support) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Cancer Cachexia AND Nutritional Support. - [Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Toxicity — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/immunotherapy-checkpoint-inhibitor-toxicity) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station for immune checkpoint inhibitor toxicity: comprehensive patient assessment, presentation and d - [Oncologic Emergencies — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/oncologic-emergencies) — DCE long-case clinical station for oncologic emergencies: comprehensive patient assessment, presentation and discussion for a 59-year-old wo - [Pain Management IN Cancer AND Chronic Disease — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/pain-management-in-cancer-and-chronic-disease) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Pain Management IN Cancer AND Chronic Disease. - [Palliative Care — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/palliative-care-symptom-management) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station on palliative care: comprehensive assessment, presentation and discussion for a complex patien - [Prostate Cancer — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/prostate-cancer) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Prostate Cancer. #### geriatric (11) - [Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment and Frailty — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/comprehensive-geriatric-assessment-and-frailty) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station: comprehensive assessment, presentation, and discussion for a complex frail older woman with f - [Delirium — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/delirium-physician) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station: comprehensive assessment, presentation and discussion for a complex elderly patient with post - [Dementia — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/dementia) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station: comprehensive assessment, presentation and discussion for a complex elderly patient with mixe - [Elder Abuse and Safeguarding — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/elder-abuse-and-safeguarding) — DCE long-case clinical station: comprehensive assessment of an 82-year-old woman with moderate Alzheimer disease admitted with dehydration, - [End-of-Life Care and Advance Care Planning — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/end-of-life-care-and-advance-care-planning) — DCE long-case clinical station: comprehensive assessment of an 82-year-old man with end-stage heart failure and chronic kidney disease admit - [Falls and Syncope in Older Adults — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/falls-and-syncope-older-adults) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station: comprehensive assessment, presentation and discussion for a complex older patient with multif - [Nutrition AND Hydration IN Older Adults — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/nutrition-and-hydration-in-older-adults) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Nutrition AND Hydration IN Older Adults. - [Orthogeriatrics AND Perioperative Medicine IN Older Adults — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/orthogeriatrics-and-perioperative-medicine-in-older-adults) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Orthogeriatrics AND Perioperative Medicine IN Older Adults. - [Parkinson S Disease IN Older Adults — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/parkinson-s-disease-in-older-adults) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Parkinson S Disease IN Older Adults. - [Polypharmacy and Deprescribing — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/polypharmacy-and-deprescribing) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station: comprehensive assessment, presentation and discussion for a complex elderly woman with polyph - [Pressure Injuries AND Wound Care — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/pressure-injuries-and-wound-care) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Pressure Injuries AND Wound Care. #### dermatological (7) - [Cutaneous Manifestations of Systemic Disease — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/cutaneous-manifestations-systemic-disease) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station for cutaneous manifestations of systemic disease: comprehensive assessment, presentation and d - [Drug Eruptions AND Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/drug-eruptions-and-severe-cutaneous-adverse-reactions) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Drug Eruptions AND Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions. - [Erythema Nodosum AND Panniculitis — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/erythema-nodosum-and-panniculitis) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Erythema Nodosum AND Panniculitis. - [Genodermatoses with Systemic Significance — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/genodermatoses-with-systemic-significance) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Genodermatoses with Systemic Significance. - [Malignant Skin Lesions — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/malignant-skin-lesions) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Malignant Skin Lesions. - [Pyoderma Gangrenosum AND Neutrophilic Dermatoses — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/pyoderma-gangrenosum-and-neutrophilic-dermatoses) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Pyoderma Gangrenosum AND Neutrophilic Dermatoses. - [Skin Signs OF Internal Malignancy — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/skin-signs-of-internal-malignancy) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Skin Signs OF Internal Malignancy. #### neurological (15) - [Epilepsy — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/epilepsy-physician) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station: a patient with long-standing drug-resistant focal epilepsy and comorbidities for comprehensiv - [Guillain-Barre Syndrome — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/guillain-barre-syndrome) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station: comprehensive assessment of a patient three months after severe Guillain-Barre syndrome with - [Headache — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/headache) — DCE long-case clinical station: comprehensive patient assessment, structured presentation, and discussion for a complex headache case involv - [Meningitis and Encephalitis — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/meningitis-encephalitis) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station: comprehensive patient assessment, structured presentation, and discussion for HSV encephaliti - [Motor Neuron Disease — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/motor-neuron-disease) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station: a patient with bulbar-onset amyotrophic lateral sclerosis complicated by respiratory muscle w - [Movement Disorders — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/movement-disorders) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station: comprehensive assessment, presentation and discussion for advanced Parkinson's disease with m - [Multiple Sclerosis — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/multiple-sclerosis) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station for multiple sclerosis: comprehensive assessment of a 29-year-old woman with highly active rel - [Myasthenia Gravis — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/myasthenia-gravis) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station: a patient with acetylcholine-receptor-antibody-positive generalized myasthenia gravis, a thym - [Neurocutaneous Syndromes — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/neurocutaneous-syndromes) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Neurocutaneous Syndromes. - [Neurological Investigation LP EMG NCS EEG Neuroimaging — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/neurological-investigation-lp-emg-ncs-eeg-neuroimaging) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Neurological Investigation LP EMG NCS EEG Neuroimaging. - [Peripheral Neuropathy — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/peripheral-neuropathy) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station for peripheral neuropathy: comprehensive assessment of a 62-year-old man with diabetic distal - [Raised Intracranial Pressure AND Brain Tumours — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/raised-intracranial-pressure-and-brain-tumours) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Raised Intracranial Pressure AND Brain Tumours. - [Spinal Cord Disease — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/spinal-cord-disease) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station: comprehensive assessment of a patient recovering from malignant spinal cord compression with - [Stroke — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/stroke-physician) — DCE long-case and short-case clinical station: comprehensive post-stroke patient assessment, structured presentation, integrated management - [Subarachnoid Haemorrhage AND Intracranial Haemorrhage — DCE Clinical Case](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/cases/subarachnoid-haemorrhage-and-intracranial-haemorrhage) — DCE long-case and short-case station for Subarachnoid Haemorrhage AND Intracranial Haemorrhage. _(capped at 200; see format index for the full set)_ ### Vivas Index: https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas #### general-medicine (29) - [Abdominal Examination Routine — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/abdominal-examination-routine) — Structured DCE viva for the abdominal examination short case: defence of the twelve-step routine, the interpretation of chronic liver diseas - [Anaphylaxis — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/anaphylaxis) — Structured DCE viva for anaphylaxis: long-case defence of recurrent idiopathic anaphylaxis — trigger reconstruction, mast-cell screening, au - [Cardiovascular Examination — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/cardiovascular-examination-routine) — Structured DCE viva for the cardiovascular system examination: the defence of the eleven-step routine, the timing-based murmur framework, th - [Clinical Research AND Research Ethics — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/clinical-research-and-research-ethics) — DCE viva defence for Clinical Research AND Research Ethics. - [Confidentiality Privacy AND Mandatory Reporting — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/confidentiality-privacy-and-mandatory-reporting) — DCE viva defence for Confidentiality Privacy AND Mandatory Reporting. - [Cranial Nerve Examination — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/neurological-examination-cranial-nerves) — Structured DCE viva for cranial nerve examination: short-case defence of a pupil-involving third nerve palsy, a Horner syndrome and an LMN f - [Cultural Competence and Indigenous Health — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/cultural-competence-indigenous-health) — Structured DCE viva for cultural competence and Indigenous health: long-case defence of a 48-year-old Aboriginal woman from a remote communi - [Drug Allergy and Desensitisation — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/drug-allergy-and-desensitisation) — Structured DCE viva for drug allergy and desensitisation: long-case defence covering a penicillin allergy label complicating essential thera - [END OF Life Decision Making — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/end-of-life-decision-making) — DCE viva defence for END OF Life Decision Making. - [Evidence-Based Medicine and Critical Appraisal — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/evidence-based-medicine-critical-appraisal) — Structured DCE viva for evidence-based medicine and critical appraisal: long-case defence of a 75-year-old woman with atrial fibrillation, c - [Examination OF THE Unconscious Patient — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/examination-of-the-unconscious-patient) — DCE viva defence for Examination OF THE Unconscious Patient. - [Lymph Node Examination and Organomegaly — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/examination-lymph-nodes-and-splenomegaly) — Structured DCE viva for the lymph node and organomegaly short case: defence of the head-to-toe node routine, the five characteristics of eve - [Medical Errors and Open Disclosure — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/medical-errors-and-open-disclosure) — Structured DCE viva for medical errors and open disclosure: long-case defence covering a tenfold insulin overdose and a failure to cease met - [Medical Ethics Autonomy Beneficence NON Maleficence Justice — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/medical-ethics-autonomy-beneficence-non-maleficence-justice) — DCE viva defence for Medical Ethics Autonomy Beneficence NON Maleficence Justice. - [Medical Ethics, Capacity and Consent — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/medical-ethics-capacity-consent) — Structured DCE viva for medical ethics, capacity and consent: long-case defence of a 78-year-old woman with advanced Alzheimer disease and a - [Multi-morbidity and Complex Care — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/multi-morbidity-complex-care) — Structured DCE viva for multi-morbidity: long-case defence of an 82-year-old woman with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, atrial - [Neurological Examination of the Lower Limbs — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/neurological-examination-lower-limbs) — Structured DCE viva for the lower limb neurological examination short case: defence of the eight-step routine (gait, inspection, tone, power - [Neurological Examination of the Upper Limbs — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/neurological-examination-upper-limbs) — Structured DCE viva for the upper limb neurological examination short case: defence of the eight-step routine, the interpretation of combine - [Perioperative Medicine — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/perioperative-medicine-physician) — Structured DCE viva for physician-level perioperative medicine: long-case defence of a complex elderly patient with atrial fibrillation on a - [Physician Wellbeing Burnout AND Professional Resilience — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/physician-wellbeing-burnout-and-professional-resilience) — DCE viva defence for Physician Wellbeing Burnout AND Professional Resilience. - [Preoperative Medical Assessment AND Optimisation — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/preoperative-medical-assessment-and-optimisation) — DCE viva defence for Preoperative Medical Assessment AND Optimisation. - [Primary Immunodeficiency in Adults — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/primary-immunodeficiency-adults) — Structured DCE viva for primary immunodeficiency in adults: long-case defence of a 34-year-old woman with newly diagnosed common variable im - [Quality AND Safety IN Medicine — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/quality-and-safety-in-medicine) — DCE viva defence for Quality AND Safety IN Medicine. - [Rapid Response Systems and MET Calls — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/rapid-response-systems-and-met-calls) — Structured DCE viva for the post-MET-call patient: long-case defence of a 68-year-old man with cellulitis who deteriorates to septic shock w - [Respiratory Examination — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/respiratory-examination-routine) — Structured DCE viva for the respiratory short case: model presentation of the systematic respiratory examination, with discussion of the ele - [Rheumatological Examination of the Hands — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/rheumatological-examination-hands) — Structured DCE viva for the rheumatological hand examination short case: defence of the six-step routine, the synovitis versus bony swelling - [Rheumatological Examination Spine AND Lower Limbs — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/rheumatological-examination-spine-and-lower-limbs) — DCE viva defence for Rheumatological Examination Spine AND Lower Limbs. - [Skin Examination for Systemic Disease — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/examination-skin-manifestations-systemic-disease) — Structured DCE viva for the skin short case: model presentation of the systematic six-step skin examination, with discussion of the morpholo - [Speech and Higher Mental Function Examination — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/neurological-examination-speech-and-higher-function) — Structured DCE viva for speech and higher mental function: short-case defence of an acute Wernicke aphasia, a conduction aphasia, and a prog #### renal (16) - [Acid-Base Disorders — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/acid-base-disorders-physician) — Structured DCE viva for physician-level acid-base interpretation: long-case defence of a complex mixed acid-base disorder in a septic, diabe - [Acute Kidney Injury — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/acute-kidney-injury) — Structured DCE viva for acute kidney injury: long-case defence and short-case discussion covering KDIGO staging, pre-renal/intrinsic/post-re - [Chronic Kidney Disease — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/chronic-kidney-disease) — Structured DCE viva for chronic kidney disease: long-case defence covering progression-slowing therapy, complication management (anaemia, CK - [Diabetic Kidney Disease — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/diabetic-kidney-disease) — Structured DCE viva for diabetic kidney disease: long-case defence covering progression-slowing therapy with SGLT2 inhibitors and finerenone - [Electrolyte Disorders (Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphate) — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/electrolyte-disorders-calcium-magnesium-phosphate) — Structured DCE viva for divalent ion disorders: long-case defence of asymptomatic hypercalcaemia with inappropriately normal PTH on a thiazi - [Glomerulonephritis (Nephritic Spectrum) — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/glomerulonephritis-nephritic) — Structured DCE viva for glomerulonephritis: long-case defence covering pulmonary-renal syndrome from ANCA vasculitis, complement interpretat - [Hypertensive Nephrosclerosis and Renovascular Disease — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/hypertensive-nephrosclerosis-and-renovascular-disease) — Structured DCE viva: long-case defence of a 66-year-old with resistant hypertension, GFR decline on dual therapy and a 70% renal artery sten - [Kidney Transplantation — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/kidney-transplantation) — Structured DCE viva for kidney transplantation: long-case defence of a complex transplant recipient 6 months post-transplant with a rising c - [Nephrolithiasis — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/nephrolithiasis) — Structured DCE viva for nephrolithiasis: long-case defence of a 48-year-old man with Crohn disease and recurrent calcium oxalate stones from - [Nephrotic Syndrome — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/nephrotic-syndrome) — Structured DCE viva for nephrotic syndrome: long-case defence covering cause-specific immunosuppression (rituximab for membranous — MENTOR/G - [Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/polycystic-kidney-disease) — Structured DCE viva: long-case defence of a 40-year-old woman with Mayo 1D ADPKD, eGFR 52 and a sister with a cerebral aneurysm — the tolvap - [Potassium Disorders — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/electrolyte-potassium-disorders) — Structured DCE viva for potassium disorders: long-case defence of severe hyperkalaemia in a CKD patient on RAAS inhibitors covering the four - [Renal Cell Carcinoma AND Urothelial Malignancy — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/renal-cell-carcinoma-and-urothelial-malignancy) — DCE viva defence for Renal Cell Carcinoma AND Urothelial Malignancy. - [Renal Replacement Therapy (Haemodialysis, Peritoneal Dialysis) — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/renal-replacement-therapy-haemodialysis-peritoneal-dialysis) — Structured DCE viva: long-case defence of a 67-year-old woman with cardiac disease and frailty approaching end-stage kidney disease — modali - [Renal Tubular Acidoses AND Inherited Tubular Disorders — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/renal-tubular-acidoses-and-inherited-tubular-disorders) — DCE viva defence for Renal Tubular Acidoses AND Inherited Tubular Disorders. - [Sodium Disorders — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/electrolyte-sodium-disorders) — Structured DCE viva for sodium disorders: long-case defence covering the competing risks of cerebral oedema and osmotic demyelination in sev #### haematological (13) - [Acute Leukaemia — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/acute-leukaemia) — Structured DCE viva for acute leukaemia: long-case defence of newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukaemia in a fit older adult (intensive versus - [Anaemia — Systematic Workup: Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/anaemia-systematic-workup) — Structured DCE viva for physician-level anaemia investigation: long-case defence of iron deficiency anaemia in a complex patient with possib - [Bleeding Disorders AND Thrombocytopenia — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/bleeding-disorders-and-thrombocytopenia) — DCE viva defence for Bleeding Disorders AND Thrombocytopenia. - [Chronic Leukaemia and Myeloid Neoplasms — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/chronic-leukaemia) — Structured DCE viva for chronic leukaemia: a long-case defence of symptomatic chronic lymphocytic leukaemia with TP53 disruption in a 62-yea - [Coagulation Disorders: Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/coagulation-disorders) — Structured DCE viva for physician-level coagulation disorders: long-case defence of antiphospholipid syndrome with acute thrombosis in a pat - [Haematological Investigation Blood Film Marrow Coagulation Tests — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/haematological-investigation-blood-film-marrow-coagulation-tests) — DCE viva defence for Haematological Investigation Blood Film Marrow Coagulation Tests. - [Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/stem-cell-transplantation) — Branching oral examination for stem cell transplantation — a transplant survivor with chronic graft-versus-host disease and late effects, mo - [Haemolytic Anaemia — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/haemolytic-anaemia) — DCE viva defence for Haemolytic Anaemia. - [Iron Deficiency — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/iron-deficiency) — Structured DCE viva for iron deficiency: long-case defence of a postmenopausal woman with iron-deficiency anaemia — malignancy workup, iron - [Lymphoma — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/lymphoma-physician) — Structured DCE viva for lymphoma: long-case defence of newly diagnosed bulky stage IIB classical Hodgkin lymphoma in a young man with asthma - [Multiple Myeloma — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/multiple-myeloma) — Structured DCE viva for multiple myeloma: long-case defence of newly diagnosed symptomatic myeloma in a fit 66-year-old presenting with cast - [Myelodysplastic Syndromes — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/myelodysplastic-syndromes) — DCE viva defence for Myelodysplastic Syndromes. - [Myeloproliferative Neoplasms — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/myeloproliferative-neoplasms) — DCE viva defence for Myeloproliferative Neoplasms. #### hepatic (5) - [Acute Liver Failure — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/acute-liver-failure) — Structured DCE viva for acute liver failure: long-case defence of Wilson disease ALF in a young woman (urgent transplant referral, chelation - [Autoimmune Liver Disease — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/autoimmune-liver-disease) — Structured DCE viva for autoimmune liver disease: long-case defence of an AIH-PBC overlap syndrome in a 54-year-old woman (UDCA plus prednis - [Chronic Liver Disease and Cirrhosis — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/chronic-liver-disease-cirrhosis) — Structured DCE viva for cirrhosis: long-case defence and short-case discussion covering decompensation prevention, variceal prophylaxis, SBP - [Hepatocellular Carcinoma — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/hepatocellular-carcinoma) — Structured DCE viva for hepatocellular carcinoma: long-case defence of a BCLC A HCC in a 62-year-old man with HCV cirrhosis (post-SVR) found - [Portal Hypertension — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/portal-hypertension) — Structured DCE viva for portal hypertension: long-case defence covering acute variceal bleeding management, hepatorenal syndrome, refractory #### gastrointestinal (13) - [Acute Pancreatitis — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/acute-pancreatitis) — Structured DCE viva for acute pancreatitis: long-case defence of a 58-year-old man with severe alcohol-related necrotising pancreatitis comp - [Chronic Pancreatitis — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/chronic-pancreatitis) — Structured DCE viva for chronic pancreatitis: long-case defence of a 49-year-old man with alcohol-related chronic pancreatitis, chronic pain - [Colorectal Cancer — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/colorectal-cancer) — DCE viva defence for Colorectal Cancer. - [Functional GI Disorders — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/functional-gi-disorders) — DCE viva defence for Functional GI Disorders. - [Gallstone Disease AND Biliary Pathology — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/gallstone-disease-and-biliary-pathology) — DCE viva defence for Gallstone Disease AND Biliary Pathology. - [Gastrointestinal Bleeding — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/gi-bleeding-physician) — Structured DCE viva for acute gastrointestinal bleeding: long-case defence covering resuscitation, risk stratification, restrictive transfus - [GI Investigation Endoscopy Capsule Liver Biopsy Elastography — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/gi-investigation-endoscopy-capsule-liver-biopsy-elastography) — DCE viva defence for GI Investigation Endoscopy Capsule Liver Biopsy Elastography. - [Inflammatory Bowel Disease — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/inflammatory-bowel-disease) — Structured DCE viva for IBD: long-case defence and short-case discussion covering acute severe UC rescue therapy, biologic selection, perian - [Liver Transplantation — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/liver-transplantation) — DCE viva defence for Liver Transplantation. - [Malabsorption and Small Bowel Disease — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/malabsorption-and-small-bowel-disease) — Structured DCE viva for malabsorption and small bowel disease: long-case defence of a 42-year-old woman with coeliac disease presenting with - [Nutrition IN Liver AND GI Disease — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/nutrition-in-liver-and-gi-disease) — DCE viva defence for Nutrition IN Liver AND GI Disease. - [Obstructive Jaundice — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/obstructive-jaundice) — Structured DCE viva for obstructive jaundice: long-case defence of a 68-year-old man with painless progressive jaundice, a pancreatic head m - [Oesophageal Disorders — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/oesophageal-disorders) — Structured DCE viva for oesophageal disorders: long-case defence of a 70-year-old with Barrett's oesophagus and confirmed low-grade dysplasi #### endocrine (11) - [Adrenal Disorders — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/adrenal-disorders) — Structured DCE viva for adrenal disorders: long-case defence covering Cushing syndrome diagnostic strategy and management, primary aldostero - [Adrenal Incidentaloma AND Workup — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/adrenal-incidentaloma-and-workup) — DCE viva defence for Adrenal Incidentaloma AND Workup. - [Calcium and Bone Disorders — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/calcium-and-bone-disorders) — Structured DCE viva for calcium and bone disorders: long-case defence of primary hyperparathyroidism with osteoporosis and CKD (PTH-based di - [Diabetes Mellitus — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/diabetes-mellitus-physician) — Structured DCE viva for diabetes mellitus: long-case defence and short-case discussion covering the modern pharmacological hierarchy, organ- - [Disorders OF Sodium AND Water Homeostasis — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/disorders-of-sodium-and-water-homeostasis) — DCE viva defence for Disorders OF Sodium AND Water Homeostasis. - [DKA and HHS — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/dka-and-hhs) — Structured DCE viva for physician-level hyperglycaemic emergency management: long-case defence of a complex patient with severe DKA precipit - [Hypoglycaemia — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/hypoglycaemia) — DCE viva defence for Hypoglycaemia. - [Metabolic Bone Disease AND Vitamin D Disorders — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/metabolic-bone-disease-and-vitamin-d-disorders) — DCE viva defence for Metabolic Bone Disease AND Vitamin D Disorders. - [Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/multiple-endocrine-neoplasia) — DCE viva defence for Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia. - [Pituitary Disease — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/pituitary-disease) — Structured DCE viva for pituitary disease: long-case defence covering acromegaly with complications, biochemical diagnosis, surgical and med - [Reproductive Endocrinology — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/reproductive-endocrinology) — DCE viva defence for Reproductive Endocrinology. #### cardiovascular (19) - [Adult Congenital Heart Disease — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/adult-congenital-heart-disease) — DCE viva defence for Adult Congenital Heart Disease. - [Anticoagulation and Antiplatelet Therapy — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/anticoagulation-and-antiplatelet-therapy) — Structured DCE viva: defending anticoagulation in an elderly patient with atrial fibrillation, recurrent falls and chronic kidney disease — - [Aortic Disease — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/aortic-disease) — DCE viva defence for Aortic Disease. - [Arrhythmias and Conduction Disease — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/arrhythmias-and-conduction-disease) — Structured DCE viva for arrhythmias: long-case defence of an elderly patient with persistent AF, CKD and fall risk — anticoagulation, rate/r - [Atrial Fibrillation — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/atrial-fibrillation) — Structured DCE viva for atrial fibrillation: long-case defence and short-case discussion covering rate versus rhythm reasoning, CHA₂DS₂-VASc - [Cardiac Investigations — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/cardiac-investigations) — Structured DCE viva for cardiac investigations: long-case defence covering investigation pathway in a complex cardiology patient and short-c - [Cardiac Tumours AND Systemic Manifestations OF Cardiac Disease — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/cardiac-tumours-and-systemic-manifestations-of-cardiac-disease) — DCE viva defence for Cardiac Tumours AND Systemic Manifestations OF Cardiac Disease. - [Cardiomyopathies — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/cardiomyopathies) — Structured DCE viva for the cardiomyopathies: long-case defence covering a young man with dilated cardiomyopathy and a probable LMNA mutatio - [Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/cardiovascular-prevention-and-rehabilitation) — Structured DCE viva for cardiovascular prevention: long-case defence of a 62-year-old post-NSTEMI patient with statin-associated muscle symp - [Coronary Artery Disease — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/coronary-artery-disease) — Structured DCE viva for coronary artery disease: long-case defence covering NSTEMI risk stratification, antiplatelet selection, CABG vs PCI - [ECG Interpretation — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/ecg-interpretation-physician-level) — Structured DCE viva for physician-level ECG interpretation: long-case defence of a complex ECG and short-case discussion of acute ischaemia, - [Heart Failure — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/heart-failure) — Structured DCE viva for heart failure: long-case defence and short-case discussion covering GDMT reasoning, device therapy, cardiorenal synd - [Hypertension — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/hypertension) — Structured DCE viva for hypertension: long-case defence and short-case discussion covering resistant hypertension reasoning, secondary cause - [Infective Endocarditis — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/infective-endocarditis) — Structured DCE viva for infective endocarditis: long-case defence covering Duke criteria, prosthetic valve IE, surgical decision-making, emb - [Pericardial Disease — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/pericardial-disease) — Structured DCE viva for pericardial disease: long-case defence covering constrictive pericarditis in a complex patient and short-case discus - [Pulmonary Hypertension — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/pulmonary-hypertension) — Structured DCE viva for pulmonary hypertension: long-case defence covering a young woman with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension — t - [Rheumatic Fever AND Rheumatic Heart Disease — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/rheumatic-fever-and-rheumatic-heart-disease) — DCE viva defence for Rheumatic Fever AND Rheumatic Heart Disease. - [Sudden Cardiac Death AND ICD CRT Therapy — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/sudden-cardiac-death-and-icd-crt-therapy) — DCE viva defence for Sudden Cardiac Death AND ICD CRT Therapy. - [Syncope — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/syncope) — Structured DCE viva for syncope: long-case defence covering a middle-aged man with recurrent unexplained syncope and bifascicular block — th #### pharmacological (12) - [Adverse Drug Reactions — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/adverse-drug-reactions) — Structured DCE viva for adverse drug reactions: a long-case defence of a complex patient with DRESS to allopurinol superimposed on multimorb - [Australian Envenomation — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/envenomation) — Structured DCE viva for Australian envenomation: long-case defence of a brown snake bite with VICC and thrombotic microangiopathy in a 42-ye - [Beta Blocker AND Calcium Channel Blocker Toxicity — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/beta-blocker-and-calcium-channel-blocker-toxicity) — DCE viva defence for Beta Blocker AND Calcium Channel Blocker Toxicity. - [Cardiac Glycoside — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/cardiac-glycoside) — DCE viva defence for Cardiac Glycoside. - [Iron Toxicity — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/iron-toxicity) — DCE viva defence for Iron Toxicity. - [Lithium Toxicity — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/lithium-toxicity) — Structured DCE viva for lithium toxicity: long-case defence covering a complex elderly patient with chronic lithium toxicity precipitated by - [Opioid Benzodiazepine AND Alcohol Withdrawal — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/opioid-benzodiazepine-and-alcohol-withdrawal) — DCE viva defence for Opioid Benzodiazepine AND Alcohol Withdrawal. - [Paracetamol Toxicity — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/paracetamol-toxicity) — Structured DCE viva for paracetamol toxicity: long-case defence of a single acute paracetamol overdose with established hepatotoxicity in a - [Pharmacokinetics in Organ Failure — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/pharmacokinetics-organ-failure) — Structured DCE viva for physician-level clinical pharmacology: long-case defence of a complex elderly patient with CKD, AF, diabetes and pol - [Poisoning — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/poisoning-approach-decontamination-antidotes) — Structured DCE viva for physician-level toxicology: long-case defence of a complex mixed overdose (tricyclic antidepressant plus paracetamol - [Salicylate Toxicity — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/salicylate-toxicity) — DCE viva defence for Salicylate Toxicity. - [Serotonin Syndrome and NMS — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/serotonin-syndrome-nms) — Structured DCE viva for serotonin syndrome and neuroleptic malignant syndrome: long-case defence covering recognition, the Hunter criteria, #### rheumatological (15) - [Allergic Rhinitis AND Asthma — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/allergic-rhinitis-and-asthma) — DCE viva defence for Allergic Rhinitis AND Asthma. - [Antiphospholipid Syndrome — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/antiphospholipid-syndrome) — DCE viva defence for Antiphospholipid Syndrome. - [Complement Deficiencies AND Recurrent Infections — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/complement-deficiencies-and-recurrent-infections) — DCE viva defence for Complement Deficiencies AND Recurrent Infections. - [Crystal Arthropathies — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/crystal-arthropathies) — DCE viva defence for Crystal Arthropathies. - [Drug Induced Rheumatological Disease AND Biologics Safety — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/drug-induced-rheumatological-disease-and-biologics-safety) — DCE viva defence for Drug Induced Rheumatological Disease AND Biologics Safety. - [Eosinophilic Disorders — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/eosinophilic-disorders) — DCE viva defence for Eosinophilic Disorders. - [Fibromyalgia and Chronic Widespread Pain — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/fibromyalgia-and-chronic-widespread-pain) — Structured DCE viva for the fibromyalgia patient with comorbid inflammatory disease: long-case defence of a 48-year-old woman with rheumatoi - [IgG4-Related Disease — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/igg4-related-disease) — Structured DCE viva for IgG4-related disease: long-case defence of a 62-year-old retired engineer with painless jaundice, bilateral submandi - [Immunological Investigation Immunoglobulins Complement Flow Cytometry — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/immunological-investigation-immunoglobulins-complement-flow-cytometry) — DCE viva defence for Immunological Investigation Immunoglobulins Complement Flow Cytometry. - [Osteoarthritis — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/osteoarthritis) — DCE viva defence for Osteoarthritis. - [Rheumatoid Arthritis — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/rheumatoid-arthritis) — Structured DCE viva for rheumatoid arthritis: long-case defence covering treat-to-target management of newly diagnosed seropositive erosive - [Rheumatological Investigation Autoantibodies Imaging Synovial Fluid — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/rheumatological-investigation-autoantibodies-imaging-synovial-fluid) — DCE viva defence for Rheumatological Investigation Autoantibodies Imaging Synovial Fluid. - [SJ Gren S Syndrome AND Inflammatory Myopathies — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/sj-gren-s-syndrome-and-inflammatory-myopathies) — DCE viva defence for SJ Gren S Syndrome AND Inflammatory Myopathies. - [Spondyloarthropathies — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/spondyloarthropathies) — Structured DCE viva for the spondyloarthropathies: long-case defence covering the treatment ladder for newly diagnosed ankylosing spondyliti - [Systemic Autoinflammatory Syndromes — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/systemic-autoinflammatory-syndromes) — Structured DCE viva for the systemic autoinflammatory syndromes: long-case defence covering undiagnosed familial Mediterranean fever complic #### infectious (10) - [Antimicrobial Stewardship and Resistance — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/antimicrobial-stewardship-resistance) — Structured DCE viva for antimicrobial stewardship and resistance: long-case defence of a 72-year-old woman who develops severe Clostridioide - [Bloodstream Infections and Infective Endocarditis — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/bloodstream-infections-and-infective-endocarditis) — Structured DCE viva for bloodstream infection and endocarditis: long-case defence of prosthetic-valve endocarditis with an embolic stroke — - [Bone AND Joint Infections — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/bone-and-joint-infections) — DCE viva defence for Bone AND Joint Infections. - [CNS Infections — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/central-nervous-system-infections) — Structured DCE viva for CNS infections: long-case defence of post-pneumococcal meningitis follow-up plus probing questions on sequencing, st - [Fungal Infections — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/fungal-infections) — Structured DCE viva for invasive fungal infection: long-case defence of a 60-year-old man with AML on induction who develops invasive pulmon - [Healthcare-Associated Infections — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/healthcare-associated-infections) — Structured DCE viva for healthcare-associated infections: long-case defence of a 68-year-old man post-emergency laparotomy who develops Pseu - [HIV and AIDS — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/hiv-aids-physician) — Structured DCE viva for HIV: long-case defence covering ART initiation in a complex patient with TB and hepatitis B co-infection, drug-inter - [Infections in the Immunocompromised Host — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/immunocompromised-host-infections) — Structured DCE viva for the immunocompromised host: long-case defence of a 62-year-old man with AML on induction who develops febrile neutro - [Sepsis and Septic Shock — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/sepsis-physician) — Structured DCE viva for sepsis and septic shock: long-case defence covering the Hour-1 Bundle in septic shock with multiple comorbidities, v - [Sexually Transmitted Infections — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/sexually-transmitted-infections) — DCE viva defence for Sexually Transmitted Infections. #### respiratory (16) - [Asthma and Severe Asthma — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/asthma-severe) — Structured DCE viva for severe asthma: long-case defence covering phenotyping, biologic selection, oral-steroid-sparing strategy, comorbidit - [Bronchiectasis AND Suppurative Lung Disease — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/bronchiectasis-and-suppurative-lung-disease) — DCE viva defence for Bronchiectasis AND Suppurative Lung Disease. - [COPD — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/copd) — Structured DCE viva for COPD: long-case defence covering exacerbation management, NIV reasoning, eosinophil-guided ICS decisions, cor pulmon - [Diffuse Alveolar Haemorrhage — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/diffuse-alveolar-haemorrhage-and-pulmonary-renal-syndromes) — Structured DCE viva for diffuse alveolar haemorrhage: long-case defence of granulomatosis with polyangiitis presenting with alveolar haemorr - [Interstitial Lung Disease — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/interstitial-lung-disease) — Structured DCE viva for interstitial lung disease: long-case defence and short-case discussion covering diagnostic reasoning, antifibrotic t - [Lung Cancer — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/lung-cancer) — Structured DCE viva for lung cancer: long-case defence of a never-smoker with stage IV EGFR-mutant NSCLC — targeted-therapy sequencing, resi - [Lung Transplantation — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/lung-transplantation) — DCE viva defence for Lung Transplantation. - [Obstructive Sleep Apnoea — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/obstructive-sleep-apnoea) — Structured DCE viva for obstructive sleep apnoea: long-case defence covering severe OSA with excessive daytime sleepiness, resistant hyperte - [Occupational AND Environmental Lung Disease — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/occupational-and-environmental-lung-disease) — DCE viva defence for Occupational AND Environmental Lung Disease. - [Pleural Disease — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/pleural-disease) — Structured DCE viva for pleural disease: long-case defence covering malignant pleural mesothelioma with asbestos exposure (diagnosis, pleura - [Pneumonia — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/pneumonia-physician) — Structured DCE viva for pneumonia: long-case defence covering severe CAP with septic shock, empiric therapy, corticosteroid adjunct, parapne - [Pulmonary Embolism — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/pulmonary-embolism) — Structured DCE viva for pulmonary embolism: long-case defence covering diagnostic algorithm reasoning, risk stratification (sPESI, biomarker - [Pulmonary Vascular Disease AND COR Pulmonale — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/pulmonary-vascular-disease-and-cor-pulmonale) — DCE viva defence for Pulmonary Vascular Disease AND COR Pulmonale. - [Respiratory Failure and Non-Invasive Ventilation — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/respiratory-failure-and-non-invasive-ventilation) — Structured DCE viva for respiratory failure and NIV: long-case defence of severe COPD with a second acidotic exacerbation this year — acute - [Respiratory Investigation — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/respiratory-investigation-pfts-bronchoscopy-thoracoscopy) — Structured DCE viva for respiratory investigation: defending the investigation chain in progressive dyspnoea with crackles — HRCT, pulmonary - [Solitary Pulmonary Nodule — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/solitary-pulmonary-nodule) — Structured DCE viva for the solitary pulmonary nodule: defence of an incidental 11 mm spiculated nodule in an ex-smoker with emphysema and c #### oncological (8) - [Breakthrough Cancer Pain AND Opioid Titration — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/breakthrough-cancer-pain-and-opioid-titration) — DCE viva defence for Breakthrough Cancer Pain AND Opioid Titration. - [Breast Cancer — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/breast-cancer-physician) — Structured DCE viva for breast cancer: long-case defence of a HER2-positive breast cancer in a 52-year-old woman managed with neoadjuvant TC - [Cancer Cachexia AND Nutritional Support — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/cancer-cachexia-and-nutritional-support) — DCE viva defence for Cancer Cachexia AND Nutritional Support. - [Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Toxicity — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/immunotherapy-checkpoint-inhibitor-toxicity) — Structured DCE viva for immune checkpoint inhibitor toxicity: long-case defence covering a patient on combination ipilimumab-nivolumab who d - [Oncologic Emergencies — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/oncologic-emergencies) — Structured DCE viva for oncologic emergencies: long-case defence of a patient with lung cancer presenting with multiple simultaneous oncolog - [Pain Management IN Cancer AND Chronic Disease — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/pain-management-in-cancer-and-chronic-disease) — DCE viva defence for Pain Management IN Cancer AND Chronic Disease. - [Palliative Care — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/palliative-care-symptom-management) — Structured DCE viva for palliative care and symptom management: a long-case defence covering a complex patient with metastatic cancer and mu - [Prostate Cancer — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/prostate-cancer) — DCE viva defence for Prostate Cancer. #### geriatric (11) - [Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment and Frailty — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/comprehensive-geriatric-assessment-and-frailty) — Structured DCE viva for CGA and frailty: long-case defence covering a complex frail older woman with functional decline, falls, polypharmacy - [Delirium — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/delirium-physician) — Structured DCE viva for delirium: long-case defence covering a complex elderly patient with postoperative delirium superimposed on dementia, - [Dementia — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/dementia) — Structured DCE viva for dementia: long-case defence covering a complex elderly patient with mixed Alzheimer and vascular dementia, polypharm - [Elder Abuse and Safeguarding — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/elder-abuse-and-safeguarding) — Structured DCE viva for elder abuse and safeguarding: long-case defence of an 82-year-old woman with moderate Alzheimer disease admitted wit - [End-of-Life Care and Advance Care Planning — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/end-of-life-care-and-advance-care-planning) — Structured DCE viva for end-of-life care and advance care planning: long-case defence of an 82-year-old man with end-stage heart failure and - [Falls and Syncope in Older Adults — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/falls-and-syncope-older-adults) — Structured DCE viva for falls and syncope: long-case defence covering a complex older patient with multifactorial falls, drug-induced orthos - [Nutrition AND Hydration IN Older Adults — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/nutrition-and-hydration-in-older-adults) — DCE viva defence for Nutrition AND Hydration IN Older Adults. - [Orthogeriatrics AND Perioperative Medicine IN Older Adults — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/orthogeriatrics-and-perioperative-medicine-in-older-adults) — DCE viva defence for Orthogeriatrics AND Perioperative Medicine IN Older Adults. - [Parkinson S Disease IN Older Adults — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/parkinson-s-disease-in-older-adults) — DCE viva defence for Parkinson S Disease IN Older Adults. - [Polypharmacy and Deprescribing — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/polypharmacy-and-deprescribing) — Structured DCE viva for polypharmacy and deprescribing: long-case defence covering a complex elderly patient with polypharmacy, frailty, fal - [Pressure Injuries AND Wound Care — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/pressure-injuries-and-wound-care) — DCE viva defence for Pressure Injuries AND Wound Care. #### dermatological (7) - [Cutaneous Manifestations of Systemic Disease — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/cutaneous-manifestations-systemic-disease) — Structured DCE viva for cutaneous manifestations of systemic disease: long-case defence covering the paraneoplastic approach to adult-onset - [Drug Eruptions AND Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/drug-eruptions-and-severe-cutaneous-adverse-reactions) — DCE viva defence for Drug Eruptions AND Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions. - [Erythema Nodosum AND Panniculitis — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/erythema-nodosum-and-panniculitis) — DCE viva defence for Erythema Nodosum AND Panniculitis. - [Genodermatoses with Systemic Significance — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/genodermatoses-with-systemic-significance) — DCE viva defence for Genodermatoses with Systemic Significance. - [Malignant Skin Lesions — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/malignant-skin-lesions) — DCE viva defence for Malignant Skin Lesions. - [Pyoderma Gangrenosum AND Neutrophilic Dermatoses — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/pyoderma-gangrenosum-and-neutrophilic-dermatoses) — DCE viva defence for Pyoderma Gangrenosum AND Neutrophilic Dermatoses. - [Skin Signs OF Internal Malignancy — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/skin-signs-of-internal-malignancy) — DCE viva defence for Skin Signs OF Internal Malignancy. #### neurological (15) - [Epilepsy — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/epilepsy-physician) — Structured DCE viva for epilepsy: long-case defence (drug-resistant focal epilepsy and surgery) and short-case discussion (women with epilep - [Guillain-Barre Syndrome — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/guillain-barre-syndrome) — Structured DCE viva for Guillain-Barre syndrome: long-case defence covering respiratory decision-making, disease-modifying therapy, the ster - [Headache — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/headache) — Structured DCE viva for headache: long-case defence covering chronic migraine with medication overuse and giant cell arteritis in a complex - [Meningitis and Encephalitis — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/meningitis-encephalitis) — Structured DCE viva for CNS infections: long-case defence covering empiric therapy in immunocompromised bacterial meningitis, HSV encephalit - [Motor Neuron Disease — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/motor-neuron-disease) — Structured DCE viva for motor neuron disease: long-case defence (bulbar-onset ALS with respiratory failure and nutritional decline) and shor - [Movement Disorders — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/movement-disorders) — Structured DCE viva for movement disorders: long-case defence covering advanced Parkinson's disease with motor complications and psychosis, - [Multiple Sclerosis — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/multiple-sclerosis) — Structured DCE viva for multiple sclerosis: long-case defence of a 29-year-old woman with highly active relapsing-remitting MS failing inter - [Myasthenia Gravis — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/myasthenia-gravis) — Structured DCE viva for myasthenia gravis: long-case defence (AChR-positive generalized MG with a thymoma) and short-case discussion (fatiga - [Neurocutaneous Syndromes — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/neurocutaneous-syndromes) — DCE viva defence for Neurocutaneous Syndromes. - [Neurological Investigation LP EMG NCS EEG Neuroimaging — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/neurological-investigation-lp-emg-ncs-eeg-neuroimaging) — DCE viva defence for Neurological Investigation LP EMG NCS EEG Neuroimaging. - [Peripheral Neuropathy — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/peripheral-neuropathy) — Structured DCE viva for peripheral neuropathy: long-case defence of a 62-year-old man with diabetic distal symmetric polyneuropathy, a painl - [Raised Intracranial Pressure AND Brain Tumours — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/raised-intracranial-pressure-and-brain-tumours) — DCE viva defence for Raised Intracranial Pressure AND Brain Tumours. - [Spinal Cord Disease — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/spinal-cord-disease) — Structured DCE viva for spinal cord disease: long-case defence covering the emergency management of metastatic spinal cord compression, the - [Stroke — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/stroke-physician) — Structured DCE viva for stroke: long-case defence and short-case discussion covering reperfusion decision-making, vascular territory localis - [Subarachnoid Haemorrhage AND Intracranial Haemorrhage — Viva Defence](https://medvellum.com/s/physician/vivas/subarachnoid-haemorrhage-and-intracranial-haemorrhage) — DCE viva defence for Subarachnoid Haemorrhage AND Intracranial Haemorrhage. _(capped at 200; see format index for the full set)_ ## Obstetrics & Gynaecology Hub: https://medvellum.com/s/og FRANZCOG-primary O&G atlas: consultant-teacher topics, SAQs with mark-scheme answers, and 12-station oral practice. ### Topics Index: https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics #### Gynae-surgery — cervical insufficiency and preterm birth prevention (1) - [Abdominal and transvaginal cervical cerclage](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/gynae-surgery/abdominal-and-transvaginal-cervical-cerclage) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on cervical cerclage — history-, ultrasound- and examination-indicated indications; McDonald v #### Gynaecological health — menstrual disorders (8) - [Abnormal uterine bleeding: PALM-COEIN classification & assessment (FIGO 2018)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/gynae-health/abnormal-uterine-bleeding) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship foundation on abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB): the FIGO System 1 bleeding descriptors (frequency, durati - [Adenomyosis: pathophysiology, MUSA imaging features & management (the A of PALM-COEIN)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/gynae-health/adenomyosis) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship topic on adenomyosis — the A of FIGO PALM-COEIN. Covers the pathophysiology (endometrial glands and stro - [Dysmenorrhoea and the PMS–PMDD spectrum: prostaglandin-mediated period pain and the luteal-phase psychiatric disorder](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/gynae-health/dysmenorrhoea-and-pms-pmdd) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship topic on dysmenorrhoea and the premenstrual syndrome to premenstrual dysphoric disorder spectrum: primar - [Endometrial polyps: prevalence, malignant potential, PPP framework & hysteroscopic management (the P of PALM-COEIN)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/gynae-health/endometrial-polyps) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship topic on endometrial polyps — the P of FIGO PALM-COEIN. Covers prevalence and the malignant-potential ri - [Heavy menstrual bleeding: NICE NG88 assessment & stepwise management](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/gynae-health/heavy-menstrual-bleeding) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship topic on heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB): the classical 80 mL threshold (Hallberg 1966) and the modern pa - [Intermenstrual and postcoital bleeding: structured assessment & when to refer (RANZCOG C-Gyn 6)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/gynae-health/intermenstrual-and-postcoital-bleeding) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship topic on intermenstrual bleeding (IMB) and postcoital bleeding (PCB): the structured history and speculu - [Postmenopausal bleeding: investigation pathway, endometrial-cancer risk and the RCOG GTG 67 hyperplasia interaction](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/gynae-health/postmenopausal-bleeding-pathway) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship topic on postmenopausal bleeding (PMB): the definition (any bleeding 12 months or more after the last me - [Postmenopausal bleeding: investigation pathway, endometrial-cancer risk and the RCOG GTG 67 hyperplasia interaction](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/gynae-health/postmenopausal-bleeding) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship topic on postmenopausal bleeding (PMB): the definition (any bleeding 12 months or more after the last me #### Sexual & reproductive health (2) - [Abortion](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/srh/abortion) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on induced abortion as a complications-and-law topic — the four post-abortion complications (i - [Abortion care](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/srh/abortion-care) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on abortion care — the MS-2 Step early medical abortion regimen (mifepristone 200 mg plus bucc #### Antenatal care — medical disorders of pregnancy (4) - [Acute fatty liver of pregnancy and other liver disorders in pregnancy](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/antenatal/acute-fatty-liver-pregnancy-other-liver-disorders) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on acute fatty liver of pregnancy and the other liver disorders of pregnancy. The Swansea crit - [Asthma and respiratory disease in pregnancy](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/antenatal/asthma-and-respiratory-disease-in-pregnancy) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on asthma in pregnancy. The BTS/NICE/SIGN stepwise ladder (SABA, low-dose ICS 200-400 mcg, ICS - [Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/antenatal/intrahepatic-cholestasis-of-pregnancy) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG reference on intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy — the bile-acid threshold for diagnosis (>10 or >19 micromol/L), - [SLE and antiphospholipid syndrome in pregnancy](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/antenatal/sle-and-antiphospholipid-syndrome-in-pregnancy) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on SLE and antiphospholipid syndrome in pregnancy — the revised Sapporo criteria, flare versus #### Critical care — renal (1) - [Acute kidney injury in pregnancy](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/critical-care/acute-kidney-injury-in-pregnancy) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on pregnancy-related acute kidney injury (PrAKI) — the KDIGO definition applied against the pr #### Early pregnancy care (6) - [Adnexal masses in early pregnancy](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/early-pregnancy/adnexal-masses-in-early-pregnancy) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on the adnexal mass found at the dating scan — IOTA Simple Rules and ADNEX characterisation in - [Early pregnancy pain and bleeding, including pregnancy of unknown location](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/early-pregnancy/early-pregnancy-pain-and-bleeding) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG reference on early pregnancy pain and bleeding — the structured assessment, the five-category ultrasound classifica - [Early pregnancy support and pregnancy-after-loss care](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/early-pregnancy/early-pregnancy-support-and-pregnancy-after-loss-care) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on early pregnancy support and pregnancy-after-loss care — the psychological epidemiology of m - [Early pregnancy ultrasound and hCG dynamics](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/early-pregnancy/early-pregnancy-ultrasound-and-hcg-dynamics) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG reference on early pregnancy ultrasound and hCG dynamics — the visualisation milestones, the diagnostic criteria fo - [Ectopic pregnancy](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/early-pregnancy/ectopic-pregnancy) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on ectopic pregnancy — the anatomical classification and risk factors, the transvaginal ultras - [Nausea, vomiting of pregnancy and hyperemesis gravidarum](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/early-pregnancy/nausea-vomiting-and-hyperemesis-gravidarum) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and hyperemesis gravidarum — the PUQE-24 score reproduced #### Antenatal care — maternal age and ART (1) - [Advanced maternal age and ART-conceived pregnancies](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/antenatal/advanced-maternal-age-and-art-conceived-pregnancies) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on advanced maternal age (35 and over) and ART-conceived pregnancies — the risks of age (aneup #### Antenatal care — fetal medicine (2) - [Amniotic fluid disorders — polyhydramnios and oligohydramnios](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/antenatal/amniotic-fluid-disorders) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on amniotic fluid disorders — the diagnostic thresholds read from SMFM and Magann (DVP ≥8 cm o - [Fetal anaemia and hydrops fetalis](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/antenatal/fetal-anaemia-and-hydrops-fetalis) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG reference on fetal anaemia and hydrops fetalis — the immune (anti-D, anti-c, anti-Kell, anti-Duffy) and non-immune #### Intrapartum care — obstetric emergencies (3) - [Amniotic fluid embolism](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/intrapartum/amniotic-fluid-embolism) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on amniotic fluid embolism — the immune-mediated (anaphylactoid) model that replaced the embol - [Primary postpartum haemorrhage](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/intrapartum/primary-postpartum-haemorrhage) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on primary postpartum haemorrhage — the 4 T's, quantitative blood loss (E-MOTIVE), the uteroto - [Shoulder dystocia](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/intrapartum/shoulder-dystocia) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on shoulder dystocia — the manoeuvre ladder in order with technique detail, why fundal pressur #### Antenatal care — haematological disorders (2) - [Anaemia in pregnancy](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/antenatal/anaemia-in-pregnancy) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on anaemia in pregnancy — physiological anaemia vs iron deficiency, the ferritin-below-30 thre - [Haemoglobinopathies in pregnancy](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/antenatal/haemoglobinopathies-in-pregnancy) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on haemoglobinopathies in pregnancy — thalassaemia trait vs major with iron overload and cardi #### Reproductive endocrinology & infertility (13) - [Anovulation & ovulation induction: WHO classification (FIGO HyPO-P 2023), letrozole first-line, gonadotropins, and OHSS prevention](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/rei/anovulation-and-ovulation-induction) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship topic on anovulation and ovulation induction. Reproduces the WHO classification of ovulation disorders v - [Congenital uterine anomalies (Müllerian duct anomalies)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/rei/congenital-uterine-anomalies) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on congenital uterine (Müllerian duct) anomalies. Reproduces the three competing classificatio - [Fertility preservation (oncofertility, oocyte, embryo and ovarian tissue cryopreservation)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/rei/fertility-preservation) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on fertility preservation — the oncofertility pathway (urgent referral, random-start stimulati - [Infertility: assessment & investigation — NICE NG257 (2026), WHO 6th-edition semen criteria, and the structured couple workup](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/rei/infertility) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship topic on the assessment and investigation of the infertile couple. Anchored to NICE NG257 (2026), which - [Intrauterine adhesions and Asherman syndrome](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/rei/intrauterine-adhesions-and-asherman-syndrome) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on intrauterine adhesions (IUA) and Asherman syndrome. Covers the pathophysiology (basal endom - [IVF add-ons: evidence and the HFEA traffic-light system; fertility preservation in cancer, social egg freezing, and ovarian transposition](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/rei/ivf-add-ons-and-fertility-preservation) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship topic on the evidence base for IVF add-ons (endometrial scratch, embryo glue, PGT-A, time-lapse, assiste - [IVF and ART techniques: stimulation, trigger, transfer, luteal support, OHSS prevention and cumulative success](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/rei/ivf-and-art-techniques) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship topic on IVF and ART techniques: the controlled ovarian stimulation protocols (long agonist vs antagonis - [Male infertility: structured assessment, WHO 6th-edition (2021) semen criteria, endocrine panel, genetic cascade, and ART pathway](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/rei/assessment-and-management-of-male-infertility) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship topic on the structured assessment and management of male-factor infertility. Covers history, examinatio - [Male-factor infertility](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/rei/male-factor-infertility) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship topic on male-factor infertility. Covers the WHO 6th-edition (2021) semen reference limits, the pre-test - [OHSS and fertility-treatment complications — Golan grading, VEGF pathophysiology, prophylaxis (cabergoline, GnRH antagonist trigger), and ICU management](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/rei/ohss-and-fertility-treatment-complications) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship topic on ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome and fertility-treatment complications. Anchored to the RANZCO - [Pelvic-factor infertility: tubal patency (HyCoSy, HSG, laparoscopy), endometriosis, adhesions, and submucous fibroids](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/rei/pelvic-factor-infertility-tubal-peritoneal) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship topic on pelvic-factor infertility. Covers the assessment of tubal patency (HyCoSy as first-line under N - [Recurrent implantation failure (RIF) and ART adjuncts — definition, the ESHRE good practice recommendations, endometrial receptivity, and the PGT-A controversy](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/rei/recurrent-implantation-failure-and-art-adjuncts) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on recurrent implantation failure and ART adjuncts — the ESHRE 2023 good practice recommendati - [Recurrent pregnancy loss — ESHRE 2022 update, the evidence-based workup, antiphospholipid syndrome (revised Sapporo), and the active interventions](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/rei/recurrent-pregnancy-loss) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship topic on recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), anchored to the ESHRE 2022 update and the RANZCOG C-Gyn 38 / RC #### Antenatal care — fetal surveillance (2) - [Antenatal fetal surveillance: CTG, biophysical profile, umbilical artery Doppler](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/antenatal/antenatal-fetal-surveillance-ctg-biophysical-profile-umbilical-artery-doppler) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on antenatal fetal surveillance — cardiotocography (CTG/NST), the biophysical profile and modi - [Fetal Dopplers — umbilical artery, MCA, ductus venosus, uterine artery](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/antenatal/fetal-dopplers) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG reference on fetal Doppler velocimetry — the umbilical artery (absent/reversed end-diastolic flow = severe FGR), th #### Antenatal care — obstetric haemorrhage (2) - [Antepartum haemorrhage: undifferentiated approach](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/antenatal/antepartum-haemorrhage) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG reference on undifferentiated antepartum haemorrhage — the RCOG Green-top 63 severity grades, the causes with their - [Placental abruption](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/antenatal/placental-abruption) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG reference on placental abruption — risk factors from the meta-analytic evidence, the classic and concealed presenta #### Reproductive endocrinology and infertility (2) - [Assisted reproductive technology (ART)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/rei/assisted-reproduction) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on assisted reproductive technology — the staged IVF/ICSI pathway (suppress, stimulate, trigge - [Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/rei/ovarian-hyperstimulation-syndrome) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome — the Golan classification (mild to critical), the VEGF-d #### Intrapartum care — birth after caesarean (1) - [Birth after caesarean: VBAC and elective repeat caesarean](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/intrapartum/birth-after-caesarean) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on birth after caesarean — absolute and relative contraindications, quantified success predict #### Neonatal care — birth trauma (1) - [Birth injuries](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/neonatal/birth-injuries) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on birth injuries — the three extracranial scalp swellings (caput, cephalohaematoma, subgaleal #### Gynaecological oncology — non-epithelial ovarian tumours (1) - [Borderline, germ cell and sex cord-stromal ovarian tumours: fertility-sparing surgery, BEP chemotherapy, tumour markers and FIGO staging](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/gynae-oncology/borderline-germ-cell-sex-cord-stromal-ovarian-tumours) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship topic on the non-epithelial ovarian tumours: borderline ovarian tumours (serous and mucinous, the perito #### Professional practice (4) - [Breaking bad news and perinatal loss communication](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/professional/breaking-bad-news-and-perinatal-loss-communication) — FRANZCOG fellowship guide to breaking bad news and perinatal-loss communication: SPIKES, exact language, early pregnancy loss, stillbirth, n - [Cultural safety in maternity and gynaecological care](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/professional/cultural-safety) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on cultural safety: the Curtis 2019 framework, the difference between cultural awareness, comp - [Evidence-based medicine and statistics for O&G](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/professional/evidence-based-medicine-statistics-o-g) — FRANZCOG fellowship reference on evidence-based medicine and statistics applied to O&G: PICO question formulation, the hierarchy of study de - [Human factors, teamwork and leadership on labour ward](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/professional/human-factors-teamwork-and-leadership-on-labour-ward) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship guide to human factors, teamwork, and clinical leadership on labour ward: the five CRM skills, ANTS, NOT #### Antenatal care — fetal presentation and mode of birth (1) - [Breech presentation at term and external cephalic version](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/antenatal/breech-presentation-at-term-and-external-cephalic-version) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on breech presentation at term and external cephalic version — the ECV technique, timing at 36 #### Intrapartum care — operative birth (4) - [Caesarean birth on maternal request](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/intrapartum/caesarean-birth-on-maternal-request) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG reference on caesarean birth on maternal request — RANZCOG C-Obs 39 (2023) and its two lawful endings, the very-low - [Caesarean birth: indications, technique, complications](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/intrapartum/caesarean-birth) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on caesarean birth — the four-category urgency classification and decision-to-delivery interva - [Caesarean urgency categorisation and timing at term](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/intrapartum/caesarean-urgency-categorisation-and-timing-at-term) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG reference on how urgent a caesarean is and when a planned one should happen — the four-category Lucas classificatio - [Instrumental vaginal birth: ventouse and forceps](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/intrapartum/instrumental-vaginal-birth) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on instrumental vaginal birth — the prerequisites checklist, station and position assessment, #### Antenatal care — medical disorders in pregnancy (1) - [Cardiac disease in pregnancy](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/antenatal/cardiac-disease-in-pregnancy) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG reference on cardiac disease in pregnancy — the modified WHO risk classification (mWHO I-IV), the haemodynamic chan #### Gynaecological oncology — cervical (1) - [Cervical cancer: FIGO 2018 staging, surgery vs chemoradiotherapy, and survival (fellowship depth)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/gynae-oncology/cervical-cancer) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship foundation on cervical cancer at the depth a consultant defends at viva: the FIGO 2018 staging reproduce #### Intrapartum care — preterm birth prevention (1) - [Cervical cerclage: history-indicated, ultrasound-indicated and rescue](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/intrapartum/cervical-cerclage) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on cervical cerclage — the three indications and the evidence behind each, McDonald versus Shi #### Gynaecological oncology — screening and prevention (1) - [Cervical screening and HPV: the NCSP pathway, self-collection, LLETZ/CKC, and elimination (fellowship depth)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/gynae-oncology/cervical-screening-and-hpv) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship foundation on cervical screening and HPV at the depth a consultant defends at viva: the Australian Natio #### Gynaecological health — chronic pain (1) - [Chronic pelvic pain: the multifactorial biopsychosocial model, structured assessment & multidisciplinary management](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/gynae-health/chronic-pelvic-pain) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship topic on chronic pelvic pain: the 6-month definition, the multifactorial biopsychosocial model (gynaecol #### Professional practice — clinical governance, quality and patient safety (1) - [Clinical governance](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/professional/clinical-governance) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on clinical governance — Scally and Donaldson's definition, the four pillars (clinical effecti #### Gynaecological oncology — premalignant cervical disease (1) - [Colposcopy and treatment of CIN/CGIN](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/gynae-oncology/colposcopy-and-treatment-of-cin-cgin) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on colposcopy and the treatment of CIN and CGIN, written from PubMed sources: HPV E6/E7 pathog #### Perioperative care — medico-legal (1) - [Consent and provision of information](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/perioperative/consent-and-provision-of-information) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG reference on informed consent and provision of information: the three legal elements (capacity, voluntariness, adeq #### Professional practice — ethics, consent and communication (1) - [Consent and shared decision-making](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/professional/consent-and-shared-decision-making) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG professional reference on the four-principles framework, consent as a shared decision, Montgomery and Rogers materi #### Professional practice — equity, culture and communication (1) - [Cultural safety for culturally and linguistically diverse communities](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/professional/cultural-safety-diverse-communities) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG professional reference on culturally safe care for migrant, refugee, asylum-seeking and other culturally and lingui #### Critical care in obstetrics and gynaecology (2) - [Diabetic ketoacidosis in pregnancy](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/critical-care/diabetic-ketoacidosis-in-pregnancy) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on diabetic ketoacidosis in pregnancy — why it happens faster and at lower glucose, euglycaemi - [Massive obstetric haemorrhage: transfusion, ROTEM-guided replacement and DIC](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/critical-care/massive-obstetric-haemorrhage) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on massive obstetric haemorrhage — definitions and activation triggers, ratio-based versus vis #### professional (1) - [Documentation, clinical handover and open disclosure](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/professional/documentation-clinical-handover-and-open-disclosure) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG professional reference on the contemporaneous medical record, structured handover (ISBAR, iSoBAR), the Australian O #### Reproductive endocrinology & infertility — third-party reproduction (1) - [Donor conception, surrogacy and social infertility frameworks](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/rei/donor-conception-surrogacy-and-social-infertility-frameworks) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on donor conception (oocyte, sperm, embryo), surrogacy (gestational vs traditional), the ANZ l #### Neonatal care — infection (1) - [Early-onset neonatal sepsis](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/neonatal/early-onset-neonatal-sepsis) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on early-onset neonatal sepsis — the ANZ risk-factor-based approach (no universal calculator), #### Antenatal care — obstetric emergencies (1) - [Eclampsia and HELLP syndrome](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/antenatal/eclampsia-and-hellp-syndrome) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG reference on eclampsia and HELLP syndrome — the seizure bundle from the doorway, the Zuspan and Pritchard magnesium #### Gynaecological oncology — uterine corpus (1) - [Endometrial cancer — FIGO 2023 staging with molecular classification and the ESGO 2025 management ladder](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/gynae-oncology/endometrial-cancer) — FRANZCOG-exhaustive treatment of endometrial cancer building on the MBBS foundation: the FIGO 2023 (Berek) staging system reproduced verbati #### Gynaecological oncology (2) - [Endometrial hyperplasia and atypia: WHO 2014 classification and management](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/gynae-oncology/endometrial-hyperplasia-and-atypia) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship foundation on endometrial hyperplasia and atypia: the WHO 2014 two-tier classification (hyperplasia with - [Epithelial ovarian cancer: FIGO 2021 staging, histotypes and the PARP era](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/gynae-oncology/epithelial-ovarian-cancer) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship foundation on epithelial ovarian cancer: the FIGO 2021 staging of ovarian, fallopian tube and peritoneal #### Gynaecological health — chronic pelvic pain and endometriosis (2) - [Endometriosis surgical management: excision vs ablation, DIE, ENZIAN, nerve-sparing](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/gynae-health/endometriosis-surgical-management) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship topic on the surgical management of endometriosis: the indications for surgery, laparoscopy as the prefe - [Endometriosis: symptom profile, diagnosis and medical management (ESHRE 2022)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/gynae-health/endometriosis) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship topic on endometriosis: the symptom profile (secondary dysmenorrhoea, deep dyspareunia, cyclical bowel a #### Perioperative care (3) - [Enhanced recovery after gynaecological surgery](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/perioperative/enhanced-recovery-after-gynaecological-surgery) — FRANZCOG fellowship guide to enhanced recovery after gynaecological surgery: prehabilitation, carbohydrate loading, selective bowel preparat - [Perioperative venous thromboembolism prophylaxis](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/perioperative/perioperative-vte-prophylaxis) — FRANZCOG fellowship guide to perioperative VTE prevention: procedure and patient risk assessment, IPC, LMWH and UFH, enoxaparin dosing, blee - [Prophylactic antibiotics in obstetric and gynaecological surgery](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/perioperative/prophylactic-antibiotics-in-o-and-g-surgery) — FRANZCOG fellowship guide to surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis: indication by wound class, cefazolin-based regimens, anaerobic cover for hy #### Antenatal care — neurological disorders (1) - [Epilepsy in pregnancy](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/antenatal/epilepsy-in-pregnancy) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on epilepsy in pregnancy — preconception counselling, antiepileptic drug teratogenicity with t #### Professional practice — family and domestic violence, advocacy and safety (1) - [Family and domestic violence](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/professional/family-and-domestic-violence) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on family and domestic violence (FDV) in women's healthcare — RANZCOG routine enquiry, the WHO #### Gynaecological health — sexual, cultural and safeguarding (1) - [Female genital mutilation (FGM/C): WHO Type I-IV classification, antenatal & intrapartum care, deinfibulation and cultural competence (RANZCOG C-Gyn 1)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/gynae-health/female-genital-mutilation) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship foundation on female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C): the WHO Type I-IV classification reproduced ver #### Antenatal care — fetal medicine and alloimmune disease (1) - [Fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/antenatal/fetal-and-neonatal-alloimmune-thrombocytopenia) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG reference on fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia — the platelet equivalent of haemolytic disease of the #### Intrapartum care — fetal surveillance (3) - [Fetal blood sampling and scalp lactate](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/intrapartum/fetal-blood-sampling-and-scalp-lactate) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on intrapartum fetal blood sampling and scalp lactate — indications, the full contraindication - [Fetal surveillance modalities in labour: intermittent auscultation, fetal scalp electrode, telemetry](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/intrapartum/fetal-surveillance-modalities-in-labour) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on choosing and using fetal surveillance modalities in labour — intelligent structured intermi - [Intrapartum CTG interpretation](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/intrapartum/intrapartum-ctg-interpretation) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on intrapartum CTG interpretation — the RANZCOG C-Obs 1 v5.2 (June 2026) feature framework and #### Antenatal care — fetal growth and surveillance (1) - [Fetal growth restriction and small for gestational age](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/antenatal/fetal-growth-restriction-and-small-for-gestational-age) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on fetal growth restriction and small for gestational age — the Delphi consensus definition (e #### Antenatal care — fetal anomaly screening (1) - [Fetal structural anomalies and the mid-trimester anatomy scan](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/antenatal/fetal-structural-anomalies) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on fetal structural anomalies and the mid-trimester anatomy scan — the ISUOG systematic protoc #### Antenatal care — maternal medicine (5) - [Gestational diabetes: screening, diagnosis, management](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/antenatal/gestational-diabetes) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on gestational diabetes — the ADIPS 2025 diagnostic thresholds and the screening controversy b - [Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: ISSHP 2021 classification and chronic hypertension](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/antenatal/hypertensive-disorders-of-pregnancy) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG reference on hypertensive disorders of pregnancy — the ISSHP 2021 classification in full, white-coat and masked hyp - [Preeclampsia: diagnosis and management](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/antenatal/preeclampsia-diagnosis-and-management) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG reference on diagnosing and managing preeclampsia — the ISSHP 2021 criteria with every threshold, ACOG PB 222 sever - [Preeclampsia: prediction and prevention](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/antenatal/preeclampsia-prediction-and-prevention) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG reference on predicting and preventing preeclampsia — the NICE and USPSTF risk-factor checklist, the Fetal Medicine - [Pregestational diabetes (type 1 and type 2) in pregnancy](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/antenatal/pregestational-diabetes-in-pregnancy) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on pregestational diabetes — preconception care and HbA1c targets, 5 mg folic acid, diabetic e #### Early pregnancy care — gestational trophoblastic disease (1) - [Gestational trophoblastic disease](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/early-pregnancy/gestational-trophoblastic-disease) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on gestational trophoblastic disease — complete versus partial mole genetics with p57, suction #### Gynaecological oncology — gestational trophoblastic disease (2) - [Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (including hydatidiform mole)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/gynae-oncology/gestational-trophoblastic-neoplasia) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on gestational trophoblastic neoplasia from the hydatidiform mole through risk-scored chemothe - [Post-molar gestational trophoblastic neoplasia: FIGO 2000 staging and WHO prognostic score, risk-stratified chemotherapy, hCG surveillance and the near-universal cure](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/gynae-oncology/gtn-persistent-disease) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship topic on gestational trophoblastic neoplasia after molar evacuation (post-molar GTN): the FIGO 2000 anat #### Gynaecological oncology — cancer in pregnancy (2) - [Gynaecological cancer in pregnancy](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/gynae-oncology/gynaecological-cancer-in-pregnancy) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on gynaecological cancer in pregnancy — cervical cancer (fertility- and pregnancy-preserving s - [Gynaecological cancer in pregnancy — diagnostic, treatment-timing and delivery framework](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/gynae-oncology/gynae-cancer-in-pregnancy) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on gynaecological cancer in pregnancy — the surgical-oncology companion to malignancy-in-pregn #### Gynae-oncology — hereditary cancer (1) - [Hereditary gynaecological cancer syndromes — BRCA and Lynch](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/gynae-oncology/hereditary-gynae-cancer-syndromes) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG reference on the two inherited syndromes that reshape gynaecological cancer care: hereditary breast and ovarian can #### Gynaecological health — androgen excess (1) - [Hirsutism and virilisation: the mFG score, the androgen-excess differential, and the management ladder (Endocrine Society 2018)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/gynae-health/hirsutism-and-virilisation) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship topic on hirsutism and virilisation: the modified Ferriman-Gallwey score reproduced verbatim (nine andro #### Sexual and reproductive health — hormonal, non-hormonal and emergency contraception (1) - [Hormonal, non-hormonal contraception and emergency contraception](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/srh/hormonal-and-non-hormonal-contraception-emergency-contraception) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on the combined hormonal contraception (oestrogen plus progestin) — combined pill, patch, vagi #### Critical care — maternal resuscitation (5) - [Hypertensive crisis and refractory eclampsia](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/critical-care/hypertensive-crisis-and-refractory-eclampsia) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on the hypertensive crisis and refractory eclampsia — the severe-range blood pressure treatmen - [Maternal collapse and resuscitation in pregnancy](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/critical-care/maternal-collapse-and-resuscitation-in-pregnancy) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on maternal collapse and cardiac arrest in pregnancy — RCOG Green-top 56, the four H and four - [Perimortem caesarean birth](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/critical-care/perimortem-caesarean-birth) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on perimortem caesarean birth (resuscitative hysterotomy) — where the 4-minute rule came from - [Respiratory failure, ventilation and massive pulmonary embolism in pregnancy](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/critical-care/respiratory-failure-ventilation-and-massive-pe-in-pregnancy) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on respiratory failure, ventilation and massive pulmonary embolism in pregnancy — the physiolo - [Sepsis and septic shock in pregnancy and the puerperium](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/critical-care/sepsis-and-septic-shock-in-pregnancy-and-puerperium) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on maternal sepsis and septic shock — the organisms (E coli, group A and group B strep), why S #### gynae-surgery (4) - [Hysterectomy](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/gynae-surgery/hysterectomy) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on hysterectomy — the four routes (abdominal, vaginal, laparoscopic, robotic), the abdominal i - [Operative hysteroscopy — distension media, fluid management, energy and complications](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/gynae-surgery/operative-hysteroscopy) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on operative hysteroscopy — distension media and the fluid-deficit stop points (1000 mL hypoto - [Operative laparoscopy — entry, energy, port placement and complications](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/gynae-surgery/operative-laparoscopy) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on operative laparoscopy — the three entry techniques (closed Veress, open Hasson, direct opti - [Surgical anatomy of the female pelvis](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/gynae-surgery/surgical-anatomy-of-the-female-pelvis) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on surgical anatomy of the female pelvis — the five retroperitoneal avascular spaces (pararect #### Intrapartum care — induction of labour (1) - [Induction of labour](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/intrapartum/induction-of-labour) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG reference on induction of labour — indications by gestation, the Bishop score reproduced accurately, dinoprostone, #### Intrapartum care — medical comorbidity (1) - [Intrapartum care for women with existing medical conditions](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/intrapartum/intrapartum-care-with-existing-medical-conditions) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG reference on intrapartum care for women with existing medical conditions — the modified WHO cardiac classification #### Postpartum care — lactation (1) - [Lactation: establishment, complications, suppression and drug safety](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/postpartum/lactation) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on lactation — secretory activation and the prolactin and oxytocin reflexes, attachment and ni #### perioperative (1) - [Laparoscopic entry and complications](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/perioperative/laparoscopic-entry-and-complications) — Laparoscopic entry and complications #### Antenatal care — fetal loss and bereavement (1) - [Late intrauterine fetal death and stillbirth](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/antenatal/late-intrauterine-fetal-death) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on late intrauterine fetal death — confirming the diagnosis, the investigation bundle (Kleihau #### Sexual and reproductive health — long-acting reversible contraception (1) - [Long-acting reversible contraception (LARC)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/srh/long-acting-reversible-contraception) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on the three LARC methods — etonogestrel subdermal implant, 52 mg levonorgestrel-releasing IUS #### Antenatal care — maternal malignancy (1) - [Malignancy in pregnancy](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/antenatal/malignancy-in-pregnancy) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on malignancy in pregnancy — anchored on SMFM Consult Series #76 (2026) and the ESMO guideline #### Professional practice — ethics, law and regulation (1) - [Medico-legal frameworks in O&G](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/professional/medico-legal-frameworks) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG professional reference on Australian medico-legal frameworks: the four-stage negligence test (duty, breach, causati #### Early pregnancy care — pregnancy loss (1) - [Miscarriage: diagnosis and management](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/early-pregnancy/miscarriage) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on miscarriage — the six clinical types, the transvaginal ultrasound thresholds that define no #### Intrapartum care — place of birth and care model (1) - [Models of intrapartum care](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/intrapartum/models-of-intrapartum-care) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG reference on models of intrapartum care — the four planned birth settings and the Birthplace in England numbers by #### Antenatal care — multiple pregnancy (2) - [Monochorionic twin pregnancy](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/antenatal/monochorionic-twin-pregnancy) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG reference on monochorionic twin pregnancy — first-trimester chorionicity determination, Quintero staging of twin-tw - [Multiple pregnancy — chorionicity, surveillance and timing of birth](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/antenatal/multiple-pregnancy) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG reference on multiple pregnancy — first-trimester chorionicity/amnionicity determination (lambda versus T sign), DC #### Gynaecological surgery — uterus-sparing procedures (1) - [Myomectomy](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/gynae-surgery/myomectomy) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on myomectomy — indications, FIGO type-to-route mapping (hysteroscopic 0-2, laparoscopic or ab #### Neonatal care — assessment and transition (1) - [Neonatal assessment and transitional care](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/neonatal/neonatal-assessment-and-transitional-care) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on newborn assessment and transitional care — the Apgar score reproduced correctly and what it #### Neonatal care — hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (1) - [Neonatal encephalopathy, HIE and therapeutic hypothermia](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/neonatal/neonatal-encephalopathy-hie-and-therapeutic-hypothermia) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on neonatal encephalopathy and HIE — Sarnat staging reproduced accurately, the ACOG/AAP 2014 a #### Neonatal care — metabolic and transitional care (1) - [Neonatal hypoglycaemia](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/neonatal/neonatal-hypoglycaemia) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on neonatal hypoglycaemia — the at-risk groups, the operational-threshold concept and the Quee #### Neonatal care — bilirubin metabolism (1) - [Neonatal jaundice](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/neonatal/neonatal-jaundice) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on neonatal jaundice — physiological versus pathological timing, the gestational-age-stratifie #### Neonatal care — resuscitation and transition (1) - [Neonatal resuscitation at birth](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/neonatal/neonatal-resuscitation-at-birth) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on neonatal resuscitation at birth — the ANZCOR newborn life support sequence with real timing #### Intrapartum care — physiological birth (1) - [Normal labour and birth](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/intrapartum/normal-labour-and-birth) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG reference on normal labour and birth — the physiology of onset and the mechanism of birth, the three stages with th #### Postpartum care — routine and preventive (1) - [Normal puerperium and postnatal care](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/postpartum/normal-puerperium-and-postnatal-care) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on the normal puerperium and postnatal care — involution and lochia timelines, the NICE NG194 #### Antenatal care — routine care and lifestyle (1) - [Nutrition, supplementation and exercise in pregnancy](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/antenatal/nutrition-supplementation-and-exercise-in-pregnancy) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on nutrition, supplementation and exercise in pregnancy — folate 400 micrograms for all (5 mg #### Antenatal care — maternal medical conditions (1) - [Obesity in pregnancy](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/antenatal/obesity-in-pregnancy) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on maternal obesity in pregnancy — WHO BMI tiers and the rising risk ladder (GDM, preeclampsia #### Intrapartum care — analgesia and anaesthesia (1) - [Obstetric analgesia and anaesthesia](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/intrapartum/obstetric-analgesia-and-anaesthesia) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on obstetric analgesia and anaesthesia — the labour analgesia efficacy ladder with real number #### Critical care — escalation and safety-net (1) - [Obstetric early warning scores and escalation](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/critical-care/obstetric-early-warning-scores-and-escalation) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on obstetric early warning scores — the CEMACH origin and MBRRACE lesson, the difference betwe #### Neonatal care — outcomes of prematurity (1) - [Outcomes of prematurity the obstetrician must know](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/neonatal/outcomes-of-prematurity-the-obstetrician-must-know) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on the outcomes of prematurity the obstetrician must own — survival and disability by complete #### Gynaecological health — benign gynaecology (1) - [Ovarian torsion and cyst accidents: whirlpool sign, time-critical detorsion, cyst rupture and haemorrhagic cyst, with IOTA assessment](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/gynae-health/ovarian-torsion-and-cyst-accidents) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship topic on ovarian torsion and the cyst accidents: the clinical presentation (sudden intermittent pain wit #### Urogynaecology — lower urinary tract dysfunction (1) - [Overactive bladder and urgency urinary incontinence](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/urogynaecology/overactive-bladder-and-urgency-incontinence) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on overactive bladder and urgency urinary incontinence — the ICS 2002 standard, the stepwise m #### Gynaecological health — paediatric and adolescent (1) - [Paediatric and adolescent gynaecology: Tanner staging verbatim, labial adhesions, prepubertal vulvovaginitis, precocious puberty, adolescent menstrual concerns and the safeguarding framework](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/gynae-health/paediatric-and-adolescent-gynaecology) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship topic on paediatric and adolescent gynaecology: the Marshall and Tanner 1969 staging reproduced verbatim #### Perioperative care — patient blood management (1) - [Patient blood management and transfusion in gynaecology](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/perioperative/patient-blood-management-and-transfusion-in-gynaecology) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on patient blood management in gynaecology: pre-operative anaemia detection and management wit #### Urogynaecology — maternal birth trauma and rehabilitation (1) - [Pelvic floor after childbirth](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/urogynaecology/pelvic-floor-after-childbirth) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on the pelvic floor after childbirth — levator ani avulsion and microtrauma, the Sultan OASIS #### Gynaecological health — upper genital tract infection (1) - [Pelvic inflammatory disease & tubo-ovarian abscess — CDC 2021 management at fellowship depth](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/gynae-health/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-and-tubo-ovarian-abscess) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship topic on pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA), extending the existing MBBS P #### Urogynaecology — pelvic floor disorders (4) - [Pelvic organ prolapse](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/urogynaecology/pelvic-organ-prolapse) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on pelvic organ prolapse: POP-Q staging reproduced verbatim from the Bump 1996 standard, compa - [Pelvic organ prolapse](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/urogynaecology/prolapse) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on pelvic organ prolapse: the POP-Q system and Stages 0 to IV reproduced verbatim from the Bum - [Prolapse surgery: native-tissue repair, vaginal apical suspension, sacrocolpopexy and the mesh controversy](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/urogynaecology/prolapse-surgical-management) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on prolapse surgery: native-tissue anterior and posterior colporrhaphy (Altman 2011, Christman - [Stress urinary incontinence & midurethral slings](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/urogynaecology/stress-urinary-incontinence-and-midurethral-slings) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on female stress urinary incontinence and midurethral sling surgery — the stepwise ladder from #### Antenatal care — perinatal infections (4) - [Perinatal infections I: group B streptococcus](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/antenatal/perinatal-infections-i-group-b-streptococcus) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG reference on group B streptococcus in pregnancy — the three screening approaches (risk-factor versus universal cult - [Perinatal infections II: CMV, parvovirus B19, varicella, rubella and Zika](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/antenatal/perinatal-infections-ii) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG reference on the five vertical-transmission viral infections a candidate must hold — CMV (trimester-by-trimester tr - [Perinatal infections III: HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C in pregnancy](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/antenatal/perinatal-infections-iii) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG reference on the three blood-borne viral infections in pregnancy — HIV (vertical transmission falling from about 25 - [Perinatal infections IV: syphilis in pregnancy and other sexually transmitted infections](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/antenatal/perinatal-infections-iv) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG reference on syphilis in pregnancy and the other common curable sexually transmitted infections — benzathine penici #### Antenatal care — perinatal mental health (1) - [Perinatal mental health](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/antenatal/perinatal-mental-health) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on antenatal and perinatal mental health — universal EPDS screening (thresholds 0-9, 10-12, 13 #### Neonatal care — perinatal palliative care (1) - [Perinatal palliative care and neonatal death](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/neonatal/perinatal-palliative-care-and-neonatal-death) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on perinatal palliative care and neonatal death — antenatal planning for a life-limiting diagn #### Intrapartum care — birth injury and repair (1) - [Perineal trauma: episiotomy, second-degree repair and OASIS](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/intrapartum/perineal-trauma) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on perineal trauma — the Sultan/RCOG classification reproduced exactly (3a, 3b, 3c, fourth deg #### Postpartum care — perineal health and wound care (1) - [Perineal wound complications and breakdown](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/postpartum/perineal-wound-complications-and-breakdown) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on perineal wound complications after birth — infection, dehiscence and haematoma; the Gommese #### Perioperative care — gynaecological surgery (2) - [Perioperative medication management](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/perioperative/perioperative-medication-management) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG reference on perioperative medication management — warfarin and DOAC interruption, when to bridge with LMWH, slidin - [Pre-operative assessment and optimisation](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/perioperative/pre-operative-assessment-and-optimisation) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG reference on structured pre-operative assessment and optimisation — ASA Physical Status, the Lee Revised Cardiac Ri #### Critical care — maternal physiology (1) - [Physiological changes of pregnancy for critical care](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/critical-care/physiological-changes-of-pregnancy-for-critical-care) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on the physiological adaptations of pregnancy relevant to critical care — cardiovascular (CO + #### Pre-pregnancy and antenatal care — placental disorders (1) - [Placenta accreta spectrum](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/antenatal/placenta-accreta-spectrum) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on placenta accreta spectrum — the caesarean-praevia interaction with Silver's numbers, the ul #### Antenatal care — abnormal placentation (1) - [Placenta praevia and low-lying placenta](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/antenatal/placenta-praevia-and-low-lying-placenta) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG reference on placenta praevia and low-lying placenta — the two-term system and the 20 mm transvaginal measurement, #### Gynaecological health — menstrual disorders and androgen excess (2) - [Polycystic ovary syndrome](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/gynae-health/polycystic-ovary-syndrome) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on polycystic ovary syndrome — the Rotterdam 2003 criteria (two of three, after exclusion), th - [Polycystic ovary syndrome: Rotterdam criteria, phenotypes & life-stage management (International Guideline 2023)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/gynae-health/pcos) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship topic on polycystic ovary syndrome at fellowship depth: the Rotterdam 2003 criteria reproduced verbatim #### Perioperative care — post-operative complications (1) - [Post-operative complications in gynaecological surgery](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/perioperative/post-operative-complications) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on post-operative complications in gynaecological surgery: paralytic ileus, anastomotic leak, #### Antenatal care — timing of birth (1) - [Post-term pregnancy](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/antenatal/post-term-pregnancy) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on post-term pregnancy — the definition (42+0 weeks), the steeply rising stillbirth risk by ge #### Postpartum care — perinatal mental health (1) - [Postnatal mental health](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/postpartum/postnatal-mental-health) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on postnatal mental health — telling baby blues from postnatal depression from puerperal psych #### Postpartum care — contraception and reproductive planning (1) - [Postpartum contraception](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/postpartum/postpartum-contraception) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on contraception after birth — when ovulation returns, the LAM triad and its 98% perfect-use f #### Postpartum care — hypertensive disease (1) - [Postpartum hypertension and preeclampsia](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/postpartum/postpartum-hypertension-and-preeclampsia) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on hypertension and preeclampsia AFTER birth — de novo versus persistent disease, the day 3 to #### Antenatal care — preconception (1) - [Pre-pregnancy counselling and optimisation](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/antenatal/pre-pregnancy-counselling-and-optimisation) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on pre-pregnancy counselling and optimisation — folate dosing (400 micrograms vs 5 mg high-ris #### Antenatal care — pregnancy after bariatric surgery (1) - [Pregnancy after bariatric surgery](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/antenatal/pregnancy-after-bariatric-surgery) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on pregnancy after bariatric surgery — restrictive (LAGB, sleeve) versus malabsorptive (RYGB) #### Gynaecological health — premature ovarian insufficiency (1) - [Premature ovarian insufficiency: ESHRE 2024 (with ASRM, CREWHIRL and IMS) — definition, causes and lifelong hormone therapy](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/gynae-health/premature-ovarian-insufficiency) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship topic on premature ovarian insufficiency (POI): the ESHRE 2024 (with ASRM, CREWHIRL and IMS) definition #### Antenatal care — screening and prenatal diagnosis (1) - [Prenatal screening for chromosomal conditions](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/antenatal/prenatal-screening-for-chromosomal-conditions) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on prenatal screening for chromosomal conditions — first-trimester combined screening and its #### Intrapartum care — preterm birth (2) - [Preterm labour and birth](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/intrapartum/preterm-labour-and-birth) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on preterm labour and birth — diagnosis with cervical length and quantitative fetal fibronecti - [Preterm prelabour rupture of membranes](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/intrapartum/preterm-prelabour-rupture-of-membranes) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on preterm prelabour rupture of membranes — sterile speculum diagnosis and biochemical testing #### Professional practice — professionalism, ethics and regulation (1) - [Professionalism](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/professional/professionalism) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG professional reference on the professionalism framework: the social contract, the four-principles framework, RANZCO #### Gynaecological surgery — pelvic floor reconstruction (1) - [Prolapse surgery: native-tissue repairs, sacrocolpopexy and colpocleisis](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/gynae-surgery/prolapse-surgery) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship topic on the operative management of pelvic organ prolapse: route-based procedure selection (abdominal s #### Postpartum care — infection and sepsis (1) - [Puerperal sepsis and endometritis](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/postpartum/puerperal-sepsis-and-endometritis) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on puerperal sepsis and endometritis — the organisms including group A Streptococcus and its s #### Gynaecological surgery — intraoperative complications and lower urinary tract injury (1) - [Recognition and intraoperative management of ureteric and bladder injury](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/gynae-surgery/recognition-intraoperative-management-ureteric-bladder-injury) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on recognising and repairing ureteric and bladder injury during gynaecological surgery — the p #### Postpartum care — recovery and perioperative care (1) - [Recovery after operative birth and enhanced recovery after caesarean](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/postpartum/recovery-after-operative-birth-and-enhanced-recovery) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on recovery after operative birth and the enhanced recovery after caesarean (ERAC) bundle — th #### Early pregnancy care — recurrent loss (1) - [Recurrent pregnancy loss](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/early-pregnancy/recurrent-pregnancy-loss) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on recurrent pregnancy loss — the ESHRE and RANZCOG two-loss definition and why it matters, th #### Urogynaecology — infection (1) - [Recurrent urinary tract infection (rUTI) in women](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/urogynaecology/recurrent-urinary-tract-infection) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on recurrent urinary tract infection in women — the ≥2/6-month or ≥3/12-month definition, re-i #### Professional practice — Scholar role, research literacy and evidence-based practice (1) - [Research literacy and the Scholar role](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/professional/research-literacy-and-the-scholar-role) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG reference on the Scholar role: the FRANZCOG research project, hierarchy of study designs, PICO framing, biostatisti #### Intrapartum care — third stage of labour (1) - [Retained placenta and manual removal](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/intrapartum/retained-placenta-and-manual-removal) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on retained placenta — the duration thresholds by third-stage management, the three mechanisms #### Antenatal care — fetal medicine and immunohaematology (1) - [Rh(D) alloimmunisation and anti-D prophylaxis](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/antenatal/rh-alloimmunisation-and-anti-d-prophylaxis) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG reference on Rh(D) alloimmunisation and anti-D prophylaxis — the pathophysiology of maternal sensitisation, the NBA #### Antenatal care — routine and preventive care (1) - [Routine antenatal care and risk assessment](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/antenatal/routine-antenatal-care-and-risk-assessment) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on routine antenatal care and risk assessment — the schedule of contacts (NICE NG201, WHO 2016 #### Postpartum care — haemorrhage (1) - [Secondary postpartum haemorrhage](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/postpartum/secondary-postpartum-haemorrhage) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on secondary postpartum haemorrhage — causes led by retained products and endometritis, ultras #### Sexual and reproductive health (1) - [Sexual dysfunction and dyspareunia](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/srh/sexual-dysfunction-and-dyspareunia) — FRANZCOG fellowship reference on sexual dysfunction and dyspareunia: classification, biopsychosocial assessment, PLISSIT, GSM, vestibulodyni #### Intrapartum care — labour dystocia and augmentation (1) - [Slow progress in labour and augmentation](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/intrapartum/slow-progress-in-labour-and-augmentation) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG reference on slow progress in labour — the RANZCOG C-Obs 31 and NICE definitions by parity in the first and second #### Gynaecological health — sexually transmitted infections (1) - [STI screening and management for the gynaecologist: the panel, the doses, and the partner notification framework (ASHM / CDC 2021)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/gynae-health/sti-screening-and-management-for-the-gynaecologist) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship topic on STI screening and management for the gynaecologist: the structured screening panel (chlamydia/g #### Antenatal care — perinatal mortality (1) - [Stillbirth prevention](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/antenatal/stillbirth-prevention) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on stillbirth prevention — the Safer Baby Bundle's five elements (smoking cessation, fetal gro #### Antenatal care — substance use and addiction (1) - [Substance use in pregnancy](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/antenatal/substance-use-in-pregnancy) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on substance use in pregnancy — alcohol and the FASD spectrum with no safe dose, nicotine and #### Gynae-surgery — early pregnancy and abortion care (1) - [Surgical management of miscarriage and abortion](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/gynae-surgery/surgical-management-of-miscarriage-and-abortion) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on the surgical management of first-trimester pregnancy loss and induced abortion — MVA vs ele #### Perioperative care — positioning and nerve injuries (1) - [Surgical positioning and nerve injuries in gynaecology](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/perioperative/positioning-and-nerve-injuries) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on surgical positioning and nerve injuries in gynaecology: lithotomy (femoral, ulnar, sciatic, #### Gynaecological oncology — survivorship and MDT working (1) - [Survivorship and MDT working in gynaecological oncology](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/gynae-oncology/survivorship-and-mdt-working) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on gynaecological cancer survivorship and multidisciplinary team working — surveillance after #### Gynaecological oncology — survivorship (1) - [Survivorship, MDT working and the generalist's role — surveillance schedules, late effects and transition to shared care](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/gynae-oncology/survivorship-mdt-working-and-the-generalist-s-role) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on gynaecological cancer survivorship written for the generalist: surveillance schedules by ca #### Antenatal care — fetal growth and mode of birth (1) - [Suspected fetal macrosomia](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/antenatal/suspected-fetal-macrosomia) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG fellowship reference on suspected fetal macrosomia — definitions, risk factors (GDM, obesity, post-term), the error #### Gynae-oncology — systemic therapy (1) - [Systemic therapy for gynaecological cancer — what the generalist must know](https://medvellum.com/s/og/topics/gynae-oncology/systemic-therapy-for-the-generalist) — Exam-exhaustive FRANZCOG reference on systemic therapy in gynaecological malignancy written for the generalist who must understand (not pres _(capped at 200; see format index for the full set)_ ### SAQs Index: https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs #### Gynaecological health — menstrual disorders (7) - [Abnormal uterine bleeding — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/abnormal-uterine-bleeding) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on abnormal uterine bleeding: the PALM-COEIN classification reproduced verbatim, localising the likely cause - [Adenomyosis — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/adenomyosis) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on adenomyosis: definition and classification, the MUSA TVS features and the 12 mm MRI junctional-zone thresh - [Dysmenorrhoea and the PMS–PMDD spectrum — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/dysmenorrhoea-and-pms-pmdd) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on dysmenorrhoea and PMDD: classification and pathophysiology of primary dysmenorrhoea with the prostaglandin - [Endometrial polyps — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/endometrial-polyps) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on endometrial polyps: the PPP framework, the imaging ladder and accuracy data, the Sasaki malignancy meta-an - [Heavy menstrual bleeding — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/heavy-menstrual-bleeding) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on heavy menstrual bleeding: the modern quality-of-life definition versus the classical 80 mL threshold, the - [Intermenstrual and postcoital bleeding — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/intermenstrual-and-postcoital-bleeding) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on intermenstrual and postcoital bleeding: the FIGO System 1 definitions, the structured assessment (pregnanc - [Postmenopausal bleeding — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/postmenopausal-bleeding-pathway) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on postmenopausal bleeding: the definition and the 9% pooled cancer risk (Clarke 2018), the transvaginal-ultr #### Sexual & reproductive health (2) - [Abortion — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/abortion) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on post-abortion sepsis with retained products: resuscitation, the four complications, source control with th - [Abortion care — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/abortion-care) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on first-trimester abortion care: counselling and assessment, the MS-2 Step regimen with gestational limits, #### Antenatal care — medical disorders of pregnancy (3) - [Acute fatty liver of pregnancy — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/acute-fatty-liver-pregnancy-other-liver-disorders) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on acute fatty liver of pregnancy (AFLP): Swansea criteria with a worked count, the supportive bundle (dextro - [Asthma in pregnancy — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/asthma-and-respiratory-disease-in-pregnancy) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on acute moderate-to-severe asthma exacerbation in pregnancy, driven by ICS cessation. Covers exacerbation se - [SLE and antiphospholipid syndrome in pregnancy — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/sle-and-antiphospholipid-syndrome-in-pregnancy) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on SLE with lupus nephritis and probable APS in pregnancy: teratogenic drug switches, APS criteria, surveilla #### Critical care — renal (1) - [Acute kidney injury in pregnancy — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/acute-kidney-injury-in-pregnancy) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on pregnancy-related AKI in a post-caesarean patient with severe preeclampsia and HELLP. Tests KDIGO definiti #### Early pregnancy care (6) - [Adnexal mass in early pregnancy — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/adnexal-masses-in-early-pregnancy) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on an adnexal mass in early pregnancy: IOTA-based ultrasound characterisation, why tumour markers mislead in - [Early pregnancy pain and bleeding with a pregnancy of unknown location — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/early-pregnancy-pain-and-bleeding) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on a pregnancy of unknown location: the consensus classification and its four outcomes, the paired 48-hour hC - [Early pregnancy ultrasound and hCG interpretation — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/early-pregnancy-ultrasound-and-hcg-dynamics) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on early pregnancy ultrasound and hCG interpretation: correct handling of a sub-threshold empty sac, the fals - [Ectopic pregnancy — single-dose methotrexate and the surgical choice (structured SAQ, 15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/ectopic-pregnancy) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on a confirmed unruptured tubal ectopic in a woman with a single remaining tube: the ultrasound diagnostic la - [Hyperemesis gravidarum — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/nausea-vomiting-and-hyperemesis-gravidarum) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on hyperemesis gravidarum: PUQE-24 scoring, inpatient fluid and antiemetic prescribing with the thiamine-befo - [Pregnancy after loss — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/early-pregnancy-support-and-pregnancy-after-loss-care) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on pregnancy after loss: the obstetric and psychological risks that distinguish it from routine pregnancy, th #### Antenatal care — maternal age and ART (1) - [Advanced maternal age and ART singleton — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/advanced-maternal-age-and-art-conceived-pregnancies) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on advanced maternal age and ART-conceived singleton pregnancy: distinguishing age, subfertility and ART risk #### Antenatal care — fetal medicine (2) - [Amniotic fluid disorders — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/amniotic-fluid-disorders) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on polyhydramnios: definition and grading, the structured workup, the SMFM #46 management rules (amnioreducti - [Fetal anaemia and hydrops fetalis — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/fetal-anaemia-and-hydrops-fetalis) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on non-immune hydrops from parvovirus B19: the diagnostic criterion, the antibody-screen-first workup (SMFM # #### Intrapartum care — obstetric emergencies (5) - [Amniotic fluid embolism — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/amniotic-fluid-embolism) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on amniotic fluid embolism: the discriminating differential, the first-five-minute resuscitation with perimor - [Primary postpartum haemorrhage — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/primary-postpartum-haemorrhage) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on atonic primary PPH: first-five-minute priorities, bedside exclusion of the 4 T's, the uterotonic ladder wi - [Shoulder dystocia — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/shoulder-dystocia) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on shoulder dystocia: the first 60 seconds, the manoeuvre ladder with technique, the two contraindicated acti - [Umbilical cord prolapse — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/umbilical-cord-prolapse) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on umbilical cord prolapse: the first two minutes, mode and urgency of birth with transfer, bladder filling t - [Uterine rupture and scar dehiscence — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/uterine-rupture-and-scar-dehiscence) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on uterine rupture: the differential and discriminating features, the first five minutes, the repair-versus-h #### Reproductive endocrinology & infertility (12) - [Anovulation and ovulation induction — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/anovulation-and-ovulation-induction) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on anovulation and ovulation induction: the WHO classification verbatim with group assignment, the letrozole- - [Congenital uterine anomalies — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/congenital-uterine-anomalies) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on congenital uterine anomalies: the three classification systems, the prevalence variation and its cause (co - [Fertility preservation in a newly diagnosed breast cancer patient — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/fertility-preservation) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on oncofertility in ER-positive breast cancer: ASCO-aligned urgent referral, the letrozole 5 mg plus FSH prot - [Infertility — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/infertility) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on infertility: the NICE NG257 (2026) definition and threshold, the four-arm couple workup with WHO 6th-editi - [Intrauterine adhesions and Asherman syndrome — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/intrauterine-adhesions-and-asherman-syndrome) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on intrauterine adhesions and Asherman syndrome: pathophysiology and diagnosis, procedure-specific incidence - [IVF add-ons and fertility preservation — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/ivf-add-ons-and-fertility-preservation) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on social egg freezing: per-cycle yield, age-stratified cumulative prognosis, deferred transfer preparation, - [IVF and ART techniques — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/ivf-and-art-techniques) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on the OHSS prevention bundle in a high responder: agonist trigger, luteal LH activity support, freeze-all st - [Male-factor infertility — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/assessment-and-management-of-male-infertility) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on male-factor infertility: semen analysis interpretation, endocrine panel, genetic cascade, and pre-ART coun - [Male-factor infertility — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/male-factor-infertility) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on male-factor infertility: compartment classification of an abnormal semen sample, the exogenous-testosteron - [Pelvic-factor infertility — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/pelvic-factor-infertility-tubal-peritoneal) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on pelvic-factor infertility: NICE NG257 ordering of tubal patency tests, hydrosalpinx management before IVF, - [Recurrent implantation failure and ART adjuncts — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/recurrent-implantation-failure-and-art-adjuncts) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on recurrent implantation failure: the ESHRE cumulative-chance definition, the evidence-based structural and - [Tubal-factor infertility and tubal surgery — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/tubal-factor-infertility-and-tubal-surgery) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on tubal-factor infertility: the hydrosalpinx-before-IVF rule with evidence, surgical options (salpingectomy, #### Neonatal care — perinatal palliative care (1) - [Antenatal diagnosis of a life-limiting condition — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/perinatal-palliative-care-and-neonatal-death) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on perinatal palliative care after an antenatal diagnosis of a life-limiting condition. Tests the diagnosis c #### Antenatal care — fetal surveillance (2) - [Antenatal fetal surveillance — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/antenatal-fetal-surveillance-ctg-biophysical-profile-umbilical-artery-doppler) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on antenatal fetal surveillance: choosing the modality (modified BPP versus Doppler), the biophysical profile - [Fetal Dopplers in early-onset FGR — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/fetal-dopplers) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on early-onset fetal growth restriction with severe umbilical artery Doppler abnormality: initial assessment, #### Antenatal care — obstetric haemorrhage (2) - [Antepartum haemorrhage — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/antepartum-haemorrhage) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on undifferentiated antepartum haemorrhage at 32 weeks: parallel resuscitation and fetal assessment, the disc - [Placental abruption — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/placental-abruption) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on severe placental abruption with fetal compromise: recognising concealed haemorrhage, the first-ten-minute #### Reproductive endocrinology and infertility (2) - [Assisted reproductive technology — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/assisted-reproduction) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on assisted reproduction: infertility and ART definitions and ICSI indication, the staged IVF/ICSI pathway, p - [Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/ovarian-hyperstimulation-syndrome) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome: Golan grading, the VEGF capillary-leak pathophysiology, inpatien #### Intrapartum care — birth after caesarean (1) - [Birth after caesarean — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/birth-after-caesarean) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on birth after caesarean: absolute contraindications, quantified success and rupture risk with named sources, #### Antenatal care — maternal malignancy (1) - [Breast cancer diagnosed in pregnancy — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/malignancy-in-pregnancy) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on breast cancer diagnosed in pregnancy: triple assessment, surgical management with sentinel node biopsy, ch #### Antenatal care — fetal presentation and mode of birth (1) - [Breech presentation at term and external cephalic version — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/breech-presentation-at-term-and-external-cephalic-version) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on breech at term: ECV counselling with timing, success and complications, contraindications, the procedure a #### Intrapartum care — operative birth (4) - [Caesarean birth — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/caesarean-birth) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on caesarean birth: urgency classification and decision-to-delivery standards, antibiotic prophylaxis with ag - [Caesarean birth on maternal request — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/caesarean-birth-on-maternal-request) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on caesarean birth on maternal request: structuring the first consultation and screening for tokophobia and t - [Caesarean urgency and timing at term — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/caesarean-urgency-categorisation-and-timing-at-term) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on caesarean urgency categorisation and timing at term: category 1 recognition and the first five minutes, th - [Instrumental vaginal birth — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/instrumental-vaginal-birth) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on assisted vaginal birth: the prerequisites checklist with reasoning, resolving an uncertain fetal head posi #### Gynaecological oncology — cervical (1) - [Cervical cancer — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/cervical-cancer) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on cervical cancer: FIGO 2018 stage assignment with the IB size subgroups and IIIC nodal substages, the concu #### Gynae-surgery — cervical insufficiency and preterm birth prevention (1) - [Cervical cerclage — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/abdominal-and-transvaginal-cervical-cerclage) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on cervical cerclage: the three indication classes, the evidence for ultrasound-indicated cerclage in the res #### Intrapartum care — preterm birth prevention (1) - [Cervical cerclage — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/cervical-cerclage) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on cervical cerclage: the three indications with their evidence (history, ultrasound, rescue), the three pre- #### Gynaecological oncology — screening and prevention (1) - [Cervical screening and HPV — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/cervical-screening-and-hpv) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on cervical screening: NCSP eligibility and self-collection policy, the reflex cytology triage pathway for an #### Gynaecological health — chronic pain (1) - [Chronic pelvic pain — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/chronic-pelvic-pain) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on chronic pelvic pain: the 6-month definition, the five-system biopsychosocial model, the structured assessm #### Professional practice — clinical governance, quality and patient safety (1) - [Clinical governance — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/clinical-governance) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on clinical governance after a retained surgical swab (never event): immediate actions, open disclosure, root #### Gynaecological oncology — premalignant cervical disease (1) - [Colposcopy and treatment of CIN/CGIN — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/colposcopy-and-treatment-of-cin-cgin) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on colposcopy of a high-grade squamous lesion: the structured colposcopic assessment, the ablation-versus-exc #### Perioperative care — medico-legal (1) - [Consent and provision of information — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/consent-and-provision-of-information) — FRANZCOG SAQ on RANZCOG C-Gen 2: capacity, voluntariness, adequate information, Rogers v Whitaker, communication support, documentation and #### Professional practice — equity, culture and communication (1) - [Culturally safe maternity care — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/cultural-safety-diverse-communities) — FRANZCOG SAQ on culturally safe care for a language-discordant woman of refugee background: qualified interpreter use, trauma-informed asses #### Critical care in obstetrics and gynaecology (2) - [Diabetic ketoacidosis in pregnancy — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/diabetic-ketoacidosis-in-pregnancy) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on diabetic ketoacidosis in pregnancy: recognising euglycaemic presentation, confirming the 2024 consensus tr - [Massive obstetric haemorrhage and coagulopathy — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/massive-obstetric-haemorrhage) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on massive obstetric haemorrhage with coagulopathy: interpreting laboratory and viscoelastic results together #### Professional practice — clinical governance (1) - [Documentation, clinical handover and open disclosure — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/documentation-clinical-handover-and-open-disclosure) — FRANZCOG SAQ on documentation, ISBAR handover, open disclosure after a patient safety incident, the apology vs admission of fault, and secon #### Reproductive endocrinology & infertility — third-party reproduction (1) - [Donor conception, surrogacy and social infertility — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/donor-conception-surrogacy-and-social-infertility-frameworks) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on donor-oocyte IVF, the mandatory counselling/consent/welfare-of-the-child gates, the obstetric and donor ri #### Neonatal care — infection (1) - [Early-onset neonatal sepsis — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/early-onset-neonatal-sepsis) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on early-onset neonatal sepsis: first-hour priorities, investigation sequence, empirical antibiotic regimen ( #### Antenatal care — obstetric emergencies (2) - [Eclampsia and HELLP syndrome — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/eclampsia-and-hellp-syndrome) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on normotensive HELLP progressing to eclampsia: Tennessee and Mississippi criteria reproduced with thresholds - [Trauma in pregnancy — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/trauma-in-pregnancy) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on trauma in pregnancy: modified primary survey, fetal assessment, abruption management, Kleihauer-Betke and #### Sexual and reproductive health — hormonal, non-hormonal and emergency contraception (1) - [Emergency contraception consultation — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/hormonal-and-non-hormonal-contraception-emergency-contraception) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on EC choice, evidence base, ongoing contraception bridge, vomiting and missed EC failure. Per-sub-part marki #### Gynaecological oncology — uterine corpus (1) - [Endometrial cancer — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/endometrial-cancer) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on endometrial cancer: the postmenopausal bleeding diagnostic pathway, the surgical and sentinel-node strateg #### Gynaecological oncology (2) - [Endometrial hyperplasia and atypia — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/endometrial-hyperplasia-and-atypia) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on endometrial hyperplasia and atypia: WHO 2014 two-tier classification, the GOG concurrent-carcinoma data, t - [Epithelial ovarian cancer — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/epithelial-ovarian-cancer) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on epithelial ovarian cancer: the FIGO 2021 staging with IC and IIIA1 subdivisions, the primary-debulking vs #### Gynaecological health — chronic pelvic pain and endometriosis (2) - [Endometriosis — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/endometriosis) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on endometriosis: the symptom profile, the imaging-first paradigm shift, the medical management ladder with t - [Endometriosis surgical management — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/endometriosis-surgical-management) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on the surgical management of endometriosis: pre-operative mapping with the #ENZIAN classification, the excis #### Perioperative care (3) - [Enhanced recovery after gynaecological surgery — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/enhanced-recovery-after-gynaecological-surgery) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ with per-part marking rubric. - [Perioperative VTE prophylaxis — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/perioperative-vte-prophylaxis) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ with per-part marking rubric. - [Prophylactic antibiotics in gynaecological surgery — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/prophylactic-antibiotics-in-o-and-g-surgery) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ with per-part marking rubric. #### Antenatal care — neurological disorders (1) - [Epilepsy in pregnancy — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/epilepsy-in-pregnancy) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on epilepsy in pregnancy: preconception counselling with folic acid 5 mg and lamotrigine management, breakthr #### Professional practice (3) - [Evidence-based medicine — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/evidence-based-medicine-statistics-o-g) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on evidence-based medicine and statistics: PICO question formulation, hierarchy and appraisal, calculation of - [Human factors, teamwork and leadership on labour ward — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/human-factors-teamwork-and-leadership-on-labour-ward) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on labour ward CRM: first-two-minute leadership, iSoBAR handover with components, closed-loop communication i - [Stillbirth disclosure and bereavement planning — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/breaking-bad-news-and-perinatal-loss-communication) — FRANZCOG structured SAQ on disclosing stillbirth, immediate choices, longitudinal bereavement care and staff wellbeing, with per-part markin #### Professional practice — family and domestic violence, advocacy and safety (1) - [Family and domestic violence — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/family-and-domestic-violence) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on family and domestic violence in pregnancy: the WHO LIVES first-line response, documentation standard, leth #### Gynaecological health — sexual, cultural and safeguarding (1) - [Female genital mutilation — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/female-genital-mutilation) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on female genital mutilation: the verbatim WHO Type I-IV classification, the antenatal and intrapartum plan f #### Intrapartum care — fetal surveillance (3) - [Fetal blood sampling and scalp lactate — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/fetal-blood-sampling-and-scalp-lactate) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on intrapartum fetal blood sampling: indications, prerequisites and the full contraindication list including - [Fetal surveillance modalities in labour — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/fetal-surveillance-modalities-in-labour) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ contrasting two labouring women: intelligent structured intermittent auscultation with its criteria and techn - [Intrapartum CTG interpretation — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/intrapartum-ctg-interpretation) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on intrapartum CTG interpretation: systematic description and grading against the RANZCOG C-Obs 1 feature fra #### Antenatal care — fetal growth and surveillance (1) - [Fetal growth restriction and small for gestational age — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/fetal-growth-restriction-and-small-for-gestational-age) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on early fetal growth restriction: applying the Gordijn Delphi definition, building a Doppler-centred surveil #### Antenatal care — fetal anomaly screening (1) - [Fetal structural anomalies — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/fetal-structural-anomalies) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on the mid-trimester anatomy scan: the systematic ISUOG protocol and cardiac views, interpretation of an isol #### Antenatal care — maternal medicine (5) - [Gestational diabetes — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/gestational-diabetes) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on gestational diabetes: applying the ADIPS 2025 diagnostic thresholds, medical nutrition therapy with explic - [Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/hypertensive-disorders-of-pregnancy) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on the late-booking hypertensive pregnancy: ISSHP 2021 classification and its limits, the booking investigati - [Preeclampsia diagnosis and management — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/preeclampsia-diagnosis-and-management) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on severe preeclampsia at 33+5 weeks: ISSHP 2021 diagnostic criteria, the first-hour bundle with antihyperten - [Preeclampsia prediction and prevention — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/preeclampsia-prediction-and-prevention) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on preeclampsia prediction and prevention: risk-factor assessment by the NICE and USPSTF checklist, the full - [Pregestational diabetes in pregnancy — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/pregestational-diabetes-in-pregnancy) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on pregestational type 1 diabetes: teratogenic medication cessation and folate dosing, complication and fetal #### Early pregnancy care — gestational trophoblastic disease (1) - [Gestational trophoblastic disease — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/gestational-trophoblastic-disease) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on complete hydatidiform mole: suction evacuation with its three operative cautions, the FIGO hCG surveillanc #### Gynaecological oncology — gestational trophoblastic disease (2) - [Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/gestational-trophoblastic-neoplasia) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on post-molar gestational trophoblastic neoplasia: the FIGO hCG criteria, the FIGO 2000 anatomic staging repr - [Post-molar gestational trophoblastic neoplasia — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/gtn-persistent-disease) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on post-molar GTN: the FIGO hCG-plateau criterion, pre-chemotherapy workup, the FIGO 2000 staging and WHO pro #### Antenatal care — perinatal infections (4) - [Group B streptococcus in labour — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/perinatal-infections-i-group-b-streptococcus) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on group B streptococcus in labour with penicillin allergy: the IAP indication and regimen, the timing rule, - [Hepatitis B in pregnancy with a high viral load — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/perinatal-infections-iii) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on hepatitis B in pregnancy with a high viral load (HBeAg-positive, high HBV DNA): the perinatal transmission - [Parvovirus B19 in pregnancy with a hydropic fetus — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/perinatal-infections-ii) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on parvovirus B19 in pregnancy presenting with a hydropic fetus: the erythroid progenitor tropism mechanism, - [Secondary syphilis at 32 weeks with a high RPR titre — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/perinatal-infections-iv) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on secondary syphilis in pregnancy at 32 weeks: staging and vertical transmission, the benzathine penicillin #### Gynaecological oncology — cancer in pregnancy (2) - [Gynaecological cancer in pregnancy — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/gynae-cancer-in-pregnancy) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on gynaecological cancer in pregnancy: the imaging approach (non-contrast MRI first-line, do not withhold CT - [Gynaecological cancer in pregnancy — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/gynaecological-cancer-in-pregnancy) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on gynaecological cancer in pregnancy: the multidisciplinary principle and the three decision variables, ALAR #### Antenatal care — haematological disorders (1) - [Haemoglobinopathies in pregnancy — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/haemoglobinopathies-in-pregnancy) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on sickle cell disease in pregnancy: MDT pathway and LMWH prophylaxis, the sickle crisis bundle with analgesi #### Gynae-oncology — hereditary cancer (1) - [Hereditary gynaecological cancer syndromes — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/hereditary-gynae-cancer-syndromes) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on HBOC: pedigree and Manchester scoring, BRCA1/BRCA2 penetrance figures from source, the timing and techniqu #### Gynaecological health — androgen excess (1) - [Hirsutism and virilisation — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/hirsutism-and-virilisation) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on hirsutism and virilisation: the mFG score verbatim, the androgen panel with assay-quality caveats, the End #### Critical care — maternal resuscitation (5) - [Hypertensive crisis and refractory eclampsia — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/hypertensive-crisis-and-refractory-eclampsia) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on a hypertensive crisis with eclampsia: the seizure and blood pressure management with magnesium and antihyp - [Massive pulmonary embolism and respiratory failure in pregnancy — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/respiratory-failure-ventilation-and-massive-pe-in-pregnancy) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on massive pulmonary embolism and respiratory failure in pregnancy: the recognition and empiric thrombolysis - [Maternal collapse and resuscitation in pregnancy — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/maternal-collapse-and-resuscitation-in-pregnancy) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on maternal collapse: the Green-top 56 definition, the four H and four T framework with obstetric causes, phy - [Maternal sepsis and septic shock — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/sepsis-and-septic-shock-in-pregnancy-and-puerperium) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on maternal sepsis and septic shock: the Sepsis-3 and qSOFA limitations in pregnancy, the one-hour bundle wit - [Perimortem caesarean birth — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/perimortem-caesarean-birth) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on perimortem caesarean birth: the fundal-height indication and the four-minute target with its true evidence #### Gynae-surgery — hysterectomy (1) - [Hysterectomy — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/hysterectomy) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on hysterectomy: route selection with named evidence base, total laparoscopic hysterectomy steps in order, in #### Intrapartum care — induction of labour (1) - [Induction of labour — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/induction-of-labour) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on induction of labour after previous caesarean: calculating and interpreting the Bishop score, quantifying t #### Intrapartum care — medical comorbidity (1) - [Intrapartum care with existing medical conditions — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/intrapartum-care-with-existing-medical-conditions) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on intrapartum care with existing medical conditions: the cardiac intrapartum plan, the diabetes glucose appr #### Postpartum care — lactation (1) - [Lactation: a red breast on day 12 — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/lactation) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on the mastitis spectrum progressing from inflammatory to bacterial mastitis to abscess: placing the presenta #### Antenatal care — fetal loss and bereavement (1) - [Late intrauterine fetal death — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/late-intrauterine-fetal-death) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on late intrauterine fetal death: compassionate communication and stabilisation, the investigation bundle (Kl #### Professional practice — professionalism, ethics and regulation (1) - [Mandatory notification, professional boundaries and indemnity — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/professionalism) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on professionalism: immediate duties in a colleague's possible impairment, the National Law mandatory-notific #### Antenatal care — medical disorders in pregnancy (2) - [Mechanical valve in pregnancy — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/cardiac-disease-in-pregnancy) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on a mechanical valve in early pregnancy: mWHO classification, the three anticoagulation strategies and their - [Suspected pulmonary embolism in late pregnancy — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/venous-thromboembolism-in-pregnancy-and-puerperium) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on suspected pulmonary embolism in late pregnancy: the diagnostic pathway with imaging choice defended, the t #### Professional practice — ethics, law and regulation (1) - [Medico-legal frameworks — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/medico-legal-frameworks) — FRANZCOG SAQ on negligence (Bolam/Bolitho/Rogers/Montgomery chain), the four-stage civil test, the three elements of valid consent, the pati #### Early pregnancy care — pregnancy loss (1) - [Miscarriage — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/miscarriage) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on missed miscarriage: confirming the diagnosis against the transvaginal ultrasound thresholds, the three man #### Intrapartum care — place of birth and care model (1) - [Models of intrapartum care — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/models-of-intrapartum-care) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on models of intrapartum care: counselling a nulliparous woman on planned home birth with the Birthplace numb #### Antenatal care — multiple pregnancy (2) - [Multiple pregnancy — chorionicity, surveillance and timing of birth — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/multiple-pregnancy) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on an uncomplicated monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancy: chorionicity determination, the 2-weekly surveil - [Twin-twin transfusion syndrome at 20 weeks — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/monochorionic-twin-pregnancy) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on stage II twin-twin transfusion syndrome: Quintero staging, urgent referral and counselling, the Senat and #### Neonatal care — assessment and transition (1) - [Neonatal assessment and transitional care — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/neonatal-assessment-and-transitional-care) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on the Apgar score, paired cord gas interpretation, transitional care escalation, and a failed pulse-oximetry #### Neonatal care — metabolic and transitional care (1) - [Neonatal hypoglycaemia — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/neonatal-hypoglycaemia) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on an at-risk jittery newborn: the operational threshold, buccal dextrose gel 200 mg/kg, intravenous and gluc #### Neonatal care — bilirubin metabolism (1) - [Neonatal jaundice — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/neonatal-jaundice) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on haemolytic neonatal jaundice (Rh isoimmunisation): classification, nomogram-based threshold management, th #### Neonatal care — resuscitation and transition (1) - [Neonatal resuscitation at birth — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/neonatal-resuscitation-at-birth) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on a bradycardic newborn: the 60-second assessment, escalation to compressions and adrenaline, ventilation se #### Intrapartum care — physiological birth (1) - [Normal labour and birth — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/normal-labour-and-birth) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on normal labour: defining the phases and quoting RANZCOG C-Obs 31 durations, assessing slow labour at 4 hour #### Postpartum care — routine and preventive (1) - [Normal puerperium and postnatal care — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/normal-puerperium-and-postnatal-care) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on the normal puerperium: the 'feels dreadful with a normal chart' principle, the nine-point postnatal review #### Antenatal care — routine care and lifestyle (1) - [Nutrition, supplementation and exercise in pregnancy — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/nutrition-supplementation-and-exercise-in-pregnancy) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on nutrition, supplementation and exercise: high-risk folate dosing, routine and targeted supplements (folate #### Antenatal care — maternal medical conditions (1) - [Obesity in pregnancy — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/obesity-in-pregnancy) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on care of the obese pregnant woman: the tiered booking bundle (measure, BP cuff, anaesthetic referral, vitam #### Intrapartum care — analgesia and anaesthesia (1) - [Obstetric analgesia and anaesthesia — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/obstetric-analgesia-and-anaesthesia) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on obstetric analgesia and anaesthesia: epidural evidence counselling, spinal technique with hypotension prev #### Critical care — escalation and safety-net (1) - [Obstetric early warning scores and escalation — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/obstetric-early-warning-scores-and-escalation) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on a triggered obstetric early warning score in a post-caesarean patient with evolving sepsis. Tests bedside #### gynae-surgery (2) - [Operative hysteroscopy — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/operative-hysteroscopy) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on operative hysteroscopy: fluid-management set-up and monitoring, the medium-energy match, the response to a - [Operative laparoscopy — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/operative-laparoscopy) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on operative laparoscopy: entry-technique choice and verification in a scarred, thin abdomen; immediate manag #### Gynaecological health — benign gynaecology (3) - [Ovarian torsion and cyst accidents — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/ovarian-torsion-and-cyst-accidents) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on ovarian torsion and cyst accidents: the pathophysiological vascular cascade, the clinical presentation and - [Uterine fibroids — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/uterine-fibroids) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on uterine fibroids: FIGO classification, the location-symptom principle, the structured workup, the medical- - [Uterine fibroids: surgical and radiological management — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/uterine-fibroids-surgical-management) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on the surgical and radiological management of fibroids: the FIGO-type-to-procedure mapping, UAE durability ( #### Urogynaecology — lower urinary tract dysfunction (1) - [Overactive bladder and urgency urinary incontinence — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/overactive-bladder-and-urgency-incontinence) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on OAB in an older woman: first-line pharmacotherapy choice (mirabegron over oxybutynin for cognitive safety) #### Gynaecological health — paediatric and adolescent (1) - [Paediatric and adolescent gynaecology — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/paediatric-and-adolescent-gynaecology) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on paediatric and adolescent gynaecology: verbatim Tanner stage 1 descriptions, the labial adhesions manageme #### Urogynaecology — maternal birth trauma and rehabilitation (1) - [Pelvic floor after childbirth — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/pelvic-floor-after-childbirth) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on childbirth pelvic floor trauma: the Sultan OASIS grading, immediate repair in theatre, the post-repair car #### Gynaecological health — upper genital tract infection (1) - [Pelvic inflammatory disease & tubo-ovarian abscess — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-and-tubo-ovarian-abscess) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on pelvic inflammatory disease: the CDC 2021 minimum criteria and threshold, the outpatient triple regimen wi #### Urogynaecology — pelvic floor disorders (3) - [Pelvic organ prolapse — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/pelvic-organ-prolapse) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on symptomatic anterior compartment prolapse in a parous postmenopausal woman: POP-Q classification, the cons - [Pelvic organ prolapse — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/prolapse) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on pelvic organ prolapse: POP-Q staging, the compartments and DeLancey's levels, the conservative-to-surgical - [Stress urinary incontinence and midurethral sling — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/stress-urinary-incontinence-and-midurethral-slings) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on female stress urinary incontinence — diagnosis with mechanism, the conservative ladder that has been compl #### Antenatal care — perinatal mental health (1) - [Perinatal mental health — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/perinatal-mental-health) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on antenatal depression with a positive EPDS item 10: same-consultation risk assessment, stepped-care placeme #### Intrapartum care — birth injury and repair (1) - [Perineal trauma and OASIS — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/perineal-trauma) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on obstetric anal sphincter injury after rotational forceps: systematic genital tract assessment with rectal #### Postpartum care — perineal health and wound care (1) - [Perineal wound complications and breakdown — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/perineal-wound-complications-and-breakdown) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on perineal wound complications and breakdown after OASIS repair: the NICE NG194 assessment questions, the re #### Perioperative — pre-operative optimisation (1) - [Perioperative medication management — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/perioperative-medication-management) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on perioperative medication management: pre-operative withhold plan for anticoagulation (DOAC vs warfarin log #### Neonatal care — outcomes of prematurity (1) - [Periviability counselling at 23+4 weeks — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/outcomes-of-prematurity-the-obstetrician-must-know) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on periviability counselling: the ANZNN 2023 survival number with its denominator caveats, the four obstetric #### Critical care — maternal physiology (1) - [Physiological changes of pregnancy for critical care — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/physiological-changes-of-pregnancy-for-critical-care) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on the physiological adaptations of pregnancy relevant to a critically ill patient with pneumonia. Tests ABG #### Pre-pregnancy and antenatal care — placental disorders (1) - [Placenta accreta spectrum — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/placenta-accreta-spectrum) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on placenta accreta spectrum: targeted imaging and its accuracy, multidisciplinary antenatal planning and tim #### Antenatal care — abnormal placentation (1) - [Placenta praevia and low-lying placenta — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/placenta-praevia-and-low-lying-placenta) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on placenta praevia with accreta spectrum risk after two caesareans: current terminology and the transvaginal #### Gynaecological health — menstrual disorders and androgen excess (2) - [Polycystic ovary syndrome — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/pcos) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on PCOS: the Rotterdam criteria verbatim with phenotype assignment, the lifelong cardiometabolic and psycholo - [Polycystic ovary syndrome — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/polycystic-ovary-syndrome) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on polycystic ovary syndrome: the Rotterdam criteria and exclusion of mimics, lifestyle and metabolic managem #### Perioperative care — post-operative complications (1) - [Post-operative complications in gynaecology — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/post-operative-complications) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on post-operative complications after major gynaecologic oncology surgery: day-5 anastomotic leak differentia #### Antenatal care — timing of birth (1) - [Post-term pregnancy — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/post-term-pregnancy) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on post-term pregnancy: definition, the rising stillbirth risk by gestation (Muglu), the Cochrane induction e #### Postpartum care — perinatal mental health (1) - [Postnatal mental health — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/postnatal-mental-health) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on postnatal depression with a positive item 10: the EPDS interpretation and the immediate risk assessment, a #### Postpartum care — contraception and reproductive planning (1) - [Postpartum contraception — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/postpartum-contraception) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on postpartum contraception: the reproductive-intention opener, WHO-MEC categories by feeding status, immedia #### Postpartum care — hypertensive disease (1) - [Postpartum hypertension and preeclampsia — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/postpartum-hypertension-and-preeclampsia) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on de novo postpartum preeclampsia presenting after discharge: the one-hour severe-hypertension target with n #### Antenatal care — pregnancy after bariatric surgery (1) - [Pregnancy after bariatric surgery — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/pregnancy-after-bariatric-surgery) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on pregnancy after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: booking nutritional regimen with doses, OGTT avoidance and home #### Gynaecological health — premature ovarian insufficiency (1) - [Premature ovarian insufficiency — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/premature-ovarian-insufficiency) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on premature ovarian insufficiency: the ESHRE 2024 diagnostic definition, the cause-finding workup (karyotype #### Antenatal care — screening and prenatal diagnosis (1) - [Prenatal screening for chromosomal conditions — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/prenatal-screening-for-chromosomal-conditions) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on prenatal screening for chromosomal conditions: interpreting a screen-positive combined result, comparing c #### Intrapartum care — preterm birth (2) - [Preterm labour and birth — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/preterm-labour-and-birth) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on threatened preterm labour at 28+4 weeks in a regional hospital: first-30-minute priorities, full antenatal - [Preterm prelabour rupture of membranes — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/preterm-prelabour-rupture-of-membranes) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on PPROM at 29+1 weeks: sterile speculum diagnosis and the examination to avoid, the erythromycin latency pre #### Gynaecological health — chronic vulvar pain (1) - [Provoked vestibulodynia — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/vulvodynia-and-genital-pain-syndromes) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on provoked vestibulodynia: the 3-month ISSVD definition, the multidimensional classification, the cotton-swa #### Postpartum care — infection and sepsis (1) - [Puerperal sepsis and endometritis — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/puerperal-sepsis-and-endometritis) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on puerperal sepsis: the WHO organ-dysfunction definition, the first-hour bundle, the empirical antibiotic re #### Postpartum care — recovery and perioperative care (1) - [Recovery after operative birth — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/recovery-after-operative-birth-and-enhanced-recovery) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on enhanced recovery after caesarean in an obese woman: the day-0 bundle elements with timings, the multimoda #### Early pregnancy care — recurrent loss (1) - [Recurrent pregnancy loss — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/recurrent-pregnancy-loss) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on recurrent pregnancy loss: the two-loss definition, the four routinely-recommended tests and the deliberate #### Urogynaecology — infection (1) - [Recurrent urinary tract infection — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/recurrent-urinary-tract-infection) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on recurrent UTI in a young sexually active woman: definition and threshold, re-infection vs persistence, fir #### Professional practice — Scholar role, research literacy and evidence-based practice (1) - [Research literacy — structured SAQ on PICO framing, critical appraisal of an RCT, ethics application and GRADE (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/research-literacy-and-the-scholar-role) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on research literacy: PICO framing, the highest-level design and a landmark trial (ASPRE), RoB 2 appraisal, i #### Intrapartum care — third stage of labour (1) - [Retained placenta and manual removal — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/retained-placenta-and-manual-removal) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on retained placenta complicated by bleeding: definition and the bleeding-override rule, the resuscitation-to #### Antenatal care — fetal medicine and immunohaematology (1) - [Rh(D) alloimmunisation and anti-D prophylaxis — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/rh-alloimmunisation-and-anti-d-prophylaxis) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on Rh(D) alloimmunisation and anti-D prophylaxis: routine antenatal dosing (NBA/RANZCOG 2024), sensitising-ev #### Antenatal care — routine and preventive care (1) - [Routine antenatal care and risk assessment — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/routine-antenatal-care-and-risk-assessment) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on routine antenatal care and risk assessment: the NICE NG201 schedule, the preventive package with doses (as #### Postpartum care — haemorrhage (1) - [Secondary postpartum haemorrhage — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/secondary-postpartum-haemorrhage) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on secondary PPH: retained products and endometritis coexisting, resuscitation, the honest limits of ultrasou #### Reproductive endocrinology & infertility — fertility-treatment complications (1) - [Severe OHSS after IVF — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/ohss-and-fertility-treatment-complications) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on severe OHSS after IVF: the Golan-REI severity grading, the resuscitation bundle (crystalloid then colloid, #### Sexual and reproductive health (1) - [Sexual dysfunction and dyspareunia — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/sexual-dysfunction-and-dyspareunia) — FRANZCOG-format SAQ on classification, biopsychosocial assessment, PLISSIT and management of GSM-associated superficial dyspareunia with sec #### Intrapartum care — labour dystocia and augmentation (1) - [Slow progress in labour and augmentation — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/slow-progress-in-labour-and-augmentation) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on slow progress in the first stage: applying the RANZCOG C-Obs 31 definition, classifying by power, passenge #### Gynaecological health — sexually transmitted infections (1) - [STI screening and management — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/sti-screening-and-management-for-the-gynaecologist) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on STI screening and management: the structured panel (NAAT, syphilis serology, HIV, hepatitis B and C, cervi #### Antenatal care — perinatal mortality (1) - [Stillbirth prevention — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/stillbirth-prevention) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on stillbirth prevention in a high-risk pregnancy: the five Safer Baby Bundle elements, the CRIBSS sleep-posi #### Neonatal care — birth trauma (1) - [Subgaleal haemorrhage after vacuum — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/birth-injuries) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on subgaleal haemorrhage after a difficult vacuum delivery: recognition, the first-hour resuscitation, the RA #### Antenatal care — fetal medicine and alloimmune disease (1) - [Subsequent pregnancy after a previous child with FNAIT-related intracranial haemorrhage — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/fetal-and-neonatal-alloimmune-thrombocytopenia) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on a highest-risk subsequent pregnancy after a previous child with FNAIT-related intracranial haemorrhage: th #### Antenatal care — substance use and addiction (1) - [Substance use in pregnancy — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/substance-use-in-pregnancy) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on opioid use disorder in pregnancy with polysubstance use: trauma-informed universal screening with AUDIT-C #### Gynae-surgery — surgical anatomy and dissection (1) - [Surgical anatomy of the female pelvis — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/surgical-anatomy-of-the-female-pelvis) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on surgical anatomy of the female pelvis: ureteric course, pararectal space subdivisions, autonomic nerve zon #### Gynae-surgery — early pregnancy and abortion care (1) - [Surgical management of miscarriage and abortion — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/surgical-management-of-miscarriage-and-abortion) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on the surgical management of miscarriage: resuscitation and investigation, the management-option framework, #### Gynaecological oncology — survivorship and MDT working (1) - [Survivorship and MDT working — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/survivorship-and-mdt-working) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on gynaecological cancer survivorship: survivorship care plan components, the sexual-function restorative lad #### Gynaecological oncology — survivorship (1) - [Survivorship, MDT working and the generalist's role — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/survivorship-mdt-working-and-the-generalist-s-role) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on gynaecological cancer survivorship written for the generalist: the symptom-driven surveillance principle w #### Antenatal care — fetal growth and mode of birth (1) - [Suspected fetal macrosomia — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/suspected-fetal-macrosomia) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on suspected macrosomia in gestational diabetes: the error margin of EFW, the shoulder dystocia risk predicti #### Gynae-oncology — systemic therapy (1) - [Systemic therapy for gynaecological cancer — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/systemic-therapy-for-the-generalist) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on gynaecological systemic therapy: the carboplatin-paclitaxel backbone and GOG-158, the Calvert AUC calculat #### Neonatal care — hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (1) - [Term infant with neonatal encephalopathy — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/neonatal-encephalopathy-hie-and-therapeutic-hypothermia) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on neonatal encephalopathy and HIE: the three cooling gates, the obstetrician's contribution to the cooling d #### Intrapartum care — labour and birth (1) - [Term prelabour rupture of membranes — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/term-prelabour-rupture-of-membranes) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on term PROM in a group B streptococcus positive nulliparous woman: sterile speculum assessment and the quant #### Gynaecological health — menstrual physiology (1) - [The normal menstrual cycle & HPO axis — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/the-normal-menstrual-cycle-and-hpo-axis) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on the HPO axis: classifying anovulation by gonadotrophin profile, the two-cell two-gonadotrophin theory, con #### Antenatal care — endocrine disorders (1) - [Thyroid disease in pregnancy — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/thyroid-disease-in-pregnancy) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on thyroid disease in pregnancy: the levothyroxine dose-increase rule with physiology, trimester-specific TSH #### Gynaecological health — paediatric, adolescent and congenital (1) - [Turner syndrome and DSD — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/turner-syndrome-and-differences-of-sex-development-generalist-level) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on Turner syndrome: the diagnosis, SHOX haploinsufficiency and karyotype, the baseline cardiac/renal/endocrin #### Intrapartum care — multiple pregnancy (1) - [Twin birth — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/twin-birth) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on twin birth: the admission checklist, the interval between twins and conduct of a breech second twin, inter #### Gynaecological surgery — intraoperative complications and lower urinary tract injury (1) - [Ureteric injury at laparoscopic hysterectomy — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/recognition-intraoperative-management-ureteric-bladder-injury) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on an intraoperatively recognised left ureteric injury at laparoscopic hysterectomy: confirmation and charact #### Urogynaecology — lower urinary tract evaluation (1) - [Urodynamics — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/urodynamics) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on multichannel urodynamics — NICE NG123 indications (do-not-do for uncomplicated primary SUI; do for urge-pr #### Antenatal care — maternal immunisation (1) - [Vaccination in pregnancy — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/pregnancy-vaccination) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on vaccination in pregnancy: the four recommended vaccines with timing, transplacental IgG transfer physiolog #### Intrapartum care — malpresentation and operative birth (1) - [Vaginal breech birth — structured SAQ (15 marks)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/saqs/vaginal-breech-birth) — FRANZCOG-format structured SAQ on vaginal breech birth: the RANZCOG C-Obs 11 contraindication list with mechanical reasoning, the hands-off _(capped at 200; see format index for the full set)_ ### Cases Index: https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases #### Postpartum care — perinatal mental health (1) - [A positive screen and a frightened mother — perinatal mental health communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/postnatal-mental-health) — Communication station on postnatal depression with a positive self-harm item: sharing a screening result without stigma, completing a same-c #### Postpartum care — lactation (1) - [A red breast that will not settle — lactational mastitis and abscess management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/lactation) — Team-based emergency and procedural station: bacterial mastitis failing first-line therapy with a developing abscess. Tests recognition of t #### Antenatal care — pregnancy after bariatric surgery (1) - [Acute abdomen in pregnancy after gastric bypass — emergency management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/pregnancy-after-bariatric-surgery) — Team-based emergency station: suspected internal hernia with small bowel obstruction in the third trimester after Roux-en-Y bypass. Tests pa #### Intrapartum care — fetal surveillance (2) - [Acute fetal bradycardia on labour ward — emergency management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/intrapartum-ctg-interpretation) — Team-based emergency station: acute intrapartum bradycardia in a woman labouring after previous caesarean. Tests parallel intrauterine resus - [Changing the monitoring plan — communication and decision-making station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/fetal-surveillance-modalities-in-labour) — Communication and shared decision-making station: renegotiating the fetal monitoring plan with a woman whose birth preferences are being cha #### Neonatal care — hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (1) - [Acute intrapartum event and the cooling decision — emergency + communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/neonatal-encephalopathy-hie-and-therapeutic-hypothermia) — Emergency management and communication station for a baby with neonatal encephalopathy after an acute intrapartum event. Tests the obstetric #### Antenatal care — medical disorders of pregnancy (3) - [Acute severe asthma in pregnancy — resuscitation and communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/asthma-and-respiratory-disease-in-pregnancy) — Resuscitation station: acute severe asthma in pregnancy, with the underlying cause of ICS cessation. The candidate must recognise severity, - [AFLP at 34 weeks — emergency-management and communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/acute-fatty-liver-pregnancy-other-liver-disorders) — Resuscitation station: a third-trimester woman with AFLP. The candidate must recognise the Swansea criteria, run the supportive bundle, mobi - [Lupus nephritis flare versus superimposed preeclampsia — emergency management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/sle-and-antiphospholipid-syndrome-in-pregnancy) — Emergency station: lupus nephritis flare superimposed on chronic CKD in pregnancy. Tests the distinction of flare from superimposed preeclam #### Antenatal care — perinatal mental health (1) - [Acute suicidal ideation in pregnancy — emergency communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/perinatal-mental-health) — Emergency communication and safety station: acute suicidal ideation with a plan in late pregnancy. Tests structured risk assessment, same-da #### Urogynaecology — lower urinary tract dysfunction (1) - [Acute urinary retention after pelvic-floor repair — emergency management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/voiding-dysfunction-and-urinary-retention) — Emergency-management station on acute urinary retention following pelvic-floor repair with a transobturator sling: candidate decompresses th #### Reproductive endocrinology & infertility (9) - [Azoospermia — diagnostic and ART-pathway communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/assessment-and-management-of-male-infertility) — Communication and management station: communicating a diagnosis of non-obstructive azoospermia, the genetic cascade (karyotype showing 47,XX - [Bilateral tubal block with hydrosalpinx — pre-IVF management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/pelvic-factor-infertility-tubal-peritoneal) — Communication and management station: communicating the diagnosis of bilateral tubal block with hydrosalpinx, the evidence for salpingectomy - [Hydrosalpinx at laparoscopy — operative decision-making station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/tubal-factor-infertility-and-tubal-surgery) — Procedural decision-making station: intraoperative findings of a hydrosalpinx at laparoscopy before IVF. Tests the candidate's operative dec - [Newly diagnosed breast cancer — urgent fertility preservation counselling station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/ivf-add-ons-and-fertility-preservation) — Communication station on urgent fertility preservation in a young woman with ER-positive breast cancer before adjuvant chemotherapy. Tests e - [Recurrent implantation failure — shared decision-making and adjunct counselling station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/recurrent-implantation-failure-and-art-adjuncts) — Communication and shared decision-making station in recurrent implantation failure: tests the ESHRE cumulative-chance definition, evidence-b - [Severe Asherman after postpartum curettage — management and counselling station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/intrauterine-adhesions-and-asherman-syndrome) — Management and communication station: severe Asherman after postpartum curettage. Tests the diagnostic pathway, severity grading, hysterosco - [Severe male-factor infertility and genetic results — communication and planning station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/male-factor-infertility) — Communication and planning station: delivering severe male-factor and genetic results, counselling on non-obstructive azoospermia and the AZ - [Severe OHSS after egg collection — emergency management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/ivf-and-art-techniques) — Team-based emergency station: severe OHSS after IVF. Tests parallel resuscitation, recognition of the OHSS severity triad, fluid and thrombo - [The incidental septate uterus in IVF — decision and counselling station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/congenital-uterine-anomalies) — Communication and decision station: an incidental septate-uterus finding before IVF. Tests classification knowledge, the ESHRE/ESGE diagnost #### Intrapartum care — physiological birth (1) - [Birth plan counselling in early labour — communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/normal-labour-and-birth) — Simulated-patient communication station: negotiating an intervention-minimising birth plan in the latent phase. Tests the RANZCOG C-Obs 31 d #### Antenatal care — maternal age and ART (1) - [Booking visit for a 41-year-old ICSI singleton — communication and planning station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/advanced-maternal-age-and-art-conceived-pregnancies) — Communication and planning station: the booking visit for an advanced-maternal-age ART-conceived singleton. Tests the candidate's ability to #### Neonatal care — resuscitation and transition (1) - [Bradycardic newborn — emergency resuscitation station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/neonatal-resuscitation-at-birth) — Emergency-management station: a bradycardic newborn needing ventilation, then compressions and adrenaline. Tests the sequence, the escalatio #### Early pregnancy care (4) - [Breaking bad news at the 12-week scan — communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/early-pregnancy-support-and-pregnancy-after-loss-care) — Communication station: breaking the news of a missed miscarriage at the 12-week scan. Tests structured bad-news delivery (warning shot, plai - [Breaking uncertain news in early pregnancy — communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/early-pregnancy-pain-and-bleeding) — Communication and shared-decision station: explaining a pregnancy of unknown location to a woman expecting a yes-or-no answer. Tests plain-l - [Ovarian torsion in pregnancy — emergency management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/adnexal-masses-in-early-pregnancy) — Emergency station: suspected ovarian torsion at 10 weeks in an IVF pregnancy with a known adnexal mass. Tests the recognition of the torsion - [Wernicke encephalopathy in hyperemesis — emergency management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/nausea-vomiting-and-hyperemesis-gravidarum) — Emergency station: clinical Wernicke encephalopathy in hyperemesis gravidarum, with an ED doctor about to give dextrose. Tests recognition o #### Neonatal care — perinatal palliative care (1) - [Breaking the news of an antenatal life-limiting diagnosis — communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/perinatal-palliative-care-and-neonatal-death) — Communication station for breaking the news of an antenatal life-limiting diagnosis. Tests the evidence-based bereavement script, the framin #### Intrapartum care — operative birth (4) - [Caesarean on maternal request after sexual assault — counselling station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/caesarean-birth-on-maternal-request) — Communication and counselling station on a request driven by trauma: candidate elicits the reason, screens safely, offers structured support - [Category 1 caesarean at 02:40 — emergency decision and escalation station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/caesarean-urgency-categorisation-and-timing-at-term) — Emergency decision and escalation station: a category 1 caesarean when the only theatre is occupied. Tests category assignment under pressur - [Category 1 caesarean for cord prolapse — emergency management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/caesarean-birth) — Team-based emergency station: category 1 caesarean for cord prolapse. Tests immediate cord-prolapse manoeuvres, urgency classification and d - [Failed ventouse at full dilatation — procedural decision station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/instrumental-vaginal-birth) — Procedural decision station on assisted vaginal birth: candidate must recognise a high-risk mid-cavity rotational attempt, choose a trial in #### Intrapartum care — medical comorbidity (1) - [Cardiac disease in labour — emergency management and planning station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/intrapartum-care-with-existing-medical-conditions) — Emergency-management and planning station on a cardiac woman decompensating in labour: candidate leads the recognition of pulmonary oedema, #### Gynaecological oncology — cancer in pregnancy (1) - [Cervical cancer at 19 weeks — multidisciplinary management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/gynaecological-cancer-in-pregnancy) — Communication and multidisciplinary-management station on cervical cancer in pregnancy: tests the governing principle and the three decision #### Gynaecological oncology — screening and prevention (1) - [Cervical screening pathway — abnormal result navigation station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/cervical-screening-and-hpv) — Abnormal-result navigation and counselling station on cervical screening: explaining the NCSP and self-collection, applying the reflex cytol #### Antenatal care — maternal medical conditions (1) - [Class III obesity at caesarean — peri-operative management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/obesity-in-pregnancy) — Team-based peri-caesarean station for a class III obese woman with OSA. Tests the anaesthetic-airway plan, surgical access and equipment, we #### Intrapartum care — obstetric emergencies (5) - [Collapse in second stage — amniotic fluid embolism resuscitation station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/amniotic-fluid-embolism) — Timed team-based resuscitation station: intrapartum collapse from amniotic fluid embolism. Tests declared leadership, pregnancy-modified CPR - [Cord prolapse at a rural birth centre — emergency drill station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/umbilical-cord-prolapse) — Timed drill-style emergency management station: umbilical cord prolapse in a rural setting with no theatre and a 55-minute transfer. Tests d - [Massive PPH after caesarean — emergency management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/primary-postpartum-haemorrhage) — Team-based emergency station: intraoperative atonic PPH after twin caesarean. Tests parallel resuscitation, intraoperative surgical ladder, - [Shoulder dystocia after mid-cavity vacuum — emergency drill station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/shoulder-dystocia) — Timed drill-style emergency management station: shoulder dystocia following mid-cavity instrumental birth in a diabetic pregnancy — the high - [Uterine rupture during a trial of labour — emergency drill station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/uterine-rupture-and-scar-dehiscence) — Timed drill-style emergency management station: complete uterine rupture during a trial of labour after caesarean. Tests immediate recogniti #### Critical care — maternal resuscitation (5) - [Collapse on the postnatal ward — maternal resuscitation station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/maternal-collapse-and-resuscitation-in-pregnancy) — Timed team-based resuscitation station: undifferentiated maternal collapse at 26 weeks with two competing iatrogenic causes. Tests declared - [Eclampsia on the labour ward — resuscitation station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/hypertensive-crisis-and-refractory-eclampsia) — Timed resuscitation station: eclampsia with severe-range hypertension, evolving to a refractory seizure and then postpartum magnesium toxici - [Maternal sepsis on the postnatal ward — resuscitation station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/sepsis-and-septic-shock-in-pregnancy-and-puerperium) — Timed resuscitation station: postpartum septic shock with a wound source. Tests pregnancy-aware recognition, the one-hour bundle with empiri - [Resuscitative hysterotomy in the emergency department — procedural resuscitation station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/perimortem-caesarean-birth) — Timed procedural resuscitation station: resuscitative hysterotomy for traumatic maternal cardiac arrest outside theatre. Tests the fundal-he - [Sudden postpartum collapse — massive PE resuscitation station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/respiratory-failure-ventilation-and-massive-pe-in-pregnancy) — Timed resuscitation station: massive pulmonary embolism after caesarean, evolving to cardiac arrest. Tests the recognition of high-risk PE, #### Antenatal care — obstetric haemorrhage (2) - [Concealed abruption in labour — emergency management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/placental-abruption) — Team-based emergency station: acute concealed placental abruption during labour with fetal bradycardia. Tests recognition of concealed haemo - [Massive antepartum haemorrhage at 30 weeks — emergency management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/antepartum-haemorrhage) — Team-based emergency station: massive undifferentiated antepartum haemorrhage at 30 weeks with an unknown placental site. Tests parallel res #### Pre-pregnancy and antenatal care — placental disorders (2) - [Consent for caesarean hysterectomy in placenta accreta spectrum — communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/placenta-accreta-spectrum) — Simulated-patient communication station: counselling and consent for planned caesarean hysterectomy in placenta accreta spectrum. Tests shar - [Ruptured vasa praevia in birth suite — emergency management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/vasa-praevia) — Team-based emergency station: ruptured vasa praevia with fetal exsanguination. Tests immediate recognition of the fetal-bleeding-well-mother #### Gynae-oncology — hereditary cancer (1) - [Counselling a confirmed BRCA1 carrier — communication and counselling station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/hereditary-gynae-cancer-syndromes) — Communication and counselling station: a confirmed BRCA1 carrier needs risk counselling, a recommendation for risk-reducing salpingo-oophore #### Reproductive endocrinology & infertility — third-party reproduction (1) - [Counselling a couple pursuing surrogacy — communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/donor-conception-surrogacy-and-social-infertility-frameworks) — Communication and ethics station: counselling a gay couple on the ANZ altruistic-only surrogacy framework, the legal exposure of an overseas #### Antenatal care — fetal growth and mode of birth (1) - [Counselling a woman with suspected macrosomia — communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/suspected-fetal-macrosomia) — Communication station: tests the candidate on counselling a woman with suspected macrosomia — framing the EFW estimate honestly, explaining #### Intrapartum care — induction of labour (1) - [Counselling for induction at 41 weeks — shared decision-making station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/induction-of-labour) — Simulated-patient shared decision-making station: counselling a well-informed nulliparous woman about induction at 41 weeks versus expectant #### Critical care — maternal physiology (1) - [Critically ill pregnant woman — physiology-modified resuscitation station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/physiological-changes-of-pregnancy-for-critical-care) — Resuscitation station on a pregnant woman with severe pneumonia and evolving type 2 respiratory failure on a background of pregnancy physiol #### Antenatal care — fetal loss and bereavement (1) - [Diagnosing and supporting a stillbirth — communication and management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/late-intrauterine-fetal-death) — Communication and management station: tests the candidate on confirming the diagnosis, breaking the news, conducting the investigation and b #### Professional practice — family and domestic violence, advocacy and safety (1) - [Disclosure of family violence in pregnancy — communication and safety station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/family-and-domestic-violence) — Communication and safety station on a family and domestic violence disclosure in pregnancy. Exercises the WHO LIVES first-line response, let #### Antenatal care — obstetric emergencies (2) - [Eclamptic seizure on the antenatal ward — emergency management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/eclampsia-and-hellp-syndrome) — Team-based emergency station: first-episode eclampsia on the antenatal ward with no intravenous access and a post-ictal fetal bradycardia. T - [Major trauma in pregnancy with concealed abruption — emergency management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/trauma-in-pregnancy) — Emergency station: major blunt trauma in pregnancy with the risk of concealed placental abruption, fetomaternal haemorrhage and masked shock #### Gynae-surgery — surgical anatomy and dissection (1) - [Emergency management station — intraoperative bleeding at the lateral cervical step](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/surgical-anatomy-of-the-female-pelvis) — Team-based emergency station: management of intraoperative bleeding at the lateral cervical step of laparoscopic hysterectomy, identificatio #### Perioperative — intraoperative and post-operative management (1) - [Emergency management station — intraoperative gas embolism and bowel injury at laparoscopic entry](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/laparoscopic-entry-and-complications) — Team-based emergency station: gas embolism recognition and resuscitation, then intraoperative bowel injury management, then communication wi #### Gynae-surgery — hysterectomy (1) - [Emergency management station — vaginal cuff dehiscence with bowel evisceration after laparoscopic hysterectomy](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/hysterectomy) — Team-based emergency station: management of vaginal cuff dehiscence with bowel evisceration after laparoscopic hysterectomy, resuscitation, #### Perioperative care (4) - [Enhanced recovery after gynaecological surgery — perioperative planning and rescue station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/enhanced-recovery-after-gynaecological-surgery) — FRANZCOG-style management station with assessor timeline, marking domains, key and fail criteria. - [Perioperative medication management — perioperative planning and rescue station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/perioperative-medication-management) — FRANZCOG-style management station with assessor timeline, marking domains, key and fail criteria covering warfarin/DOAC interruption, LMWH b - [Perioperative VTE prophylaxis — perioperative planning and rescue station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/perioperative-vte-prophylaxis) — FRANZCOG-style management station with assessor timeline, marking domains, key and fail criteria. - [Prophylactic antibiotics in gynaecological surgery — perioperative planning and rescue station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/prophylactic-antibiotics-in-o-and-g-surgery) — FRANZCOG-style management station with assessor timeline, marking domains, key and fail criteria. #### Critical care in obstetrics and gynaecology (2) - [Euglycaemic ketoacidosis on the antenatal ward — emergency management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/diabetic-ketoacidosis-in-pregnancy) — Team-based emergency station: euglycaemic diabetic ketoacidosis on an antenatal ward after antenatal corticosteroids and preterm prelabour r - [Running the massive obstetric haemorrhage protocol — emergency management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/massive-obstetric-haemorrhage) — Team-based emergency station: running an obstetric massive haemorrhage protocol in a woman with a contracted uterus and ongoing bleeding. Te #### Intrapartum care — analgesia and anaesthesia (1) - [Failed intubation in obstetric general anaesthesia — emergency management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/obstetric-analgesia-and-anaesthesia) — Team-based emergency station: failed intubation during obstetric general anaesthesia. Tests the OAA-DAS four-plan algorithm, the wake-or-pro #### Neonatal care — assessment and transition (1) - [Failed newborn screen — critical congenital heart disease station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/neonatal-assessment-and-transitional-care) — Assessment and escalation station: a failed pulse-oximetry screen for critical congenital heart disease in a well-looking baby. Tests recogn #### Gynae-oncology — systemic therapy (1) - [Febrile patient on chemotherapy — emergency management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/systemic-therapy-for-the-generalist) — Emergency-management station: suspected neutropenic sepsis in a patient mid-chemotherapy. Tests recognition of the nadir window, the princip #### Antenatal care — fetal anomaly screening (1) - [Fetal structural anomalies — breaking a soft-marker finding](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/fetal-structural-anomalies) — Communication station: break and contextualise soft-marker findings (echogenic focus and possible hyperechogenic bowel) for a distressed, in #### Sexual & reproductive health (2) - [First-trimester abortion care — counselling and method-selection station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/abortion-care) — Communication-and-management station: first-trimester abortion care. Tests structured counselling, method selection with real numbers, scree - [Post-abortion sepsis — emergency management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/abortion) — Emergency-management station: post-abortion sepsis with retained products. Tests recognition of the septic retained-tissue syndrome, paralle #### gynae-surgery (2) - [Fluid overload and hyponatraemia at operative hysteroscopy — emergency management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/operative-hysteroscopy) — Team-based emergency station: operative hysteroscopy intravascular absorption syndrome (OHIA) with hyponatraemia and cerebral oedema during - [Major vessel injury at laparoscopic entry — emergency management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/operative-laparoscopy) — Team-based emergency station: major retroperitoneal vessel injury at laparoscopic entry in a thin, previously-operated patient. Tests parall #### Antenatal care — perinatal infections (4) - [Group B streptococcus in labour — emergency management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/perinatal-infections-i-group-b-streptococcus) — Emergency management station: group B streptococcus in labour with penicillin allergy. Tests the IAP indication and regimen, the revised reg - [New diagnosis of syphilis in pregnancy with a penicillin allergy — communication and management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/perinatal-infections-iv) — Communication and management station: a new syphilis diagnosis in pregnancy with a reported penicillin allergy. Tests the staging cascade, t - [New HIV diagnosis in pregnancy — communication and management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/perinatal-infections-iii) — Communication and management station: a new HIV diagnosis in pregnancy. Tests the immediate combined prevention strategy, the multidisciplin - [Varicella exposure in pregnancy — communication and management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/perinatal-infections-ii) — Communication and management station: varicella exposure in pregnancy with unknown immune status. Tests the serology-led approach, the post- #### Neonatal care — bilirubin metabolism (1) - [Haemolytic neonatal jaundice — emergency management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/neonatal-jaundice) — Emergency management station for haemolytic neonatal jaundice (Rh isoimmunisation). Tests parallel resuscitation, the nomogram-based thresho #### Gynaecological oncology — premalignant cervical disease (1) - [High-grade lesion at colposcopy — counselling and treatment station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/colposcopy-and-treatment-of-cin-cgin) — Communication-and-management station for a high-grade squamous lesion at colposcopy: candidate counsels a young woman wanting fertility, pre #### Gynaecological oncology — gestational trophoblastic disease (2) - [High-risk GTN with brain metastases — multidisciplinary management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/gtn-persistent-disease) — Multidisciplinary emergency station on ultra-high-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia with brain metastases. Tests the recognition of G - [Plateauing hCG after a molar pregnancy — diagnosis and treatment station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/gestational-trophoblastic-neoplasia) — Management station for post-molar gestational trophoblastic neoplasia presented as a plateauing hCG: candidate excludes phantom hCG and preg #### Intrapartum care — preterm birth (1) - [Imminent preterm birth at 25 weeks in a regional hospital — emergency management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/preterm-labour-and-birth) — Team-based emergency station: imminent extremely preterm breech birth in a hospital without neonatal intensive care. Tests the bundle under #### Gynaecological surgery — uterus-sparing procedures (1) - [Laparoscopic myomectomy with intraoperative haemorrhage — emergency recognition and management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/myomectomy) — Team-based emergency station: intraoperative haemorrhage during laparoscopic myomectomy, vasopressin and uterotonic escalation, conversion t #### Professional practice — clinical governance, quality and patient safety (1) - [Leading a morbidity and mortality review after a hypoxic event — governance and leadership station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/clinical-governance) — Governance and leadership station on chairing a morbidity and mortality review after an intrapartum hypoxic event. Exercises holding the sys #### Antenatal care — medical disorders in pregnancy (2) - [Mechanical valve in early pregnancy — preconception and anticoagulation counselling station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/cardiac-disease-in-pregnancy) — Communication and decision station: a mechanical valve at 8 weeks. Tests the modified WHO classification, the three anticoagulation strategi - [Suspected pulmonary embolism in late pregnancy — emergency management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/venous-thromboembolism-in-pregnancy-and-puerperium) — Emergency management station: suspected pulmonary embolism in late pregnancy. Tests the imaging choice, the immediate anticoagulation, the t #### Antenatal care — maternal malignancy (1) - [Newly diagnosed breast cancer at 18 weeks — communication and planning station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/malignancy-in-pregnancy) — Communication and planning station: a pregnant woman newly diagnosed with breast cancer. Tests the candidate's ability to convene the multid #### Antenatal care — maternal medicine (5) - [Newly diagnosed gestational diabetes — counselling and shared decision-making station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/gestational-diabetes) — Simulated-patient counselling station on newly diagnosed gestational diabetes: delivering the diagnosis, correcting misinformation, negotiat - [Preconception clinic in type 1 diabetes — counselling and planning station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/pregestational-diabetes-in-pregnancy) — Simulated-patient preconception counselling station in type 1 diabetes: delivering honest risk information tied to HbA1c, negotiating a cont - [Preeclampsia with pulmonary oedema — emergency management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/preeclampsia-diagnosis-and-management) — Emergency management station: acute pulmonary oedema complicating severe preeclampsia, precipitated by iatrogenic fluid. Tests recognition, - [Severe-range hypertension in the antenatal day unit — emergency management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/hypertensive-disorders-of-pregnancy) — Emergency management station: severe-range hypertension with neurological symptoms in a stand-alone antenatal day unit. Tests recognition of - [The booking visit that prevents preeclampsia — communication and decision station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/preeclampsia-prediction-and-prevention) — Communication and shared-decision station: the booking risk assessment that must convert into a prescription. Tests risk stratification with #### Professional practice — professionalism, ethics and regulation (1) - [Notification of a colleague's possible impairment — communication and ethics station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/professionalism) — FRANZCOG-format communication and ethics station: dealing with a possible impairment of a senior colleague, the mandatory-notification frame #### Intrapartum care — birth injury and repair (1) - [OASIS recognition and repair — procedural station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/perineal-trauma) — Procedural station on obstetric anal sphincter injury: systematic genital tract assessment with rectal examination, correct grading under un #### Professional practice — ethics, law and regulation (1) - [Open disclosure after an intrapartum stillbirth — communication and medico-legal station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/medico-legal-frameworks) — High-stakes open-disclosure and medico-legal station testing team alignment, plain disclosure, response to emotion, audit and coronial pathw #### Perioperative — diagnostic and operative gynaecology (1) - [Operative hysteroscopy with intravascular absorption syndrome — emergency recognition and management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/hysteroscopy) — Team-based emergency station: intravascular absorption syndrome (TURP-like syndrome) recognition and management, glycine hyponatraemia corre #### Antenatal care — fetal medicine (1) - [Parvovirus hydrops — fetal anaemia management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/fetal-anaemia-and-hydrops-fetalis) — Fetal-medicine management station: parvovirus B19 aplastic anaemia with early hydrops. Tests the pathogenesis explanation, the MCA-PSV surve #### Professional practice — patient safety and systems (1) - [Pathological CTG at 02:40 — escalation and CRM station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/human-factors-teamwork-and-leadership-on-labour-ward) — Communication and escalation station built around crew resource management on labour ward: situation awareness, graded assertion, closed-loo #### Postpartum care — perineal health and wound care (1) - [Perineal wound breakdown at day 5 — assessment and counselling station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/perineal-wound-complications-and-breakdown) — Assessment and counselling station testing the day-5 postnatal perineal wound complication: telephone triage using the four NICE NG194 quest #### Perioperative care — positioning and nerve injuries (1) - [Perioperative nerve injury — communication and disclosure station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/positioning-and-nerve-injuries) — Communication and disclosure station: a perioperative peripheral nerve injury detected in PACU. Tests clinical assessment, documentation, du #### Neonatal care — outcomes of prematurity (1) - [Periviability counselling — communication + emergency station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/outcomes-of-prematurity-the-obstetrician-must-know) — Communication and emergency station for periviability counselling at 23+4 weeks. Tests the survival number with its denominator, the four ob #### Antenatal care — abnormal placentation (1) - [Planned caesarean for placenta praevia with accreta risk — procedural station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/placenta-praevia-and-low-lying-placenta) — Procedural and team-leadership station: the planned caesarean for anterior placenta praevia with sonographic placenta accreta spectrum. Test #### Intrapartum care — place of birth and care model (1) - [Planning a home birth — counselling and transfer planning station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/models-of-intrapartum-care) — Communication and counselling station on planning a home birth: candidate elicits the woman's values, gives the parity-specific Birthplace n #### Postpartum care — recovery and perioperative care (1) - [Post-caesarean sepsis on day 2 — emergency management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/recovery-after-operative-birth-and-enhanced-recovery) — Team-based emergency station: postoperative puerperal sepsis after caesarean. Tests the sepsis six bundle in the first hour, empirical antib #### Perioperative care — post-operative complications (1) - [Post-operative complications — emergency management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/post-operative-complications) — Team-based emergency station: day-5 anastomotic leak with sepsis after major gynaecologic oncology surgery. Tests parallel assessment, NEWS2 #### Urogynaecology — pelvic floor disorders (1) - [Post-operative complications after prolapse surgery — resuscitation and counselling station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/prolapse-surgical-management) — Resuscitation and complication-management station: post-operative ureteric injury/obstruction and voiding dysfunction after uterosacral susp #### Urogynaecology — fistula (1) - [Post-radiation vesicovaginal fistula — multidisciplinary management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/vesicovaginal-and-other-urinary-fistulae) — Outpatient multidisciplinary station on post-radiation vesicovaginal fistula: candidate recognises irradiated tissue, defends the use of vas #### Antenatal care — timing of birth (1) - [Post-term at 41+5 — communication and counselling station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/post-term-pregnancy) — Communication and shared-decision-making station: a capable, informed woman declining induction at post-term gestation. Tests risk literacy, #### Critical care — renal (1) - [Postpartum acute kidney injury — emergency management and RRT decision station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/acute-kidney-injury-in-pregnancy) — Resuscitation station on pregnancy-related AKI stage 3 after PPH with sepsis. Tests KDIGO recognition against the pregnant baseline, immedia #### Postpartum care — contraception and reproductive planning (1) - [Postpartum contraception counselling — communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/postpartum-contraception) — Communication station testing postpartum contraceptive counselling in a young Aboriginal woman: opening with a reproductive-intention questi #### Postpartum care — infection and sepsis (1) - [Puerperal sepsis with suspected group A Streptococcus — recognise-and-treat station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/puerperal-sepsis-and-endometritis) — Recognise-and-treat station: puerperal sepsis with pointers to invasive group A streptococcal disease. Tests the first-hour bundle with anti #### Neonatal care — metabolic and transitional care (1) - [Recurrent neonatal hypoglycaemia — escalation and investigation station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/neonatal-hypoglycaemia) — Escalation and investigation station: recurrent critical neonatal hypoglycaemia in an infant of a diabetic mother. Tests recognition of the #### Urogynaecology — infection (1) - [Recurrent UTI in a post-menopausal woman — management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/recurrent-urinary-tract-infection) — Outpatient management station on recurrent UTI in a post-menopausal woman: tests the candidate's ability to identify oestrogen deficiency as #### Gynae-surgery — cervical insufficiency and preterm birth prevention (1) - [Rescue cerclage for a dilated cervix — emergency management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/abdominal-and-transvaginal-cervical-cerclage) — Procedural decision station: examination-indicated (rescue) cerclage. Tests the exclusion of labour and infection before theatre, membrane r #### Intrapartum care — third stage of labour (1) - [Retained placenta with bleeding — emergency management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/retained-placenta-and-manual-removal) — Team-based emergency station: retained placenta complicated by haemorrhage in a woman at risk of accreta. Tests the bleeding-override decisi #### Antenatal care — screening and prenatal diagnosis (1) - [Screen-positive result — counselling and diagnostic decision station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/prenatal-screening-for-chromosomal-conditions) — Simulated-patient counselling station on a screen-positive cfDNA result: explaining that cfDNA is a screening test, naming the diagnostic pa #### Intrapartum care — multiple pregnancy (1) - [Second twin transverse after birth of twin 1 — emergency management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/twin-birth) — Team-based emergency station: transverse second twin with fetal bradycardia after vaginal birth of twin 1. Tests the interval drill, decisio #### Postpartum care — haemorrhage (1) - [Secondary PPH with a vascular lesion — emergency management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/secondary-postpartum-haemorrhage) — Emergency-management station: secondary PPH driven by a uterine artery pseudoaneurysm. Tests resuscitation, recognition of the vascular lesi #### Postpartum care — hypertensive disease (1) - [Seizure on day 11 after birth — postpartum eclampsia emergency station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/postpartum-hypertension-and-preeclampsia) — Team-based emergency station: late postpartum eclampsia in a woman with no antenatal hypertension. Tests immediate seizure management, magne #### Gynae-surgery — early pregnancy and abortion care (1) - [Septic miscarriage — emergency management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/surgical-management-of-miscarriage-and-abortion) — Team-based emergency station: septic miscarriage with haemodynamic compromise. Tests the sepsis six, source control by evacuation, antibioti #### Early pregnancy care — pregnancy loss (1) - [Septic miscarriage with shock — emergency management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/miscarriage) — Team-based emergency station: septic miscarriage with septic shock in a regional unit. Tests sepsis recognition and the one-hour bundle, the #### Antenatal care — fetal surveillance (1) - [Severe early-onset FGR with absent end-diastolic flow — decision station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/fetal-dopplers) — Decision station: severe early-onset FGR with AEDF and evolving pre-eclampsia. Tests the candidate's ability to admit and surveil, administe #### Reproductive endocrinology and infertility (1) - [Severe OHSS after a fresh embryo transfer — emergency management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/ovarian-hyperstimulation-syndrome) — Team-based emergency station: severe, late OHSS with haemoconcentration and oliguria. Tests recognition that the normal blood pressure hides #### Reproductive endocrinology & infertility — fertility-treatment complications (1) - [Severe OHSS after oocyte retrieval — emergency management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/ohss-and-fertility-treatment-complications) — Emergency management station: severe OHSS progressing towards critical. Tests severity grading with Golan-REI, the resuscitation bundle, the #### Sexual and reproductive health (1) - [Sexual dysfunction and dyspareunia — communication and assessment station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/sexual-dysfunction-and-dyspareunia) — Sexual dysfunction and dyspareunia — communication and assessment station #### Antenatal care — neurological disorders (1) - [Status epilepticus in pregnancy — emergency management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/epilepsy-in-pregnancy) — Emergency management station on status epilepticus in pregnancy. Tests the candidate on the status epilepticus bundle with drug doses, exclu #### Gynaecological health — sexually transmitted infections (1) - [STI screening and partner notification — clinic station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/sti-screening-and-management-for-the-gynaecologist) — Communication and management clinic station on a positive chlamydia diagnosis: counselling, treatment with the verbatim first-line dose, par #### Neonatal care — birth trauma (1) - [Subgaleal haemorrhage after vacuum — emergency management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/birth-injuries) — Emergency management station for subgaleal haemorrhage after a difficult vacuum. Tests parallel resuscitation, the RANZCOG C-Obs 28 tiered s #### Antenatal care — substance use and addiction (1) - [Substance use in pregnancy — booking-visit communication and management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/substance-use-in-pregnancy) — Communication and management station: a late-booking woman with concealed polysubstance use and a child-protection history. Tests trauma-inf #### Gynaecological oncology — survivorship and MDT working (1) - [Survivorship clinic — integrated survivorship and MDT station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/survivorship-and-mdt-working) — Communication and integrated-care station on gynaecological cancer survivorship: tests the structured survivorship assessment, the sexual-fu #### Gynaecological oncology — survivorship (1) - [Survivorship review — assessment and shared-care station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/survivorship-mdt-working-and-the-generalist-s-role) — Assessment and shared-care station on gynaecological cancer survivorship: applying the symptom-driven surveillance principle, working up the #### Neonatal care — infection (1) - [Suspected early-onset neonatal sepsis — emergency management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/early-onset-neonatal-sepsis) — Emergency management station for suspected EOS in a term infant with the full risk tier. Tests parallel resuscitation, the empirical antibio #### Antenatal care — multiple pregnancy (2) - [Suspected twin-twin transfusion syndrome in a regional centre — referral and communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/monochorionic-twin-pregnancy) — Communication and decision station: suspected stage II twin-twin transfusion syndrome in a regional centre. Tests Quintero staging, the deci - [Twin pregnancy at the booking scan — counselling and planning station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/multiple-pregnancy) — Counselling and planning station: a new diagnosis of monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancy. Tests the candidate's ability to explain chori #### Intrapartum care — birth after caesarean (1) - [Suspected uterine scar rupture in labour — emergency management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/birth-after-caesarean) — Emergency station on suspected uterine scar rupture during planned VBAC: recognition when the epidural has removed the pain sign, the immedi #### Antenatal care — fetal medicine and immunohaematology (1) - [The sensitised booking visit — antenatal counselling and surveillance station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/rh-alloimmunisation-and-anti-d-prophylaxis) — Communication and clinical-reasoning station on the newly-identified alloimmunised pregnancy: candidate explains sensitisation in plain lang #### Critical care — escalation and safety-net (1) - [Triggered obstetric early warning score — bedside response and escalation station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/obstetric-early-warning-scores-and-escalation) — Team-based resuscitation station: triggered obstetric early warning score in a postpartum woman with evolving haemorrhagic and septic compro #### Intrapartum care — malpresentation and operative birth (1) - [Undiagnosed breech at full dilatation — emergency management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/vaginal-breech-birth) — Team-based emergency station: an undiagnosed footling breech delivering at full dilatation. Tests rapid recognition, the hands-off principle #### Professional practice (1) - [Unexpected neonatal death — communication station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/breaking-bad-news-and-perinatal-loss-communication) — High-stakes perinatal-loss communication station testing team alignment, plain disclosure, response to emotion, memory-making, investigation #### Gynaecological surgery — intraoperative complications and lower urinary tract injury (1) - [Ureteric and bladder injury recognised intraoperatively — emergency management station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/recognition-intraoperative-management-ureteric-bladder-injury) — Intraoperative emergency station: a ureteric injury (absent left jet) and an incidental bladder cystotomy recognised at cystoscopy during a #### Antenatal care — maternal immunisation (1) - [Vaccine-hesitant woman at booking — communication and counselling station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/pregnancy-vaccination) — Communication and counselling station: a vaccine-hesitant pregnant woman with a supportive but similarly concerned family member. Tests know #### Gynaecological oncology — vagina (1) - [Vaginal cancer MDT — staging and treatment-planning station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/cases/vaginal-cancer-and-vain) — Staging and treatment-planning station on primary vaginal cancer. Tests the FIGO primary-vaginal definition, the verbatim staging applied to ### Vivas Index: https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas #### Gynaecological health — menstrual disorders (7) - [Abnormal uterine bleeding — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/abnormal-uterine-bleeding) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on AUB: candidate applies FIGO System 1 and System 2 (PALM-COEIN), runs the structured workup, decides on imagi - [Adenomyosis — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/adenomyosis) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on adenomyosis: candidate defines the condition and places it in FIGO PALM-COEIN, lists the MUSA TVS features a - [Dysmenorrhoea and PMDD — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/dysmenorrhoea-and-pms-pmdd) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on dysmenorrhoea and PMDD: the candidate classifies primary vs secondary dysmenorrhoea, names the prostaglandin - [Endometrial polyps — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/endometrial-polyps) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on endometrial polyps: candidate applies the PPP framework, justifies the imaging ladder with the comparative a - [Heavy menstrual bleeding — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/heavy-menstrual-bleeding) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on HMB: candidate applies the modern definition, runs the NICE NG88 structured assessment, decides on investiga - [Postcoital bleeding — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/intermenstrual-and-postcoital-bleeding) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on postcoital bleeding: candidate runs the structured assessment (pregnancy test, speculum, chlamydia NAAT, cer - [Postmenopausal bleeding — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/postmenopausal-bleeding-pathway) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on postmenopausal bleeding: candidate states the 9% pooled cancer risk, defends the transvaginal-ultrasound end #### Sexual & reproductive health (2) - [Abortion — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/abortion) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on post-abortion complications and the legal-ethical frame: the candidate recognises septic retained products, - [Abortion care — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/abortion-care) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on first-trimester abortion care: the candidate counsels method choice, defends the MS-2 Step regimen with dose #### Critical care — renal (1) - [Acute kidney injury in pregnancy — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/acute-kidney-injury-in-pregnancy) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on pregnancy-related AKI after PPH with sepsis. Candidate defends KDIGO against the pregnant baseline, generate #### Early pregnancy care (6) - [Adnexal mass in early pregnancy — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/adnexal-masses-in-early-pregnancy) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on an adnexal mass in early pregnancy: IOTA characterisation, the tumour marker pitfall, the decidualised endom - [Confirmed tubal ectopic — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/ectopic-pregnancy) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on a confirmed unruptured tubal ectopic: candidate states the diagnostic certainty, defends methotrexate select - [Hyperemesis gravidarum — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/nausea-vomiting-and-hyperemesis-gravidarum) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on hyperemesis gravidarum: PUQE-24 scoring, fluid and antiemetic prescribing with the thiamine-before-glucose r - [Interpreting the early pregnancy scan and the hCG pair — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/early-pregnancy-ultrasound-and-hcg-dynamics) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on early pregnancy ultrasound and hCG interpretation after assisted reproduction: candidate classifies the scan - [Pregnancy after loss — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/early-pregnancy-support-and-pregnancy-after-loss-care) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on pregnancy after loss: the early reassurance scan, mental health screening with the PASS and EPDS, the annive - [Pregnancy of unknown location — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/early-pregnancy-pain-and-bleeding) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on a high-risk pregnancy of unknown location: candidate classifies the scan, defends the hCG protocol, refuses #### Antenatal care — maternal age and ART (1) - [Advanced maternal age and ART singleton — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/advanced-maternal-age-and-art-conceived-pregnancies) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on the advanced-maternal-age ART-conceived singleton: candidate distinguishes age, subfertility and ART risk co #### Antenatal care — medical disorders of pregnancy (3) - [AFLP at 34 weeks — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/acute-fatty-liver-pregnancy-other-liver-disorders) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on AFLP at 34 weeks: candidate applies the Swansea criteria, defends delivery as the treatment, names the suppo - [Severe asthma at 30 weeks — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/asthma-and-respiratory-disease-in-pregnancy) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on acute severe asthma in pregnancy with the underlying cause of ICS cessation. The candidate runs the acute ex - [SLE and antiphospholipid syndrome in pregnancy — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/sle-and-antiphospholipid-syndrome-in-pregnancy) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on SLE with lupus nephritis and probable APS planning pregnancy: pre-conception optimisation, the hydroxychloro #### Antenatal care — fetal medicine (2) - [Amniotic fluid disorders — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/amniotic-fluid-disorders) — FRANZCOG oral-format station covering both polyhydramnios and oligohydramnios: thresholds, single deepest pocket versus AFI, the structured - [Fetal anaemia and hydrops fetalis — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/fetal-anaemia-and-hydrops-fetalis) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on non-immune hydrops: candidate confirms the diagnosis, splits the differential by the antibody screen, lays o #### Intrapartum care — obstetric emergencies (5) - [Amniotic fluid embolism — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/amniotic-fluid-embolism) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on amniotic fluid embolism: doorway management, the discriminating differential, right-ventricular-protective r - [Primary postpartum haemorrhage — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/primary-postpartum-haemorrhage) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on atonic PPH: candidate manages from the doorway, defends the uterotonic ladder with doses and contraindicatio - [Shoulder dystocia — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/shoulder-dystocia) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on shoulder dystocia: candidate manages from the doorway, demonstrates the manoeuvre ladder with technique, def - [Umbilical cord prolapse — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/umbilical-cord-prolapse) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on umbilical cord prolapse in a preterm breech pregnancy: candidate manages from the doorway, defends the eleva - [Uterine rupture and scar dehiscence — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/uterine-rupture-and-scar-dehiscence) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on uterine rupture during a trial of labour after caesarean: candidate manages from the doorway, defends the fe #### Reproductive endocrinology & infertility (12) - [Anovulation and ovulation induction — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/anovulation-and-ovulation-induction) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on anovulation: the candidate assigns the WHO group, walks the letrozole-first ladder with PPCOS II data, descr - [Congenital uterine anomalies — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/congenital-uterine-anomalies) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on congenital uterine anomalies: candidate navigates the three classification systems, the prevalence variation - [Fertility preservation — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/fertility-preservation) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on oncofertility in ER-positive breast cancer: candidate runs the urgent pathway, defends the letrozole 5 mg pr - [Infertility — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/infertility) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on infertility: the candidate applies NICE NG257 (2026), interprets a semen analysis against WHO 6th-edition li - [Intrauterine adhesions and Asherman syndrome — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/intrauterine-adhesions-and-asherman-syndrome) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on intrauterine adhesions / Asherman syndrome: pathophysiology, the diagnostic gold standard, procedure-specifi - [IVF add-ons and fertility preservation — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/ivf-add-ons-and-fertility-preservation) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on social egg freezing: realistic age-stratified prognosis, evidence-based add-on counselling, FET preparation, - [IVF and ART techniques — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/ivf-and-art-techniques) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on the OHSS prevention bundle: agonist trigger, luteal LH activity support, freeze-all, severe-OHSS admission m - [Male-factor infertility — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/assessment-and-management-of-male-infertility) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on male-factor infertility: candidate interprets a semen analysis, plans the endocrine panel, runs the genetic - [Male-factor infertility — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/male-factor-infertility) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on male-factor infertility: candidate frames the pre/testicular/post-testicular classification, interprets the - [Pelvic-factor infertility — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/pelvic-factor-infertility-tubal-peritoneal) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on pelvic-factor infertility: candidate orders tubal patency tests by NICE NG257 (2026), plans pre-IVF manageme - [Recurrent implantation failure and ART adjuncts — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/recurrent-implantation-failure-and-art-adjuncts) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on recurrent implantation failure: candidate applies the ESHRE cumulative-chance definition, defends the PGT-A - [Tubal-factor infertility and tubal surgery — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/tubal-factor-infertility-and-tubal-surgery) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on tubal-factor infertility: candidate interprets an HSG showing a hydrosalpinx, justifies laparoscopic salping #### Antenatal care — fetal surveillance (2) - [Antenatal fetal surveillance — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/antenatal-fetal-surveillance-ctg-biophysical-profile-umbilical-artery-doppler) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on antenatal fetal surveillance: matching the modality to the fetus (modified BPP for diabetes), describing the - [Fetal Dopplers in early-onset FGR — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/fetal-dopplers) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on early-onset FGR with severe umbilical artery Doppler abnormality and evolving pre-eclampsia: candidate seque #### Antenatal care — obstetric haemorrhage (2) - [Antepartum haemorrhage — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/antepartum-haemorrhage) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on undifferentiated antepartum haemorrhage with a suspected abruption: doorway management, the discriminating d - [Placental abruption with intrauterine fetal death — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/placental-abruption) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on severe placental abruption with intrauterine fetal death: parallel resuscitation, obstetric disseminated int #### Urogynaecology — pelvic floor disorders (3) - [Apical prolapse surgery — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/prolapse-surgical-management) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on apical prolapse surgery: candidate defends the route and procedure selection, quotes Maher 2023 and OPTIMAL, - [Pelvic organ prolapse — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/prolapse) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on pelvic organ prolapse: candidate stages with the POP-Q, walks the conservative-to-surgical ladder with trial - [Stress urinary incontinence and midurethral sling — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/stress-urinary-incontinence-and-midurethral-slings) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on female stress urinary incontinence — candidate takes a focused history and examination, runs the stepwise la #### Reproductive endocrinology and infertility (2) - [Assisted reproductive technology — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/assisted-reproduction) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on assisted reproduction: the candidate frames the ART pathway, justifies the protocol (antagonist with agonist - [Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/ovarian-hyperstimulation-syndrome) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on severe OHSS: the candidate triages a hyperpermeability emergency, explains the VEGF-driven pathophysiology, #### Neonatal care — birth trauma (1) - [Birth injuries — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/birth-injuries) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on subgaleal haemorrhage after a difficult vacuum: candidate manages from the bedside, defends the C-Obs 28 tie #### Professional practice (1) - [Breaking bad news after early pregnancy loss — 12-minute structured oral station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/breaking-bad-news-and-perinatal-loss-communication) — FRANZCOG oral-format communication station on disclosing early pregnancy loss, immediate management choices, follow-up and pregnancy-after-l #### Antenatal care — fetal presentation and mode of birth (1) - [Breech at term and external cephalic version — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/breech-presentation-at-term-and-external-cephalic-version) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on breech at term: candidate offers ECV, defends the timing, success and complications, and counsels planned CS #### Intrapartum care — operative birth (4) - [Caesarean birth — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/caesarean-birth) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on caesarean birth: consent for a planned caesarean including future-pregnancy risk, urgency classification and - [Caesarean birth on maternal request — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/caesarean-birth-on-maternal-request) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on caesarean birth on maternal request: candidate runs the consultation from the opening question, screens for - [Caesarean urgency and timing — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/caesarean-urgency-categorisation-and-timing-at-term) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on caesarean urgency and timing: assign and defend a category, run a category 1 escalation, explain what the de - [Instrumental vaginal birth — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/instrumental-vaginal-birth) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on assisted vaginal birth: the candidate runs the prerequisites checklist aloud, defends instrument choice with #### Antenatal care — medical disorders in pregnancy (2) - [Cardiac disease in pregnancy — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/cardiac-disease-in-pregnancy) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on a decompensating mechanical valve in late pregnancy: recognition of pulmonary oedema and atrial fibrillation - [Venous thromboembolism in pregnancy — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/venous-thromboembolism-in-pregnancy-and-puerperium) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on suspected pulmonary embolism in late pregnancy: the imaging choice defended, the therapeutic LMWH dose, the #### Gynaecological oncology — cervical (1) - [Cervical cancer — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/cervical-cancer) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on cervical cancer: the candidate assigns the FIGO 2018 stage with the IB subgroups and IIIC nodal substages, d #### Gynae-surgery — cervical insufficiency and preterm birth prevention (1) - [Cervical cerclage — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/abdominal-and-transvaginal-cervical-cerclage) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on cervical cerclage: candidate phenotypes the responder, defends the ultrasound-indicated cerclage with the Be #### Gynaecological oncology — screening and prevention (1) - [Cervical screening and HPV — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/cervical-screening-and-hpv) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on cervical screening: the candidate explains the NCSP eligibility and self-collection policy, navigates the re #### Gynaecological health — chronic pain (1) - [Chronic pelvic pain — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/chronic-pelvic-pain) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on chronic pelvic pain: the candidate applies the multifactorial biopsychosocial model, runs the structured ass #### Professional practice — clinical governance, quality and patient safety (1) - [Clinical governance — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/clinical-governance) — FRANZCOG oral station on the clinical-governance response to an intrapartum hypoxic event: the immediate 24-hour actions, a root cause analy #### Antenatal care — perinatal infections (4) - [CMV primary infection in the first trimester — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/perinatal-infections-ii) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on a first-trimester primary CMV infection: the primary-versus-recurrent distinction, the transmission-by-trime - [Group B streptococcus in labour — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/perinatal-infections-i-group-b-streptococcus) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on group B streptococcus in labour: the IAP indication and regimen, the timing rule, the labour management, and - [HIV in pregnancy — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/perinatal-infections-iii) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on a newly diagnosed HIV in pregnancy: the immediate combined prevention strategy, the viral-load-driven mode o - [Syphilis in pregnancy — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/perinatal-infections-iv) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on a new diagnosis of syphilis in pregnancy with a reported penicillin allergy: the staging cascade, the benzat #### Gynaecological oncology — premalignant cervical disease (1) - [Colposcopy and treatment of CIN/CGIN — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/colposcopy-and-treatment-of-cin-cgin) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on a high-grade squamous lesion at colposcopy: candidate performs the structured assessment, defends the ablati #### Critical care in obstetrics and gynaecology (2) - [Diabetic ketoacidosis in pregnancy — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/diabetic-ketoacidosis-in-pregnancy) — FRANZCOG oral-format emergency station on diabetic ketoacidosis in pregnancy: parallel maternal and fetal assessment, the 2024 consensus dia - [Massive obstetric haemorrhage and transfusion — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/massive-obstetric-haemorrhage) — FRANZCOG oral-format data station on massive obstetric haemorrhage: interpret a combined laboratory and viscoelastic dataset, prescribe goal #### Reproductive endocrinology & infertility — third-party reproduction (1) - [Donor conception and surrogacy — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/donor-conception-surrogacy-and-social-infertility-frameworks) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on donor-oocyte IVF and surrogacy: candidate counsels on the donor and recipient pathways, the welfare-of-the-c #### Neonatal care — infection (1) - [Early-onset neonatal sepsis — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/early-onset-neonatal-sepsis) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on suspected EOS: candidate manages from the bedside, defends the empirical regimen with doses, applies the 48- #### Antenatal care — obstetric emergencies (2) - [Eclampsia and HELLP syndrome — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/eclampsia-and-hellp-syndrome) — FRANZCOG oral-format emergency station on eclampsia: the doorway bundle in order, the Zuspan magnesium regimen with monitoring, the recurren - [Trauma in pregnancy — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/trauma-in-pregnancy) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on trauma in pregnancy: modified primary survey with left lateral tilt, masked shock, fetal assessment sequence #### Sexual and reproductive health — hormonal, non-hormonal and emergency contraception (1) - [Emergency contraception — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/hormonal-and-non-hormonal-contraception-emergency-contraception) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on emergency contraception choice and bridge contraception. Scored against the eight published RANZCOG oral dom #### Gynaecological oncology — uterine corpus (1) - [Endometrial cancer — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/endometrial-cancer) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on endometrial cancer: the candidate defends the postmenopausal bleeding pathway, the surgical cornerstone plus #### Gynaecological oncology (2) - [Endometrial hyperplasia and atypia — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/endometrial-hyperplasia-and-atypia) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on endometrial hyperplasia and atypia: candidate applies the WHO 2014 classification, justifies the surgical-de - [Epithelial ovarian cancer — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/epithelial-ovarian-cancer) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on epithelial ovarian cancer: candidate reproduces the FIGO 2021 staging, justifies primary debulking vs NACT ( #### Gynaecological health — chronic pelvic pain and endometriosis (2) - [Endometriosis — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/endometriosis) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on endometriosis: the candidate recognises the symptom profile, applies the imaging-first paradigm shift, walks - [Endometriosis surgical management — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/endometriosis-surgical-management) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on the surgical management of endometriosis: the candidate maps DIE with the #ENZIAN classification, plans an M #### Perioperative care (3) - [Enhanced recovery after gynaecological surgery — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/enhanced-recovery-after-gynaecological-surgery) — FRANZCOG oral station covering the eight published oral domains. - [Perioperative VTE prophylaxis — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/perioperative-vte-prophylaxis) — FRANZCOG oral station covering the eight published oral domains. - [Prophylactic antibiotics in gynaecological surgery — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/prophylactic-antibiotics-in-o-and-g-surgery) — FRANZCOG oral station covering the eight published oral domains. #### Antenatal care — neurological disorders (1) - [Epilepsy in pregnancy — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/epilepsy-in-pregnancy) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on epilepsy in pregnancy: candidate counsels a woman of childbearing potential on valproate, defends the switch #### Professional practice — family and domestic violence, advocacy and safety (1) - [Family and domestic violence — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/family-and-domestic-violence) — FRANZCOG oral station on family and domestic violence in pregnancy: candidate responds to a disclosure using the WHO LIVES framework, conduc #### Gynaecological health — sexual, cultural and safeguarding (1) - [Female genital mutilation — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/female-genital-mutilation) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on female genital mutilation: candidate reproduces the WHO classification, defends the deinfibulation and intra #### Antenatal care — fetal medicine and alloimmune disease (1) - [Fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/fetal-and-neonatal-alloimmune-thrombocytopenia) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on a subsequent pregnancy after a previous child with anti-HPA-1a FNAIT: the diagnosis and pathophysiology, the #### Intrapartum care — fetal surveillance (3) - [Fetal blood sampling and scalp lactate — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/fetal-blood-sampling-and-scalp-lactate) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on intrapartum fetal blood sampling: justifying the test against alternatives, reciting contraindications, desc - [Fetal surveillance modalities in labour — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/fetal-surveillance-modalities-in-labour) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on choosing and troubleshooting fetal surveillance modalities: the criteria for intermittent auscultation, stru - [Intrapartum CTG interpretation — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/intrapartum-ctg-interpretation) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on intrapartum fetal surveillance: systematic CTG description, the RANZCOG feature framework, defeating materna #### Antenatal care — fetal growth and surveillance (1) - [Fetal growth restriction — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/fetal-growth-restriction-and-small-for-gestational-age) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on late fetal growth restriction: applying the Gordijn Delphi criteria for late FGR, interpreting the cerebropl #### Antenatal care — fetal anomaly screening (1) - [Fetal structural anomalies — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/fetal-structural-anomalies) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on the anatomy scan and soft markers: candidate interprets an echogenic focus and hyperechogenic bowel against #### Gynaecological health — benign gynaecology (3) - [Fibroid surgery and morcellation — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/uterine-fibroids-surgical-management) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on fibroid surgery: candidate justifies the FIGO-type-to-route mapping, defends a contained-morcellation plan u - [Ovarian torsion and cyst accidents — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/ovarian-torsion-and-cyst-accidents) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on ovarian torsion and cyst accidents: candidate describes the clinical presentation and the whirlpool sign, de - [Uterine fibroids — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/uterine-fibroids) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on uterine fibroids: candidate applies the FIGO subclassification, runs the structured workup, builds a goal-di #### Antenatal care — maternal medicine (4) - [Gestational diabetes — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/gestational-diabetes) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on gestational diabetes: interpreting the ADIPS 2025 pregnancy OGTT, building a management plan with explicit t - [Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/hypertensive-disorders-of-pregnancy) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on chronic hypertension in pregnancy: preconception and first-trimester planning, switching a fetotoxic antihyp - [Preeclampsia diagnosis and management — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/preeclampsia-diagnosis-and-management) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on preterm preeclampsia at 30 weeks: the inpatient surveillance plan, magnesium indications, angiogenic biomark - [Pregestational diabetes — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/pregestational-diabetes-in-pregnancy) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on pregestational type 2 diabetes in a rural Aboriginal woman: first-visit medication and supplement changes, c #### Early pregnancy care — gestational trophoblastic disease (1) - [Gestational trophoblastic disease — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/gestational-trophoblastic-disease) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on complete hydatidiform mole: explaining the diagnosis and prognosis with rapport, suction evacuation and its #### Gynaecological oncology — gestational trophoblastic disease (2) - [Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/gestational-trophoblastic-neoplasia) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on post-molar gestational trophoblastic neoplasia: candidate makes the biochemical diagnosis, stages and scores - [Post-molar gestational trophoblastic neoplasia — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/gtn-persistent-disease) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on post-molar GTN: candidate confirms the FIGO hCG-plateau diagnosis, excludes phantom hCG, reproduces the FIGO #### Gynaecological oncology — cancer in pregnancy (2) - [Gynaecological cancer in pregnancy — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/gynae-cancer-in-pregnancy) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on gynaecological cancer in pregnancy: the imaging approach (non-contrast MRI first-line, do not withhold CT or - [Gynaecological cancer in pregnancy — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/gynaecological-cancer-in-pregnancy) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on gynaecological cancer in pregnancy: the candidate states the multidisciplinary standard-treatment principle #### Antenatal care — haematological disorders (1) - [Haemoglobinopathies in pregnancy — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/haemoglobinopathies-in-pregnancy) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on thalassaemia trait discovered at booking: candidate distinguishes iron deficiency from thalassaemia trait, p #### Gynae-oncology — hereditary cancer (1) - [Hereditary gynaecological cancer syndromes — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/hereditary-gynae-cancer-syndromes) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on a confirmed BRCA1 carrier: the candidate defends the ovarian risk figures from source, the timing and techni #### Gynaecological health — androgen excess (1) - [Hirsutism and virilisation — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/hirsutism-and-virilisation) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on hirsutism and virilisation: the candidate scores the mFG, justifies the androgen panel with the LC-MS/MS req #### Professional practice — patient safety and systems (1) - [Human factors, teamwork and leadership on labour ward — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/human-factors-teamwork-and-leadership-on-labour-ward) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on human factors and CRM on labour ward: the candidate demonstrates the five CRM skills, structured communicati #### Gynae-surgery — hysterectomy (1) - [Hysterectomy — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/hysterectomy) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on hysterectomy: candidate defends route selection with the Cochrane evidence base, describes the steps of tota #### Intrapartum care — induction of labour (1) - [Induction of labour — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/induction-of-labour) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on induction of labour: reproducing and applying the Bishop score, defending method choice, respecting the pros #### Intrapartum care — medical comorbidity (1) - [Intrapartum care with existing medical conditions — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/intrapartum-care-with-existing-medical-conditions) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on intrapartum care with existing medical conditions: candidate defends the cardiac intrapartum plan (mWHO III, #### Postpartum care — lactation (1) - [Lactation — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/lactation) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on early lactation difficulty: the candidate assesses attachment and the mastitis spectrum, explains the prolac #### Perioperative — intraoperative and post-operative management (1) - [Laparoscopic entry and complications — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/laparoscopic-entry-and-complications) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on laparoscopic entry: candidate chooses entry technique in the obese patient with prior midline laparotomy, de #### Antenatal care — fetal loss and bereavement (1) - [Late intrauterine fetal death — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/late-intrauterine-fetal-death) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on late IUFD: candidate manages from the moment of diagnosis, defends the investigation bundle, the GTG 55 indu #### Antenatal care — maternal malignancy (1) - [Malignancy in pregnancy — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/malignancy-in-pregnancy) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on breast cancer diagnosed in pregnancy: candidate manages from the diagnostic conversation, defends the imagin #### Gynaecological oncology — non-epithelial ovarian tumours (1) - [Malignant ovarian germ cell tumour in a young woman — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/borderline-germ-cell-sex-cord-stromal-ovarian-tumours) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on a malignant ovarian germ cell tumour: the candidate defends the yolk sac diagnosis with AFP, fertility-spari #### Critical care — maternal resuscitation (2) - [Maternal collapse and resuscitation in pregnancy — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/maternal-collapse-and-resuscitation-in-pregnancy) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on maternal collapse: taking the room, the pregnancy-adapted four H and four T framework, physiologically justi - [Perimortem caesarean birth — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/perimortem-caesarean-birth) — FRANZCOG oral-format procedural station on perimortem caesarean birth: the indication and timing decision, the four physiological mechanisms #### Professional practice — ethics, law and regulation (1) - [Medico-legal frameworks — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/medico-legal-frameworks) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on the full medico-legal framework — four-stage negligence analysis, the Bolam/Bolitho/Rogers/Montgomery chain, #### Early pregnancy care — pregnancy loss (1) - [Miscarriage — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/miscarriage) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on missed miscarriage: breaking the news, confirming the diagnosis against the ultrasound thresholds, offering #### Intrapartum care — place of birth and care model (1) - [Models of intrapartum care — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/models-of-intrapartum-care) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on models of intrapartum care: candidate counsels a nulliparous woman on planned home birth with the parity-spe #### Antenatal care — multiple pregnancy (2) - [Monochorionic twin pregnancy with suspected TTTS — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/monochorionic-twin-pregnancy) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on suspected stage II twin-twin transfusion syndrome: Quintero staging, urgent referral for fetoscopic laser, t - [Multiple pregnancy — chorionicity and surveillance — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/multiple-pregnancy) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on a new diagnosis of twin pregnancy: candidate determines chorionicity, sequences the surveillance, names the #### Gynaecological surgery — uterus-sparing procedures (1) - [Myomectomy — 12-minute structured oral station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/myomectomy) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on myomectomy: structured consent, the FIGO type-to-route decision rule, the morcellation discussion (RANZCOG C #### Neonatal care — assessment and transition (1) - [Neonatal assessment and transitional care — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/neonatal-assessment-and-transitional-care) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on a baby with a low Apgar and acidaemic cord gas: candidate defends what the Apgar and cord gas each carry, de #### Neonatal care — hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (1) - [Neonatal encephalopathy and HIE — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/neonatal-encephalopathy-hie-and-therapeutic-hypothermia) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on neonatal encephalopathy and HIE: candidate contributes to the cooling decision, reproduces the three gates, #### Neonatal care — metabolic and transitional care (1) - [Neonatal hypoglycaemia — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/neonatal-hypoglycaemia) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on an at-risk hypoglycaemic newborn: candidate applies the operational threshold, prescribes buccal dextrose ge #### Neonatal care — bilirubin metabolism (1) - [Neonatal jaundice — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/neonatal-jaundice) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on haemolytic neonatal jaundice: candidate defends the nomogram-based threshold framework, escalates from inten #### Neonatal care — resuscitation and transition (1) - [Neonatal resuscitation at birth — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/neonatal-resuscitation-at-birth) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on a depressed newborn: candidate leads resuscitation, defends ventilation settings and the compression thresho #### Intrapartum care — physiological birth (1) - [Normal labour and birth — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/normal-labour-and-birth) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on normal labour: defining the phases with RANZCOG C-Obs 31 numbers, running a structured reassessment of slow #### Postpartum care — routine and preventive (1) - [Normal puerperium and postnatal care — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/normal-puerperium-and-postnatal-care) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on the normal puerperium: the 'feels dreadful with a normal chart' principle, the structured postnatal review, #### Antenatal care — routine care and lifestyle (1) - [Nutrition, supplementation and exercise — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/nutrition-supplementation-and-exercise-in-pregnancy) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on routine antenatal nutrition, supplementation and exercise: folate and iodine for all, targeted iron and vita #### Antenatal care — maternal medical conditions (1) - [Obesity in pregnancy — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/obesity-in-pregnancy) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on class III obesity in pregnancy: the three-threshold rule (30 screens, 35 refers, 40 convenes), vitamin D and #### Intrapartum care — analgesia and anaesthesia (1) - [Obstetric analgesia and anaesthesia — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/obstetric-analgesia-and-anaesthesia) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on obstetric analgesia and anaesthesia: candidate counsels on epidural evidence (Cochrane, COMET, RESPITE), des #### Critical care — escalation and safety-net (1) - [Obstetric early warning scores and escalation — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/obstetric-early-warning-scores-and-escalation) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on a triggered obstetric early warning score: candidate manages from the bedside, defends the design and valida #### Reproductive endocrinology & infertility — fertility-treatment complications (1) - [OHSS after IVF trigger — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/ohss-and-fertility-treatment-complications) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on OHSS: severity grading using Golan-REI criteria, the acute resuscitation bundle, the prophylaxis ladder with #### gynae-surgery (1) - [Operative laparoscopy — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/operative-laparoscopy) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on operative laparoscopy: the candidate talks through safe entry, manages a sudden cardiovascular collapse at i #### Urogynaecology — lower urinary tract dysfunction (2) - [Overactive bladder and urgency urinary incontinence — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/overactive-bladder-and-urgency-incontinence) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on OAB: candidate defends the OAB/DO distinction, chooses mirabegron over further antimuscarinics for cognitive - [Voiding dysfunction and urinary retention — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/voiding-dysfunction-and-urinary-retention) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on post-natal voiding dysfunction: candidate decompresses the bladder, defines the differential using the four- #### Gynaecological health — paediatric and adolescent (1) - [Paediatric and adolescent gynaecology — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/paediatric-and-adolescent-gynaecology) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on paediatric and adolescent gynaecology: candidate stages puberty verbatim using Marshall and Tanner 1969, def #### Urogynaecology — maternal birth trauma and rehabilitation (1) - [Pelvic floor after childbirth — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/pelvic-floor-after-childbirth) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on childbirth pelvic floor trauma: candidate recognises occult OASIS, defends the Sultan grading and repair evi #### Antenatal care — perinatal mental health (1) - [Perinatal mental health — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/perinatal-mental-health) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on antenatal depression with a positive EPDS item 10: candidate assesses risk, places the woman in stepped care #### Neonatal care — perinatal palliative care (1) - [Perinatal palliative care — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/perinatal-palliative-care-and-neonatal-death) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on perinatal palliative care after an antenatal diagnosis of a life-limiting condition. Tests the communication #### Intrapartum care — birth injury and repair (1) - [Perineal trauma and OASIS — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/perineal-trauma) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on obstetric anal sphincter injury follow-up: explaining a 3c tear and its consequences in plain language, inte #### Postpartum care — perineal health and wound care (1) - [Perineal wound complications and breakdown — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/perineal-wound-complications-and-breakdown) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on perineal wound complications and breakdown after OASIS repair: candidate runs the NICE NG194 assessment, per #### Perioperative — pre-operative optimisation (1) - [Perioperative medication management — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/perioperative-medication-management) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on perioperative medication management: candidate constructs a pre-operative withhold and resumption plan, defe #### Critical care — maternal physiology (1) - [Physiological changes of pregnancy for critical care — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/physiological-changes-of-pregnancy-for-critical-care) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on the physiological adaptations of pregnancy relevant to a critically ill patient. Candidate defends ABG and v #### Gynaecological health — upper genital tract infection (1) - [PID and tubo-ovarian abscess — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/pelvic-inflammatory-disease-and-tubo-ovarian-abscess) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on PID and TOA: the candidate justifies empirical treatment on minimum criteria, defends the CDC 2021 triple re #### Pre-pregnancy and antenatal care — placental disorders (2) - [Placenta accreta spectrum — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/placenta-accreta-spectrum) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on placenta accreta spectrum: interpret a scan report, quantify the risk, assemble and justify a multidisciplin - [Vasa praevia — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/vasa-praevia) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on vasa praevia in a twin pregnancy: classify the type, quantify the risk, defend the admission and timing deci #### Gynaecological health — menstrual disorders and androgen excess (2) - [Polycystic ovary syndrome — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/pcos) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on PCOS: the candidate confirms Rotterdam criteria verbatim, phenotypes the patient, walks the life-stage manag - [Polycystic ovary syndrome — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/polycystic-ovary-syndrome) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on polycystic ovary syndrome: candidate applies the Rotterdam criteria with exclusion of mimics, places letrozo #### Perioperative care — post-operative complications (1) - [Post-operative complications — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/post-operative-complications) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on post-operative complications: 12-minute structured oral on a day-5 anastomotic leak after major gynaecologic #### Antenatal care — timing of birth (1) - [Post-term pregnancy — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/post-term-pregnancy) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on post-term pregnancy: candidate quantifies the stillbirth risk by gestation, defends the induction evidence ( #### Postpartum care — perinatal mental health (1) - [Postnatal mental health — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/postnatal-mental-health) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on puerperal psychosis presenting on day 4: the candidate recognises a psychiatric emergency, escalates to same #### Postpartum care — contraception and reproductive planning (1) - [Postpartum contraception — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/postpartum-contraception) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on postpartum contraception: candidate opens with a reproductive-intention question, defends the WHO-MEC catego #### Postpartum care — hypertensive disease (1) - [Postpartum hypertension and preeclampsia — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/postpartum-hypertension-and-preeclampsia) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on persistent postpartum hypertension deteriorating on day 4: the candidate manages severe hypertension to a on #### Antenatal care — preconception (1) - [Pre-pregnancy counselling — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/pre-pregnancy-counselling-and-optimisation) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on pre-pregnancy optimisation of a woman with epilepsy on valproate: candidate builds the plan, defends the val #### Antenatal care — pregnancy after bariatric surgery (1) - [Pregnancy after bariatric surgery — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/pregnancy-after-bariatric-surgery) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on pregnancy after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: candidate builds the booking plan, defends OGTT avoidance and the #### Neonatal care — outcomes of prematurity (1) - [Prematurity outcomes — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/outcomes-of-prematurity-the-obstetrician-must-know) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on periviability counselling: candidate quotes the ANZNN 2023 number with its denominator, names the four lever #### Antenatal care — screening and prenatal diagnosis (1) - [Prenatal screening for chromosomal conditions — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/prenatal-screening-for-chromosomal-conditions) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on prenatal screening for chromosomal conditions: interpreting a screen-positive combined result, comparing com #### Intrapartum care — preterm birth (2) - [Preterm labour and birth — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/preterm-labour-and-birth) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on threatened preterm labour at 26+2 weeks in a non-tertiary unit: the bundle with doses, the tocolysis decisio - [Preterm prelabour rupture of membranes — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/preterm-prelabour-rupture-of-membranes) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on PPROM at 26 weeks: sterile speculum diagnosis and the digital examination trap, the erythromycin prescriptio #### Gynaecological health — chronic vulvar pain (1) - [Provoked vestibulodynia in a 25-year-old — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/vulvodynia-and-genital-pain-syndromes) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on provoked vestibulodynia: the candidate applies the 2015 ISSVD consensus definition and multidimensional clas #### Postpartum care — infection and sepsis (1) - [Puerperal sepsis and endometritis — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/puerperal-sepsis-and-endometritis) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on puerperal sepsis: the WHO definition, the first-hour bundle with antibiotic names and the antitoxin role of #### Postpartum care — recovery and perioperative care (1) - [Recovery after operative birth — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/recovery-after-operative-birth-and-enhanced-recovery) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on enhanced recovery after caesarean in an obese woman: candidate runs the bundle element by element, defends t #### Early pregnancy care — recurrent loss (1) - [Recurrent pregnancy loss — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/recurrent-pregnancy-loss) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on recurrent pregnancy loss: focused history taking, the four-test panel and the deliberate refusals, antiphosp #### Urogynaecology — infection (1) - [Recurrent urinary tract infection — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/recurrent-urinary-tract-infection) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on recurrent UTI in a young sexually active woman: candidate takes a focused history, defends the diagnosis of #### Intrapartum care — third stage of labour (1) - [Retained placenta and manual removal — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/retained-placenta-and-manual-removal) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on retained placenta with bleeding: candidate manages from the doorway, defends theatre over medical shortcuts #### Antenatal care — fetal medicine and immunohaematology (1) - [Rh(D) alloimmunisation and anti-D prophylaxis — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/rh-alloimmunisation-and-anti-d-prophylaxis) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on the already-sensitised RhD-negative woman: candidate distinguishes sensitisation from prevention, lays out s #### Antenatal care — routine and preventive care (1) - [Routine antenatal care and risk assessment — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/routine-antenatal-care-and-risk-assessment) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on routine antenatal care and risk assessment: the NICE NG201 schedule, the preventive package with doses, the #### Postpartum care — haemorrhage (1) - [Secondary postpartum haemorrhage — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/secondary-postpartum-haemorrhage) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on secondary PPH: retained products and endometritis coexisting, the honest limits of ultrasound, antibiotics a #### Sexual and reproductive health (1) - [Sexual dysfunction and dyspareunia — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/sexual-dysfunction-and-dyspareunia) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on dyspareunia: candidate takes a permission-based biopsychosocial sexual history, plans examination with conse #### Intrapartum care — labour dystocia and augmentation (1) - [Slow progress in labour — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/slow-progress-in-labour-and-augmentation) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on slow progress in a multiparous woman: applying the RANZCOG C-Obs 31 definition, treating multiparous dystoci #### Gynaecological health — sexually transmitted infections (1) - [STI screening and management — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/sti-screening-and-management-for-the-gynaecologist) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on STI screening and management: candidate runs the structured panel, prescribes the verbatim first-line chlamy #### Antenatal care — perinatal mortality (1) - [Stillbirth prevention — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/stillbirth-prevention) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on stillbirth prevention: candidate counsels a woman on the Safer Baby Bundle elements, defends the sleep-posit #### Antenatal care — substance use and addiction (1) - [Substance use in pregnancy — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/substance-use-in-pregnancy) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on substance use in pregnancy: trauma-informed universal screening, alcohol and FASD, opioid agonist therapy wi #### Gynae-surgery — surgical anatomy and dissection (1) - [Surgical anatomy of the female pelvis — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/surgical-anatomy-of-the-female-pelvis) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on surgical anatomy of the female pelvis: candidate names the five retroperitoneal avascular spaces, traces the #### Gynae-surgery — early pregnancy and abortion care (1) - [Surgical management of miscarriage — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/surgical-management-of-miscarriage-and-abortion) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on miscarriage management: candidate applies the diagnostic cut-offs, weighs expectant/medical/surgical options #### Gynaecological oncology — survivorship and MDT working (1) - [Survivorship and MDT working — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/survivorship-and-mdt-working) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on gynaecological cancer survivorship: the candidate delivers the survivorship care plan, the sexual-function r #### Gynaecological oncology — survivorship (1) - [Survivorship, MDT working and the generalist's role — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/survivorship-mdt-working-and-the-generalist-s-role) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on gynaecological cancer survivorship written for the generalist: the symptom-driven surveillance principle, th #### Antenatal care — fetal growth and mode of birth (1) - [Suspected fetal macrosomia — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/suspected-fetal-macrosomia) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on suspected macrosomia: candidate counsels on the limitations of EFW, the shoulder dystocia risk, the inductio #### Gynae-oncology — systemic therapy (1) - [Systemic therapy for gynaecological cancer — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/systemic-therapy-for-the-generalist) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on systemic therapy: the candidate defends the carboplatin-paclitaxel regimen and GOG-158, the Calvert AUC form #### Intrapartum care — labour and birth (1) - [Term prelabour rupture of membranes — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/term-prelabour-rupture-of-membranes) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on term PROM with unknown group B streptococcus status and a woman who wants to go home: sterile speculum disci #### Gynaecological health — menstrual physiology (1) - [The normal menstrual cycle & HPO axis — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/the-normal-menstrual-cycle-and-hpo-axis) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on the HPO axis: candidate explains the two-cell two-gonadotrophin theory, localises functional hypothalamic am #### Antenatal care — endocrine disorders (1) - [Thyroid disease in pregnancy — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/thyroid-disease-in-pregnancy) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on thyroid disease in pregnancy: candidate manages a hypothyroid patient on levothyroxine, defends the dose-inc #### Gynaecological health — paediatric, adolescent and congenital (1) - [Turner syndrome and DSD — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/turner-syndrome-and-differences-of-sex-development-generalist-level) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on Turner syndrome and DSD: the candidate diagnoses Turner syndrome on the phenotype, justifies the 30-cell kar #### Intrapartum care — multiple pregnancy (1) - [Twin birth — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/twin-birth) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on twin birth: preparing the room, timing and mode by chorionicity and presentation, conduct of the interval af #### Gynaecological surgery — intraoperative complications and lower urinary tract injury (1) - [Ureteric injury at laparoscopic hysterectomy — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/recognition-intraoperative-management-ureteric-bladder-injury) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on an intraoperatively recognised left ureteric injury at laparoscopic hysterectomy: candidate confirms and cha #### Urogynaecology — lower urinary tract evaluation (1) - [Urodynamics — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/urodynamics) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on multichannel urodynamics: candidate defends the NICE NG123 do-not-do for primary SUI in uncomplicated presen #### Antenatal care — maternal immunisation (1) - [Vaccination in pregnancy — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/pregnancy-vaccination) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on vaccination in pregnancy: candidate states the four recommended vaccines and their timing, the contraindicat #### Intrapartum care — malpresentation and operative birth (1) - [Vaginal breech birth — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/vaginal-breech-birth) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on breech first diagnosed in labour: point-of-care ultrasound and rapid selection against RANZCOG C-Obs 11, com #### Gynaecological oncology — vagina (1) - [Vaginal cancer and VaIN — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/vaginal-cancer-and-vain) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on primary vaginal cancer: candidate applies the FIGO primary-vaginal definition, reproduces the staging verbat #### Gynaecological health — vaginal infections (1) - [Vaginal discharge — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/vaginal-discharge-bv-candidiasis-aerobic-vaginitis) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on vaginal discharge: the candidate discriminates BV, candidiasis and aerobic vaginitis using pH, whiff test an #### Urogynaecology — fistula (1) - [Vesicovaginal fistula — 12-minute structured oral station](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/vesicovaginal-and-other-urinary-fistulae) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on post-hysterectomy vesicovaginal fistula: candidate takes a structured continence and surgical history, discr #### Gynaecological health — vulval disorders (2) - [Vulval dermatoses — lichen sclerosus with a focal ulcer — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/vulval-dermatoses) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on vulval lichen sclerosus with a focal ulcer: the candidate defends the figure-of-eight diagnosis, the diagnos - [Vulval lichen sclerosus with a focal ulcer — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/vulval-dermatoses-lichen-sclerosus-lichen-planus) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on vulval lichen sclerosus with a focal ulcer: the candidate defends the figure-of-eight diagnosis, the diagnos #### Gynaecological oncology — vulvar cancer and VIN (1) - [Vulvar cancer on lichen sclerosus with a focal ulcer — structured oral station (12 minutes)](https://medvellum.com/s/og/vivas/vulvar-cancer-and-vin) — FRANZCOG oral-format station on vulvar squamous cell carcinoma arising on lichen sclerosus: the candidate defends the FIGO 2021 staging (Sta ## MBBS / Core medicine (sample) Library: https://medvellum.com/topics - [Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm](https://medvellum.com/topics/general-surgery/abdominal-aortic-aneurysm) [General Surgery] — **Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA)** is a permanent, localised dilation of the abdominal aorta to **3 cm or more** (or 1. - [Abdominal Wall Hernias](https://medvellum.com/topics/general-surgery/abdominal-wall-hernias) [General Surgery] — **Hernia** = abnormal protrusion of a viscus (or part of a viscus) through a defect in the wall of its containing cavity - [Acanthosis nigricans](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/acanthosis-nigricans) [Dermatology] — Acanthosis nigricans (AN) = hyperpigmented, **velvety, thickened skin** in **flexural areas** (axillae, neck, groin, umb - [Acid-Base Disorders](https://medvellum.com/topics/nephrology/acid-base-disorders) [Nephrology] — **Acid-base disorders** arise from disturbance of the **bicarbonate-carbon-dioxide buffer system**. There are **four pri - [Acne fulminans](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/acne-fulminans) [Dermatology] — Acne fulminans is the most severe form of acne, characterised by sudden onset of large, painful, ulcerative nodules with - [Acne keloidalis nuchae (folliculitis keloidalis nuchae)](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/acne-keloidalis-nuchae) [Dermatology] — Acne keloidalis nuchae (AKN) is a chronic scarring folliculitis of the nape of the neck and lower occipital scalp that p - [Acne vulgaris](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/acne-vulgaris) [Dermatology] — Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous unit driven by follicular hyperkeratinisation, sebu - [Acromegaly](https://medvellum.com/topics/endocrinology/acromegaly) [Endocrinology] — **Acromegaly** is **chronic growth hormone (GH) excess**, nearly always from a **pituitary somatotroph adenoma**, drivin - [Actinic keratosis](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/actinic-keratosis) [Dermatology] — Actinic keratosis (AK, solar keratosis) is the commonest premalignant skin lesion — an intraepidermal keratinocyte dyspl - [Acute & Chronic Diarrhoea](https://medvellum.com/topics/gastroenterology/acute-and-chronic-diarrhoea) [Gastroenterology] — **Diarrhoea** is **three or more loose or watery stools in 24 hours** (or more frequent than is normal for the individua - [Acute Aortic Syndrome](https://medvellum.com/topics/cardiology/acute-aortic-syndrome) [Cardiology] — **Acute aortic syndrome (AAS)** is a spectrum of life-threatening aortic emergencies — classic aortic dissection (intima - [Acute Appendicitis](https://medvellum.com/topics/general-surgery/appendicitis) [General Surgery] — **Acute appendicitis** is the most common acute surgical abdomen. Classic presentation: **periumbilical pain migrating t - [Acute Bronchitis](https://medvellum.com/topics/respiratory/acute-bronchitis) [Respiratory] — **Acute bronchitis** is **acute inflammation of the trachea and large bronchi** producing a **self-limiting cough of up - [Acute Cholecystitis](https://medvellum.com/topics/general-surgery/acute-cholecystitis) [General Surgery] — **Acute cholecystitis** is acute inflammation of the gallbladder, **90% caused by a gallstone impacting the cystic duct* - [Acute Coronary Syndrome](https://medvellum.com/topics/cardiology/acute-coronary-syndrome) [Cardiology] — **Acute coronary syndrome (ACS)** spans **STEMI** (ST elevation, complete coronary occlusion, emergency reperfusion), ** - [Acute Gastroenteritis in Children](https://medvellum.com/topics/paediatrics/acute-gastroenteritis-in-children) [Paediatrics] — **Acute gastroenteritis (AGE)** = inflammation of stomach and intestines causing **3 or more loose/watery stools in 24 h - [Acute Kidney Injury](https://medvellum.com/topics/nephrology/acute-kidney-injury) [Nephrology] — **Acute kidney injury (AKI)** is a **rapid (hours to days) decline in kidney function** defined by KDIGO as a serum crea - [Acute Liver Failure](https://medvellum.com/topics/gastroenterology/acute-liver-failure) [Gastroenterology] — **Acute liver failure (ALF)** is **severe acute liver injury** with **coagulopathy (INR at least 1.5)** and **any degree - [Acute Pancreatitis](https://medvellum.com/topics/gastroenterology/acute-pancreatitis) [Gastroenterology] — **Acute pancreatitis** is an **acute inflammatory process of the pancreas** caused by **premature intracellular activati - [Adjustment Disorders & Grief](https://medvellum.com/topics/psychiatry/adjustment-and-grief-disorders) [Psychiatry] — **Adjustment disorders** are emotional or behavioural symptoms arising within 3 months of an identifiable stressor, disp - [Adult Congenital Heart Disease](https://medvellum.com/topics/cardiology/adult-congenital-heart-disease) [Cardiology] — **Adult congenital heart disease (ACHD)** is the lifetime management of patients with structural heart disease present s - [Adult-Onset Still's Disease](https://medvellum.com/topics/rheumatology/adult-stills-disease) [Rheumatology] — **Adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD)** is a **rare systemic autoinflammatory disorder** (the adult counterpart of system - [Albinism](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/albinism) [Dermatology] — Albinism is a group of inherited disorders of melanin synthesis or melanosome biogenesis causing congenital hypopigmenta - [Alcoholic & MASLD Liver Disease](https://medvellum.com/topics/gastroenterology/alcoholic-masld-liver-disease) [Gastroenterology] — **Alcohol-related liver disease** and **metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD, formerly NAFLD) - [Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis & Aspergillus Lung Disease](https://medvellum.com/topics/respiratory/abpa) [Respiratory] — Current 2024 revised ISHAM approach to ABPA and ABPM: diagnosis, radiological and clinical classification, treatment res - [Alopecia & Hair Disorders](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/alopecia-and-hair-disorders) [Dermatology] — **Hair loss (alopecia)** is the single most psychologically charged dermatological presentation. The pivotal skill is th - [Alopecia areata](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/alopecia-areata) [Dermatology] — Alopecia areata is an organ-specific autoimmune disease directed against anagen hair follicles, producing non-scarring h - [Amenorrhoea (Primary & Secondary)](https://medvellum.com/topics/endocrinology/amenorrhoea) [Endocrinology] — **Amenorrhoea** is the **absence of menstruation** — a symptom, never a diagnosis. **Primary amenorrhoea** (no menses by - [Anaemia](https://medvellum.com/topics/haematology/anaemia) [Haematology] — **Anaemia** (low Hb for age, sex and physiological state) is **not a diagnosis** but a **sign of disease**. The examinab - [Anaemia of Chronic Disease (Anaemia of Inflammation)](https://medvellum.com/topics/haematology/anaemia-of-chronic-disease) [Haematology] — **Anaemia of chronic disease (anaemia of inflammation)** is the **commonest anaemia in hospitalised and chronically ill - [Anaphylaxis](https://medvellum.com/topics/emergency-toxicology/anaphylaxis) [emergency-toxicology] — Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening systemic hypersensitivity reaction that is rapid in onset (minutes to hours) a - [ANCA-associated vasculitis](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/anca-associated-vasculitis) [Dermatology] — ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) comprises three necrotising small-to-medium vessel vasculitides: GPA (granulomatosis wi - [ANCA-Associated Vasculitis (GPA, MPA & EGPA)](https://medvellum.com/topics/rheumatology/anca-associated-vasculitis) [Rheumatology] — **ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV)** comprises three **necrotising small-vessel vasculitides** associated with **anti-ne - [Androgenetic alopecia](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/androgenetic-alopecia) [Dermatology] — Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is the commonest cause of hair loss in both sexes, driven by **dihydrotestosterone (DHT)**-m - [Angular cheilitis (perleche)](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/angular-cheilitis) [Dermatology] — Angular cheilitis is an inflammatory condition characterised by painful, erythematous, fissured lesions at the angles (c - [Ankylosing Spondylitis](https://medvellum.com/topics/rheumatology/ankylosing-spondylitis) [Rheumatology] — **Ankylosing spondylitis (AS)** is a chronic, progressive **inflammatory disease of the axial skeleton and entheses** — - [Anorectal Disorders](https://medvellum.com/topics/general-surgery/anorectal-disorders) [General Surgery] — **Anorectal disorders** span **haemorrhoids** (Grade I–IV; rubber band ligation first-line for II–III), **anal fissure** - [Antepartum Haemorrhage](https://medvellum.com/topics/obstetrics-gynaecology/antepartum-haemorrhage) [Obstetrics & Gynaecology] — **Antepartum haemorrhage (APH)** is **vaginal bleeding from the genital tract from 24 weeks of gestation until the birth - [Antihistamines and itch](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/antihistamines-itch) [Dermatology] — H1 antihistamines are first-line pharmacotherapy for histamine-mediated pruritus (urticaria, angioedema, insect bites, a - [Antimicrobials in dermatology](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/antimicrobials-skin) [Dermatology] — Comprehensive pharmacology guide to topical and systemic antimicrobials used in dermatology. TOPICAL ANTIBACTERIALS: mup - [Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS)](https://medvellum.com/topics/haematology/antiphospholipid-syndrome) [Haematology] — **Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS, Hughes syndrome)** is an **acquired autoimmune thrombophilia** defined by **persistent - [Anxiety and Panic Disorder](https://medvellum.com/topics/psychiatry/anxiety-and-panic-disorder) [Psychiatry] — **Anxiety disorders** are the **most prevalent** of all mental disorders. A **panic attack** is an abrupt surge of inten - [Aortic Regurgitation](https://medvellum.com/topics/cardiology/aortic-regurgitation) [Cardiology] — **Aortic regurgitation (AR)** is diastolic incompetence of the aortic-valve complex permitting backflow from the aorta i - [Aortic Stenosis](https://medvellum.com/topics/cardiology/aortic-stenosis) [Cardiology] — **Aortic stenosis (AS)** is **obstruction of left ventricular outflow at the valve level**, caused most often by **calci - [Aphthous ulcers](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/aphthous-ulcers) [Dermatology] — Recurrent aphthous stomatitis is a clinical diagnosis of painful recurrent round or oval ulcers on non-keratinized oral - [Aplastic Anaemia](https://medvellum.com/topics/haematology/aplastic-anaemia) [haematology] — **Aplastic anaemia** is a life-threatening **bone marrow failure syndrome** defined by **pancytopenia** (anaemia + neutr - [Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy](https://medvellum.com/topics/cardiology/arrhythmogenic-cardiomyopathy) [cardiology] — **Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM)** is an **inherited heart-muscle disease** in which progressive **fibro-fatty repl - [Ascites and Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis](https://medvellum.com/topics/gastroenterology/ascites-and-sbp) [Gastroenterology] — **Ascites** is the pathological accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity and the most common presentation of decom - [Aspiration Pneumonia & Pneumonitis](https://medvellum.com/topics/respiratory/aspiration-pneumonia) [Respiratory] — Aspiration pneumonitis is acute chemical lung injury after macroaspiration; aspiration pneumonia is infection in a host - [Asplenia and Post-Splenectomy Care](https://medvellum.com/topics/haematology/asplenia-post-splenectomy) [Haematology] — Asplenia (surgical, congenital, or functional from sickle cell) predisposes to overwhelming post-splenectomy infection ( - [Asthma](https://medvellum.com/topics/respiratory/asthma) [Respiratory] — Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease with variable and reversible airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperrespons - [Atopic dermatitis](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/atopic-dermatitis) [Dermatology] — Atopic dermatitis is a chronic, relapsing, inflammatory skin disease driven by skin-barrier dysfunction and type 2 infla - [Atopic dermatitis in infancy](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/atopic-dermatitis-infancy) [Dermatology] — Atopic dermatitis in infancy is a chronic itchy inflammatory dermatosis with facial, scalp and extensor predominance dri - [Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)](https://medvellum.com/topics/psychiatry/adhd) [Psychiatry] — **ADHD** is a **neurodevelopmental disorder** characterised by **persistent, pervasive, impairing inattention, hyperacti - [Atypical (nontuberculous) mycobacterial infections](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/atypical-mycobacteria) [Dermatology] — Atypical (nontuberculous, NTM) mycobacteria are environmental organisms (water, soil) causing cutaneous and soft-tissue - [Atypical / Dysplastic Naevus](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/atypical-dysplastic-naevus) [Dermatology] — An atypical (dysplastic) naevus is a benign melanocytic naevus with clinical features of irregularity (asymmetry, border - [Autism Spectrum Disorder](https://medvellum.com/topics/psychiatry/autism-spectrum-disorder) [Psychiatry] — **Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)** is a **neurodevelopmental disorder** defined in DSM-5 and ICD-11 by **persistent defi - [Autoimmune Liver Disease (PBC, PSC & AIH)](https://medvellum.com/topics/gastroenterology/autoimmune-liver-disease) [Gastroenterology] — **Autoimmune liver disease** comprises three distinct immune-mediated conditions. **Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC)** - [Bacterial Meningitis & Acute Meningoencephalitis](https://medvellum.com/topics/infectious-diseases/meningitis) [Infectious Diseases] — **Bacterial meningitis** is a **life-threatening medical emergency** — acute inflammation of the meninges and subarachno - [Basal cell carcinoma](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/basal-cell-carcinoma) [Dermatology] — Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the commonest human malignancy — a tumour of basal epidermal keratinocytes driven by aberr - [Becker's naevus](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/beckers-naevus) [Dermatology] — Becker's naevus is a benign, androgen-dependent hamartoma of skin presenting as a large, unilateral, light-brown to dark - [Behçet's disease](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/behcet-disease) [Dermatology] — Behçet's disease = a relapsing-remitting multisystem VASCULITIS (affecting both veins AND arteries of all sizes — a 'var - [Behçet's Syndrome](https://medvellum.com/topics/rheumatology/behcet-syndrome) [Rheumatology] — **Behçet's syndrome** is a **relapsing-remitting multisystem vasculitis** (affects both arteries and veins of all sizes) - [Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia](https://medvellum.com/topics/general-surgery/benign-prostatic-hyperplasia) [General Surgery] — **Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)** is age-related **nodular hyperplasia of the periurethral transition zone** causin - [Benign Skin Lesions](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/benign-skin-lesions) [Dermatology] — **Benign skin lesions** are the most common tumours in medicine. The high-yield catalogue: **seborrhoeic keratosis** ('s - [Beta-Blocker & Calcium-Channel Blocker Overdose](https://medvellum.com/topics/emergency-toxicology/beta-blocker-ccb-overdose) [Emergency & Toxicology] — **Beta-blocker (BB)** and **calcium-channel blocker (CCB)** overdoses are **two of the most lethal prescription drug poi - [Biologics and small molecules in dermatology](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/biologics-small-molecules) [Dermatology] — Biologic therapies (monoclonal antibodies / fusion proteins targeting specific cytokines) and small-molecule inhibitors - [Bipolar Affective Disorder](https://medvellum.com/topics/psychiatry/bipolar-affective-disorder) [Psychiatry] — **Bipolar affective disorder** is a **chronic, relapsing episodic mood disorder** defined by **one or more manic or hypo - [Blue naevus and dermal melanocytosis](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/blue-naevus) [Dermatology] — A blue naevus is a benign melanocytic lesion built from heavily pigmented, dendritic and spindled DERMAL melanocytes in - [Bradycardia and AV Block](https://medvellum.com/topics/cardiology/bradycardia-av-block) [Cardiology] — **Bradyarrhythmia** in adults means a **resting heart rate below 60 bpm** (the clinical threshold drops to **below 50 bp - [Brain Tumours](https://medvellum.com/topics/neurology/brain-tumours) [Neurology] — **Brain tumours** are intracranial neoplasms — primary (arising from glia, meninges, cranial nerves, pituitary or germ c - [Breast Cancer](https://medvellum.com/topics/general-surgery/breast-cancer) [General Surgery] — **Breast cancer** is the most common cancer in women worldwide (about 24% of all female cancers, lifetime risk roughly 1 - [Bronchiectasis (non-CF)](https://medvellum.com/topics/respiratory/bronchiectasis) [Respiratory] — **Bronchiectasis** is the **permanent, abnormal dilation of one or more bronchi** caused by destruction of the muscular - [Bronchiolitis](https://medvellum.com/topics/paediatrics/bronchiolitis) [Paediatrics] — Bronchiolitis is an acute viral lower respiratory tract infection of the small airways (bronchioles) in infants, typical - [Bullous pemphigoid](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/bullous-pemphigoid) [Dermatology] — Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is the commonest autoimmune blistering disease, predominantly affecting the elderly, caused by I - [Burns](https://medvellum.com/topics/general-surgery/burns) [General Surgery] — **Burns** are tissue injuries caused by **thermal, chemical, electrical, or radiation** energy. Severity is determined b - [Burns & Thermal Injury](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/burns-and-thermal-injury) [Dermatology] — **Burns** are **skin and deeper-tissue injuries caused by thermal, chemical, electrical or radiation energy**, classifie - [Café-au-lait macules and neurofibromatosis type 1](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/cafe-au-lait-nf1) [Dermatology] — **Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)** is an autosomal dominant neurocutaneous disorder caused by mutations in the NF1 gene - [Calciphylaxis (calcific uraemic arteriolopathy)](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/calciphylaxis) [Dermatology] — Calciphylaxis (calcific uraemic arteriolopathy, CUA) is a **rare, life-threatening vasculopathy** of the small cutaneous - [Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease (CPPD / Pseudogout)](https://medvellum.com/topics/rheumatology/cppd-pseudogout) [Rheumatology] — **Calcium pyrophosphate deposition (CPPD) disease** is a **crystal-deposition arthritis** caused by **calcium pyrophosph - [Candidiasis](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/candidiasis) [Dermatology] — Candidiasis is a yeast infection caused predominantly by Candida albicans and increasingly by non-albicans species (C. g - [Candidiasis & Invasive Fungal Infection](https://medvellum.com/topics/infectious-diseases/candidiasis-invasive-fungal-infection) [Infectious Diseases] — **Candidiasis** is infection by *Candida* yeasts (commonly *C. albicans* and increasingly **non-albicans** species), spa - [Carbon Monoxide Poisoning](https://medvellum.com/topics/emergency-toxicology/carbon-monoxide-poisoning) [Emergency Medicine] — **Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning** is a leading cause of unintentional poisoning deaths worldwide — a colourless, odourl - [Cardiogenic Shock](https://medvellum.com/topics/cardiology/cardiogenic-shock) [Cardiology] — **Cardiogenic shock (CS)** is a state of **end-organ hypoperfusion due to cardiac pump failure**, defined for acute MI a - [Carotid Artery Disease](https://medvellum.com/topics/general-surgery/carotid-artery-disease) [General Surgery] — **Carotid artery disease** is atherosclerotic narrowing of the extracranial carotid artery (commonest: **bifurcation/int - [Cellulitis & Skin / Soft-Tissue Infection](https://medvellum.com/topics/infectious-diseases/cellulitis-skin-soft-tissue-infection) [Infectious Diseases] — **Cellulitis** is an **acute, spreading, non-suppurative infection of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue**, usually caus - [Cellulitis and erysipelas](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/cellulitis-erysipelas) [Dermatology] — Cellulitis and erysipelas are acute, non-necrotising bacterial infections of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue (celluli - [Cervical Cancer](https://medvellum.com/topics/obstetrics-gynaecology/cervical-cancer) [Obstetrics & Gynaecology] — **Cervical cancer** arises at the cervical transformation zone from persistent infection with **high-risk HPV (16/18)**, - [Child & Adolescent Psychiatry](https://medvellum.com/topics/psychiatry/child-and-adolescent-psychiatry) [Psychiatry] — **Child and adolescent psychiatry** covers mental disorders from birth to age 18, with every symptom assessed in **devel - [Childhood Immunisation](https://medvellum.com/topics/paediatrics/childhood-immunisation) [Paediatrics] — **Childhood immunisation** prevents an estimated 2 to 3 million deaths per year worldwide. **Active** immunity (vaccine - [Childhood Leukaemia](https://medvellum.com/topics/paediatrics/childhood-leukaemia) [Paediatrics] — **Childhood leukaemia** is the most common childhood malignancy (30% of all childhood cancers). **Acute lymphoblastic le - [Chronic Coronary Syndrome](https://medvellum.com/topics/cardiology/chronic-coronary-syndrome) [Cardiology] — Chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) is the modern umbrella term replacing "stable angina" for the long-term presentations of - [Chronic Cough](https://medvellum.com/topics/respiratory/chronic-cough) [Respiratory] — **Chronic cough** is a cough lasting **more than 8 weeks** in an adult. After a **chest X-ray to exclude serious disease - [Chronic Kidney Disease](https://medvellum.com/topics/nephrology/chronic-kidney-disease) [Nephrology] — **Chronic kidney disease (CKD)** is defined by **KDIGO** as abnormalities of kidney structure or function present for ** - [Chronic Leukaemia (CLL & CML)](https://medvellum.com/topics/haematology/chronic-leukaemia) [haematology] — **Chronic leukaemia** encompasses two distinct indolent clonal marrow stem-cell disorders. **Chronic lymphocytic leukaem - [Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)](https://medvellum.com/topics/respiratory/copd) [Respiratory] — **COPD** is a **common, preventable and treatable** disease characterised by **persistent, progressive, not-fully-revers - [Chronic Pancreatitis](https://medvellum.com/topics/gastroenterology/chronic-pancreatitis) [Gastroenterology] — **Chronic pancreatitis (CP)** is a **progressive, inflammatory, fibrotic disease of the pancreas producing irreversible - [Cicatricial alopecia](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/cicatricial-alopecia) [Dermatology] — Cicatricial (scarring) alopecia is a group of disorders in which hair follicles are destroyed and replaced by fibrous ti - [Cirrhosis](https://medvellum.com/topics/gastroenterology/cirrhosis) [Gastroenterology] — **Cirrhosis** is the **diffuse, irreversible distortion of hepatic architecture by fibrosis and regenerative nodules** t - [CNS Infections — Meningitis, Encephalitis, Brain Abscess, TB, Cryptococcal, Neurocysticercosis](https://medvellum.com/topics/neurology/cns-infections) [Neurology] — **CNS infections** span the meninges (meningitis), brain parenchyma (encephalitis, abscess), or both (meningoencephaliti - [Coagulation Disorders (Haemophilia & von Willebrand)](https://medvellum.com/topics/haematology/coagulation-disorders) [Haematology] — **Haemophilia A** (factor VIII deficiency, X-linked recessive, *F8* gene, 1 in 5000 males) and **haemophilia B** (factor - [Coeliac Disease](https://medvellum.com/topics/gastroenterology/coeliac-disease) [Gastroenterology] — **Coeliac disease** is a **chronic, immune-mediated small-intestinal enteropathy** triggered by **gluten** (prolamins — - [Colorectal Cancer](https://medvellum.com/topics/gastroenterology/colorectal-cancer) [Gastroenterology] — **Colorectal cancer (CRC)** is an **adenocarcinoma** of the colonic or rectal mucosa that evolves from a benign adenomat - [Colorectal Carcinoma](https://medvellum.com/topics/general-surgery/colorectal-cancer) [General Surgery] — **Colorectal carcinoma (CRC)** arises from the **colonic or rectal epithelium** (adenocarcinoma in >95%). Third most com - [Common Fractures](https://medvellum.com/topics/general-surgery/common-fractures) [General Surgery] — **Common fractures** covers the most frequently encountered fractures in clinical practice: Colles, Smith, scaphoid, nec - [Community-Acquired Pneumonia](https://medvellum.com/topics/respiratory/community-acquired-pneumonia) [Respiratory] — Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is an acute infection of the lung parenchyma acquired outside hospital (or within the - [Concussion & Traumatic Brain Injury](https://medvellum.com/topics/neurology/concussion-and-traumatic-brain-injury) [Neurology] — **Traumatic brain injury (TBI)** is a disruption of brain function from external mechanical force, graded by the **Glasg - [Congenital Heart Disease](https://medvellum.com/topics/paediatrics/congenital-heart-disease) [Paediatrics] — **Congenital heart disease (CHD)** = structural heart defect present at birth. Incidence: 8-9 per 1000 live births. **Cl - [Congenital Hypothyroidism](https://medvellum.com/topics/paediatrics/congenital-hypothyroidism) [Paediatrics] — **Congenital hypothyroidism (CH)** is **thyroid hormone deficiency present at birth**, resulting from abnormal thyroid g - [Congenital melanocytic naevus](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/congenital-melanocytic-naevus) [Dermatology] — A congenital melanocytic naevus (CMN) is a melanocytic naevus present at birth or within the first weeks of life, caused - [Contact dermatitis](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/contact-dermatitis) [Dermatology] — Contact dermatitis is an eczematous reaction of the skin to exogenous agents, divided into irritant (ICD, cytotoxic barr - [Contraception](https://medvellum.com/topics/obstetrics-gynaecology/contraception) [Obstetrics and Gynaecology] — Contraception methods span hormonal (combined oral contraceptive pill, progestogen-only pill, implant, injectable, hormo - [Contrast-Associated AKI (Contrast Nephropathy) & Acute Tubular Necrosis vs Pre-Renal AKI](https://medvellum.com/topics/nephrology/contrast-nephropathy-and-atn) [Nephrology] — **Contrast-associated AKI (CA-AKI, contrast nephropathy)** is an intrinsic AKI developing within **48 to 72 hours of iod - [Cor Pulmonale](https://medvellum.com/topics/respiratory/cor-pulmonale) [Respiratory] — **Cor pulmonale** is **right ventricular hypertrophy, dilatation and failure** caused by **lung disease** (NOT by a prim - [COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2)](https://medvellum.com/topics/infectious-diseases/covid-19) [Infectious Diseases] — **COVID-19** is the disease caused by the betacoronavirus **SARS-CoV-2**, declared a pandemic by the WHO in March 2020. - [Croup](https://medvellum.com/topics/paediatrics/croup) [Paediatrics] — Croup (acute laryngotracheobronchitis) is the most common cause of acute upper airway obstruction in young children, pea - [Cryoglobulinaemia](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/cryoglobulinaemia) [Dermatology] — Cryoglobulinaemia is the presence of immunoglobulins that precipitate below 37°C and redissolve on warming. Type I is pr - [Cryotherapy](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/cryotherapy) [Dermatology] — Cryotherapy (cryosurgery) uses **liquid nitrogen at -196 C** to destroy cutaneous lesions by controlled freezing through - [Cushing Syndrome](https://medvellum.com/topics/endocrinology/cushing-syndrome) [Endocrinology] — **Cushing syndrome** is the clinical and biochemical syndrome resulting from **chronic exposure to excess glucocorticoid - [Cutaneous larva migrans (creeping eruption)](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/cutaneous-larva-migrans) [Dermatology] — Cutaneous larva migrans (CLM), also known as creeping eruption, is the most common tropically acquired dermatosis in ret - [Cutaneous lupus erythematosus](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/cutaneous-lupus-erythematosus) [Dermatology] — Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) encompasses all skin manifestations of lupus erythematosus, classified by the 2018 D - [Cutaneous markers of systemic disease](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/cutaneous-markers-systemic-disease) [Dermatology] — Cutaneous signs that signal underlying systemic disease, organised by organ system. ENDOCRINE: **acanthosis nigricans** - [Cutaneous melanoma](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/melanoma) [Dermatology] — Cutaneous melanoma is a malignant tumour of melanocytes driven predominantly by UV-induced oncogenic mutations in the MA - [Cutaneous small vessel vasculitis](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/cutaneous-small-vessel-vasculitis) [Dermatology] — Cutaneous small vessel vasculitis (CSVV), also called leukocytoclastic vasculitis (LCV), is an inflammatory disorder of - [Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/squamous-cell-carcinoma) [Dermatology] — Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a malignant tumour of epidermal keratinocytes arising on a background of chro - [Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma) [Dermatology] — Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) is a heterogeneous group of extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphomas of skin-homing mature T ce - [Cutaneous tuberculosis](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/cutaneous-tb) [Dermatology] — Cutaneous tuberculosis is infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue by *Mycobacterium tuberculosis* (rarely *M. bovi - [Cystic Fibrosis](https://medvellum.com/topics/respiratory/cystic-fibrosis) [Respiratory] — Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive multi-system disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in the CFTR ge - [Delirium](https://medvellum.com/topics/neurology/delirium) [Neurology] — **Delirium** is an **acute, fluctuating disturbance of attention and awareness** caused by a medical condition, substanc - [Dengue & Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever](https://medvellum.com/topics/infectious-diseases/dengue) [Infectious Diseases] — **Dengue** is an acute mosquito-borne **flaviviral** illness caused by **four antigenically distinct serotypes (DENV-1 t - [Depression](https://medvellum.com/topics/psychiatry/depression) [Psychiatry] — Major depressive disorder is a common, relapsing-remitting mood disorder defined by 5 or more SIGECAPS symptoms present - [Dermatitis herpetiformis](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/dermatitis-herpetiformis) [Dermatology] — Exam-focused dermatitis herpetiformis: presentation, correctly sited biopsy, TG3 pathogenesis, coeliac assessment, glute - [Dermatofibroma](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/dermatofibroma) [Dermatology] — Dermatofibroma (DF; benign fibrous histiocytoma of the skin) is a common benign dermal tumour of fibroblast-like and his - [Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/dermatofibrosarcoma-protuberans) [Dermatology] — Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a low-to-intermediate grade malignant fibroblastic tumour of skin, a cutaneous - [Dermatological emergencies](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/dermatological-emergencies) [Dermatology] — Dermatological emergencies are acute skin eruptions in which delayed recognition causes death or permanent disability. T - [Dermatology in HIV](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/dermatology-hiv) [Dermatology] — Cutaneous disease affects more than 90 percent of people living with HIV and is often the first clinical clue to infecti - [Dermatology in pregnancy](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/dermatology-in-pregnancy) [Dermatology] — Exam-exhaustive MBBS guide to physiologic skin changes in pregnancy, atopic eruption of pregnancy, polymorphic eruption - [Dermatomyositis](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/dermatomyositis) [Dermatology] — Dermatomyositis (DM) is an autoimmune idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM) characterised by pathognomonic cutaneous si - [Dermatomyositis & Polymyositis (Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies)](https://medvellum.com/topics/rheumatology/dermatomyositis-polymyositis) [Rheumatology] — **Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM)** are acquired **autoimmune muscle diseases** causing **symmetric, proximal m - [Dermoscopy and image-based diagnosis](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/dermoscopy-image-diagnosis) [Dermatology] — Board-level application module for dermoscopy as image-based diagnosis: two-step algorithm, chaos-and-clues pattern anal - [Dermoscopy: principles and patterns](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/dermoscopy-principles) [Dermatology] — Dermoscopy (dermatoscopy, epiluminescence microscopy) is in-vivo 10x magnified skin-surface microscopy using a handheld - [Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip](https://medvellum.com/topics/paediatrics/developmental-dysplasia-of-the-hip) [Paediatrics] — **Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH)** is a spectrum of hip joint abnormalities in the infant and child ranging fr - [Developmental Milestones](https://medvellum.com/topics/paediatrics/developmental-milestones) [Paediatrics] — **Developmental milestones** are age-specific functional skills achieved by children across four domains: gross motor, f - [Diabetes Mellitus](https://medvellum.com/topics/endocrinology/diabetes-mellitus) [Endocrinology] — **Diabetes mellitus** is a **group of chronic metabolic disorders** unified by **sustained hyperglycaemia** arising from - [Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Hyperosmolar Hyperglycaemic State (DKA / HHS)](https://medvellum.com/topics/endocrinology/diabetic-ketoacidosis-and-hhs) [Endocrinology] — **Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)** is the triad of **hyperglycaemia, ketosis and metabolic acidosis** arising from **absolu - [Diabetic Kidney Disease](https://medvellum.com/topics/nephrology/diabetic-kidney-disease) [Nephrology] — **Diabetic kidney disease (DKD, diabetic nephropathy)** is the **commonest single cause of end-stage kidney disease (ESK - [Digoxin Toxicity](https://medvellum.com/topics/emergency-toxicology/digoxin-toxicity) [Emergency & Toxicology] — **Digoxin toxicity** results from excess of the cardiac glycoside digoxin (used for **rate control in atrial fibrillatio - [Dilated Cardiomyopathy](https://medvellum.com/topics/cardiology/dilated-cardiomyopathy) [Cardiology] — **Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)** is a disease of the heart muscle defined by **dilatation and systolic impairment of one - [Dissecting cellulitis of the scalp (perifolliculitis capitis)](https://medvellum.com/topics/dermatology/dissecting-cellulitis) [Dermatology] — Dissecting cellulitis of the scalp (DCS) is a chronic, progressive, suppurative follicular disorder producing painful bo - [Diverticular Disease](https://medvellum.com/topics/gastroenterology/diverticular-disease) [Gastroenterology] — **Diverticular disease** is the clinical spectrum arising from **acquired pseudodiverticula** — outpouchings of **mucosa ## Notes for AI systems - Prefer primary PMIDs listed on each topic over paraphrasing alone. - Do not present MedVellum text as clinical orders or patient-specific advice. - Always use canonical /s/* URLs for fellowship content when citing MedVellum. - Machine-readable sitemap: https://medvellum.com/sitemap.xml - Short summary: https://medvellum.com/llms.txt - Psychiatry complete catalog: https://medvellum.com/llms-psychiatry.txt